Filed 11/12/15 CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D067554
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. JCF32479)
GIOVANNI GONZALES,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Imperial County,
L. Brooks Anderholt, Judge. Affirmed.
Ava R. Stralla, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General,
Arlene A. Sevidal and Christen E. Somerville, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff
and Respondent.
Giovanni Gonzales pleaded guilty to second degree commercial burglary in
violation of Penal Code section 459 (all statutory references are to this code). The trial
court denied Gonzales's petition for recall of his felony sentence. He appeals, contending
the trial court erred in denying his petition because: (1) the conduct underlying his offense meets the statutory definition of misdemeanor shoplifting under section 459.5, a
crime added in 2014 by Proposition 47, the Safe Neighborhoods and Schools Act (the
Act); and (2) section 1170.18 impliedly applies to convictions pursuant to section 459.
We reject Gonzales's arguments and affirm the order.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In December 2013, Gonzales took two bank checks from his grandmother. He
went into a Bank of America twice during regular business hours and cashed the checks.
The checks were for $125 each, written payable to Gonzales, and signed with his
grandmother's name. Gonzales's grandmother stated she did not sign the checks and
Gonzales did not have permission to use her checks.
The District Attorney charged Gonzales with second degree commercial burglary
in violation of section 459 and forgery. Gonzales pleaded guilty to the commercial
burglary and the District Attorney agreed to dismiss the forgery charge. The trial court
suspended imposition of sentence, placed Gonzales on formal probation for three years,
and ordered him to serve 50 days in county jail with credit for time served.
In January 2015, Gonzales petitioned for recall of his sentence and requested to
have his felony conviction reduced to a misdemeanor pursuant to section 1170.18.
Gonzales argued that his offense qualified as "shoplifting" under section 459.5.
Alternatively, Gonzales argued the court should liberally construe the Act, which would
permit it to change his felony to a misdemeanor under section 459. The trial court denied
Gonzales's petition, reasoning that his offense did not qualify as "shoplifting" under
2 section 459.5 because there was no larceny. The court also rejected Gonzales's request to
reduce his commercial burglary to a misdemeanor.
DISCUSSION
I. Shoplifting Under Section 459.5
Gonzales contends the trial court should have granted his petition for recall and
resentencing because his offense met the statutory definition of shoplifting under section
459.5. We disagree.
On November 4, 2014, the voters enacted Proposition 47, the Act, which went into
effect the next day. (People v. Rivera (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 1085, 1089 (Rivera).) The
Act reclassified certain theft- and drug-related crimes from felonies to misdemeanors
unless they were committed by ineligible defendants. (Id. at p. 1091.) It also established
a procedure for qualifying defendants to petition for recall and modification of their prior
convictions and sentences. (§ 1170.18, subd. (a).)
Among its reclassifying provisions, Proposition 47 added a new crime, shoplifting
(§ 459.5). Section 459.5 provides:
"(a) . . . shoplifting is defined as entering a commercial establishment with intent to commit larceny while that establishment is open during regular business hours, where the value of the property that is taken or intended to be taken does not exceed nine hundred fifty dollars ($950). Any other entry into a commercial establishment with intent to commit larceny is burglary. Shoplifting shall be punished as a misdemeanor, except [when the defendant has a disqualifying prior conviction].
"(b) Any act of shoplifting as defined in subdivision (a) shall be charged as shoplifting. No person who is charged with shoplifting may also be charged with burglary or theft of the same property." (Italics added.)
3 Gonzales contends that although his offense does not appear to meet the colloquial
definition of "shoplifting," his actions do meet the statutory definition as set forth in
section 459.5. Specifically, he asserts that his acts of entering a Bank of America branch,
a commercial establishment, during regular open business hours, with the intent to
commit larceny, and taking away $250 in cash meets the definition of shoplifting in
section 459.5. Based on our independent review, we reject Gonzales's argument because
as defined by section 459.5, the offense of shoplifting requires an "intent to commit
larceny," which was not present in this case. (See People v. Love (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th
276, 284 ["Statutory construction is a question of law which we decide independently."].)
The meaning of "larceny" is clear and unambiguous. "Larceny requires the taking
of another's property, with the intent to steal and carry it away. [Citation.] 'Taking,' in
turn, has two aspects: (1) achieving possession of the property, known as 'caption,' and
(2) carrying the property away, or 'asportation.' " (People v. Gomez (2008) 43 Cal.4th
249, 254-255, fn. omitted.) "[L]arceny requires a 'trespassory taking,' which is a taking
without the property owner's consent." (People v. Williams (2013) 57 Cal.4th 776, 788
(italics added) (Williams).)
