Me. Justice Wole
delivered the opinion of the court.
Under his eighth assignment of error the. appellant attacks the information in this case, which is as follows:
“The fiscal presents an information against Cosme Girón for a crime against public justice, an infraction of section 138 of the Penal Code, a misdemeanor committed as follows: The said defendant, Cosme Girón, being a public officer, a detective of the Insular Police, an official charged with the maintenance of the peace in Porto Rico and actually in the exercise of his office, during the night of the 21st to the 22d of April, 1916, and in the café ‘La Palma’ in the city and municipality of Mayagiiez, Porto Rico, in the judicial district of Mayagiiez, voluntarily and criminally, under color of authority and without legal necessity therefor, assaulted and battered Augusto Bischoff with a blunt instrument, striking him and causing him severe wounds í i the head. ’ ’
Appellant maintains that the words “under color of authority” are of such a general nature that it is not sufficient for the information to follow the statute without greater specification. Section 138 of the Penal Code provides that:
‘ ‘ Every public officer who, under color of authority, without lawful necessity, assaults, wrongs, oppresses or beats any person, is punishable by fine not exceeding five thousand (5,000) dollars, and imprisonment in the jail not exceeding five years.”
If the statute read “any person who assaults,” etc., an information which merély said “under color of authority” would be insufficient as not showing the nature of the authority. If the information had merely described the defendant [36]*36as a “public officer” without further specification it might be demurrable, but none of these things is true. The information sets up that the defendant is a police detective in the exercise of his office, and it is ample.
The appellant made a motion at the trial to be allowed to withdraw his plea and object to the information because it did not show the officer before whom the witnesses were sworn and the overruling’ of the motion is assignment of error number one. Such an objection should be made before the trial, in accordance with section 152 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Sections 145 to 153 show the procedure that must be followed to set aside an information. 'When a defendant demurs or pleads to an information he waives any defect in the swearing of the witnesses, and the refusal of a court to permit a defendant to withdraw his answer to raise a matter of form of this kind would not be reviewed by this court except on a very clear showing of abuse of discretion. The objection comes too late at the trial table. This was a matter raised before Mr. Justice Wolf in the habeas corpus case of Eduardo R. S. Bonar, and decided adversely to the petitioner on April 3, 1916. Ill Review of Law and Jurisprudence of the Porto Rican Bar Association, page 91 (1916).
The second assignment of error was in effect that the court had no right to take judicial notice of the signature of the Chief of Police. The Chief of Police, under sections 7 and 17 of the Police Laws, plays a role to the police very similar to that of the Superintendent of Elections to election officers, and we have recently decided that the courts could take judicial notice of the signature of the superintendent. People v. Almodóvar, 23 P. R. R. 703.
The third, fourth, fifth and sixth assignments of error all refer to the same matter, namely, that there was a variance between the information and the proof inasmuch as the former set up that the alleged attack took place in the café “La Palma,” while some of the proof attempted to be intro[37]*37duced related to facts which occurred in the street in front of the said café. The alleged original affray took place within the café, and all the subsequent events showed in evidence were in such close spiritual and physical connection that the events in the street, may properly be considered as a part of the res gestae.
There are various other assignments of error, but the only important one involved the question of whether the defendant was in point of fact acting under ‘‘ color of authority. ’ ’ This is the most important question in the case and requires an examination of the proof and a closer discussion.
In the café “La Palma” of Mayagüez on the night of the 21st and 22d of April, 1916, the appellant, who is a police detective on duty in Mayagüez, Police Detective Suarez, of San Juan, and Captain of Police Bamón Fernández Náter, were seated together in the café “La Palma” discussing the case of Bemotty in which Suárez, and perhaps one of the others, had acted during the day in an official capacity. Be-motty, it appears, was being investigated or prosecuted for playing a prohibited game. The prosecuting witness, Bis-choff, who was sitting at a near-by table, overheard the discussion and, somewhat imprudently, proceeded to say to the assembled policemen and detectives that they had no right to be talking that way of the absent Bemotty and that they would not do so if Bemotty were there.