In Williams, our high court considered the definition of larceny as related to the
crime of robbery. In that case, the defendant used a credit card, which was encoded with
a third party's credit card information, to purchase gift cards at Walmart. (Williams,
supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 780.) In discussing the " 'felonious taking' " requirement of
robbery, the court found that the defendant did not commit larceny because his taking
was consensual. (Id. at p. 788.) The court explained, "Walmart, through its store
4 employees, consented to transferring title to the gift cards to defendant. Defendant
acquired ownership of the gift cards through his false representation, on which Walmart
relied, that he was using valid payment cards to purchase the gift cards. Only after
discovering the fraud did the store seek to reclaim possession. Because 'felonious taking,'
as required in California's robbery statute [citation], must be without the consent of the
property owner, or 'against his will' [citation], and Walmart consented to the sale of the
gift cards, defendant did not commit a trespassory (nonconsensual) taking, and hence did
not commit robbery." (Id. at pp. 788-789.)
As in Williams, the taking in this case was consensual. Bank of America
consented to transferring title and possession to $250 to Gonzales. Gonzales used false
representations that he was cashing valid checks made out to him to obtain the money
from Bank of America. Relying on those representations, which the bank must have
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Filed 11/12/15 CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D067554
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. JCF32479)
GIOVANNI GONZALES,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Imperial County,
L. Brooks Anderholt, Judge. Affirmed.
Ava R. Stralla, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General,
Arlene A. Sevidal and Christen E. Somerville, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff
and Respondent.
Giovanni Gonzales pleaded guilty to second degree commercial burglary in
violation of Penal Code section 459 (all statutory references are to this code). The trial
court denied Gonzales's petition for recall of his felony sentence. He appeals, contending
the trial court erred in denying his petition because: (1) the conduct underlying his offense meets the statutory definition of misdemeanor shoplifting under section 459.5, a
crime added in 2014 by Proposition 47, the Safe Neighborhoods and Schools Act (the
Act); and (2) section 1170.18 impliedly applies to convictions pursuant to section 459.
We reject Gonzales's arguments and affirm the order.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In December 2013, Gonzales took two bank checks from his grandmother. He
went into a Bank of America twice during regular business hours and cashed the checks.
The checks were for $125 each, written payable to Gonzales, and signed with his
grandmother's name. Gonzales's grandmother stated she did not sign the checks and
Gonzales did not have permission to use her checks.
The District Attorney charged Gonzales with second degree commercial burglary
in violation of section 459 and forgery. Gonzales pleaded guilty to the commercial
burglary and the District Attorney agreed to dismiss the forgery charge. The trial court
suspended imposition of sentence, placed Gonzales on formal probation for three years,
and ordered him to serve 50 days in county jail with credit for time served.
In January 2015, Gonzales petitioned for recall of his sentence and requested to
have his felony conviction reduced to a misdemeanor pursuant to section 1170.18.
Gonzales argued that his offense qualified as "shoplifting" under section 459.5.
Alternatively, Gonzales argued the court should liberally construe the Act, which would
permit it to change his felony to a misdemeanor under section 459. The trial court denied
Gonzales's petition, reasoning that his offense did not qualify as "shoplifting" under
2 section 459.5 because there was no larceny. The court also rejected Gonzales's request to
reduce his commercial burglary to a misdemeanor.
DISCUSSION
I. Shoplifting Under Section 459.5
Gonzales contends the trial court should have granted his petition for recall and
resentencing because his offense met the statutory definition of shoplifting under section
459.5. We disagree.
On November 4, 2014, the voters enacted Proposition 47, the Act, which went into
effect the next day. (People v. Rivera (2015) 233 Cal.App.4th 1085, 1089 (Rivera).) The
Act reclassified certain theft- and drug-related crimes from felonies to misdemeanors
unless they were committed by ineligible defendants. (Id. at p. 1091.) It also established
a procedure for qualifying defendants to petition for recall and modification of their prior
convictions and sentences. (§ 1170.18, subd. (a).)
Among its reclassifying provisions, Proposition 47 added a new crime, shoplifting
(§ 459.5). Section 459.5 provides:
"(a) . . . shoplifting is defined as entering a commercial establishment with intent to commit larceny while that establishment is open during regular business hours, where the value of the property that is taken or intended to be taken does not exceed nine hundred fifty dollars ($950). Any other entry into a commercial establishment with intent to commit larceny is burglary. Shoplifting shall be punished as a misdemeanor, except [when the defendant has a disqualifying prior conviction].
"(b) Any act of shoplifting as defined in subdivision (a) shall be charged as shoplifting. No person who is charged with shoplifting may also be charged with burglary or theft of the same property." (Italics added.)