From the evidence the court was justified in believing that the prosecuting witness, although a pistol was found on his person, did not display the same, and also that he gave the policemen seated around the table no other provocation than the one we have outlined. The evidence tended to’ show that on the. strength of this provocation the detective Suárez arose and struck Bischoff. There was perhaps something-like an immediate scuffle, Bischoff testifying that he threw himself into an attitude of defense. Almost immediately the defendant arose and the testimony tended to show that he [38]*38struck Bischoff on the head. About the same time Suarez began to order the arrest of Bischoff, according to the testimony of the latter. Policeman Suárez, to be distinguished from the detective, came along and he was ordered to arrest Bischoff. In a very short time Policeman Suárez and Bischoff were in the street when both detectives Suárez and Girón came out of the café. Suárez, uttering imprecations and expressing wonder that the prosecuting witness was still there, cried “Club him to jail, then.” All this time Girón apparently said not a word but acted. The proof is sufficient that Girón struck Bischoff both inside and outside the café although the latter was continually protesting that he would go along quietly. Prom the evidence it was clear that the official character of all the policemen was known to Bischoff and all the other people in the café. At the trial the appellant defended somewhat on the ground that Bischoff was profane and threatening toward the officers, but this is not the principal defense and we should abide by the finding of the court below in this regard and in other minor particulars, such, for example, as whether Girón used a club or not. Girón said that he arose only to separate the two men and to protect detective Suárez as Bischoff was a bigger man than Suárez, but this contention was also disposed of by the general finding of the court.
The principal question is a little more difficult, namely, whether Girón was acting under color of authority or in a purely private capacity. Girón, Suárez and the police captain were all peace officers. They were discussing police matters. Plainly they resented the criticism of Bischoff and the inference from the. evidence is that they struck him without adequate provocation.
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Me. Justice Wole
delivered the opinion of the court.
Under his eighth assignment of error the. appellant attacks the information in this case, which is as follows:
“The fiscal presents an information against Cosme Girón for a crime against public justice, an infraction of section 138 of the Penal Code, a misdemeanor committed as follows: The said defendant, Cosme Girón, being a public officer, a detective of the Insular Police, an official charged with the maintenance of the peace in Porto Rico and actually in the exercise of his office, during the night of the 21st to the 22d of April, 1916, and in the café ‘La Palma’ in the city and municipality of Mayagiiez, Porto Rico, in the judicial district of Mayagiiez, voluntarily and criminally, under color of authority and without legal necessity therefor, assaulted and battered Augusto Bischoff with a blunt instrument, striking him and causing him severe wounds í i the head. ’ ’
Appellant maintains that the words “under color of authority” are of such a general nature that it is not sufficient for the information to follow the statute without greater specification. Section 138 of the Penal Code provides that:
‘ ‘ Every public officer who, under color of authority, without lawful necessity, assaults, wrongs, oppresses or beats any person, is punishable by fine not exceeding five thousand (5,000) dollars, and imprisonment in the jail not exceeding five years.”
If the statute read “any person who assaults,” etc., an information which merély said “under color of authority” would be insufficient as not showing the nature of the authority. If the information had merely described the defendant [36]*36as a “public officer” without further specification it might be demurrable, but none of these things is true. The information sets up that the defendant is a police detective in the exercise of his office, and it is ample.
The appellant made a motion at the trial to be allowed to withdraw his plea and object to the information because it did not show the officer before whom the witnesses were sworn and the overruling’ of the motion is assignment of error number one. Such an objection should be made before the trial, in accordance with section 152 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Sections 145 to 153 show the procedure that must be followed to set aside an information. 'When a defendant demurs or pleads to an information he waives any defect in the swearing of the witnesses, and the refusal of a court to permit a defendant to withdraw his answer to raise a matter of form of this kind would not be reviewed by this court except on a very clear showing of abuse of discretion. The objection comes too late at the trial table. This was a matter raised before Mr. Justice Wolf in the habeas corpus case of Eduardo R. S. Bonar, and decided adversely to the petitioner on April 3, 1916. Ill Review of Law and Jurisprudence of the Porto Rican Bar Association, page 91 (1916).