3 Gonzales contends that although his offense does not appear to meet the colloquial
definition of "shoplifting," his actions do meet the statutory definition as set forth in
section 459.5. Specifically, he asserts that his acts of entering a Bank of America branch,
a commercial establishment, during regular open business hours, with the intent to
commit larceny, and taking away $250 in cash meets the definition of shoplifting in
section 459.5. Based on our independent review, we reject Gonzales's argument because
as defined by section 459.5, the offense of shoplifting requires an "intent to commit
larceny," which was not present in this case. (See People v. Love (2005) 132 Cal.App.4th
276, 284 ["Statutory construction is a question of law which we decide independently."].)
The meaning of "larceny" is clear and unambiguous. "Larceny requires the taking
of another's property, with the intent to steal and carry it away. [Citation.] 'Taking,' in
turn, has two aspects: (1) achieving possession of the property, known as 'caption,' and
(2) carrying the property away, or 'asportation.' " (People v. Gomez (2008) 43 Cal.4th
249, 254-255, fn. omitted.) "[L]arceny requires a 'trespassory taking,' which is a taking
without the property owner's consent." (People v. Williams (2013) 57 Cal.4th 776, 788
(italics added) (Williams).)
In Williams, our high court considered the definition of larceny as related to the
crime of robbery. In that case, the defendant used a credit card, which was encoded with
a third party's credit card information, to purchase gift cards at Walmart. (Williams,
supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 780.) In discussing the " 'felonious taking' " requirement of
robbery, the court found that the defendant did not commit larceny because his taking
was consensual. (Id. at p. 788.) The court explained, "Walmart, through its store
4 employees, consented to transferring title to the gift cards to defendant. Defendant
acquired ownership of the gift cards through his false representation, on which Walmart
relied, that he was using valid payment cards to purchase the gift cards. Only after
discovering the fraud did the store seek to reclaim possession. Because 'felonious taking,'
as required in California's robbery statute [citation], must be without the consent of the
property owner, or 'against his will' [citation], and Walmart consented to the sale of the
gift cards, defendant did not commit a trespassory (nonconsensual) taking, and hence did
not commit robbery." (Id. at pp. 788-789.)
As in Williams, the taking in this case was consensual. Bank of America
consented to transferring title and possession to $250 to Gonzales. Gonzales used false
representations that he was cashing valid checks made out to him to obtain the money
from Bank of America. Relying on those representations, which the bank must have
believed to be true, it consented to giving Gonzales the money. Larceny requires a taking
without consent (Williams, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 788). That element was not satisfied in
this case.
Because the crime of shoplifting in section 459.5 requires an "intent to commit
larceny," Gonzales's offense did not meet the statutory definition of shoplifting.
II. Resentencing Based on Section 459
Gonzales contends the trial court should have resentenced him to a misdemeanor
under section 459. Although Gonzales recognizes that section 459 is not expressly
specified in section 1170.18, he contends that because that section allows for
5 resentencing for other theft offenses involving property under the threshold of $950, it
also permits resentencing of section 459 offenses. We reject this argument.
The Act allows a defendant to petition for resentencing if he or she is serving a
sentence for a crime that the Act now designates as a misdemeanor. (§ 1170.18, subd.
(a); Rivera, supra, 233 Cal.App.4th at p. 1092.) Section 1170.18, subdivision (a),
identifies those crimes by statute: "Sections 11350, 11357, or 11377 of the Health and
Safety Code, or Section 459.5, 473, 476a, 490.2, 496, or 666 of the Penal Code, as those
sections have been amended or added by this act."
The statutory construction rule of expression unius est exclusion alterius "provides
that where exceptions to a general rule are specified by statute, other exceptions are not to
be implied or presumed in the absence of a clear legislative intent to the contrary.
[Citations.] 'A statute should be construed with reference to the whole system of law it is
enacted to govern and the scheme should be interpreted so that sections are harmonized
with one another.' " (People v. Guillen (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 992, 996; see People v.
Gray (1979) 91 Cal.App.3d 545, 551 [the inclusion of only four crimes as exceptions to
the sentence enhancement for great bodily injury demonstrated the legislative intent to
exclude other crimes from the list].)
Here, Gonzales was convicted of second degree commercial burglary in violation
of section 459, a felony. He contends that the court should have resentenced him to a
misdemeanor under that section. However, section 459 is not listed in section 1170.18,
the resentencing statute. Section 1170.18, however, does include several theft-related
offenses that qualify for misdemeanor sentencing if the property in question had a value
6 less than $950. (§§ 459.5 [shoplifting], 473 [forgery], 476a [issuing checks without
sufficient funds], 490.2 [petty theft], 496 [receiving stolen property].) Section 1170.18's
failure to include section 459 in this list demonstrates an intent to exclude it from the
resentencing provisions of the Act. Thus, Gonzales was not eligible for resentencing
based on section 459.
DISPOSITION
The order is affirmed.
MCINTYRE, J.
WE CONCUR:
BENKE, Acting P. J.
IRION, J.