The second assignment of error was in effect that the court had no right to take judicial notice of the signature of the Chief of Police. The Chief of Police, under sections 7 and 17 of the Police Laws, plays a role to the police very similar to that of the Superintendent of Elections to election officers, and we have recently decided that the courts could take judicial notice of the signature of the superintendent. People v. Almodóvar, 23 P. R. R. 703.
The third, fourth, fifth and sixth assignments of error all refer to the same matter, namely, that there was a variance between the information and the proof inasmuch as the former set up that the alleged attack took place in the café “La Palma,” while some of the proof attempted to be intro[37]*37duced related to facts which occurred in the street in front of the said café. The alleged original affray took place within the café, and all the subsequent events showed in evidence were in such close spiritual and physical connection that the events in the street, may properly be considered as a part of the res gestae.
There are various other assignments of error, but the only important one involved the question of whether the defendant was in point of fact acting under ‘‘ color of authority. ’ ’ This is the most important question in the case and requires an examination of the proof and a closer discussion.
In the café “La Palma” of Mayagüez on the night of the 21st and 22d of April, 1916, the appellant, who is a police detective on duty in Mayagüez, Police Detective Suarez, of San Juan, and Captain of Police Bamón Fernández Náter, were seated together in the café “La Palma” discussing the case of Bemotty in which Suárez, and perhaps one of the others, had acted during the day in an official capacity. Be-motty, it appears, was being investigated or prosecuted for playing a prohibited game. The prosecuting witness, Bis-choff, who was sitting at a near-by table, overheard the discussion and, somewhat imprudently, proceeded to say to the assembled policemen and detectives that they had no right to be talking that way of the absent Bemotty and that they would not do so if Bemotty were there.
From the evidence the court was justified in believing that the prosecuting witness, although a pistol was found on his person, did not display the same, and also that he gave the policemen seated around the table no other provocation than the one we have outlined. The evidence tended to’ show that on the. strength of this provocation the detective Suárez arose and struck Bischoff. There was perhaps something-like an immediate scuffle, Bischoff testifying that he threw himself into an attitude of defense. Almost immediately the defendant arose and the testimony tended to show that he [38]*38struck Bischoff on the head. About the same time Suarez began to order the arrest of Bischoff, according to the testimony of the latter. Policeman Suárez, to be distinguished from the detective, came along and he was ordered to arrest Bischoff. In a very short time Policeman Suárez and Bischoff were in the street when both detectives Suárez and Girón came out of the café. Suárez, uttering imprecations and expressing wonder that the prosecuting witness was still there, cried “Club him to jail, then.” All this time Girón apparently said not a word but acted. The proof is sufficient that Girón struck Bischoff both inside and outside the café although the latter was continually protesting that he would go along quietly. Prom the evidence it was clear that the official character of all the policemen was known to Bischoff and all the other people in the café. At the trial the appellant defended somewhat on the ground that Bischoff was profane and threatening toward the officers, but this is not the principal defense and we should abide by the finding of the court below in this regard and in other minor particulars, such, for example, as whether Girón used a club or not. Girón said that he arose only to separate the two men and to protect detective Suárez as Bischoff was a bigger man than Suárez, but this contention was also disposed of by the general finding of the court.
The principal question is a little more difficult, namely, whether Girón was acting under color of authority or in a purely private capacity. Girón, Suárez and the police captain were all peace officers. They were discussing police matters. Plainly they resented the criticism of Bischoff and the inference from the. evidence is that they struck him without adequate provocation. Girón did not strike the first blow, but he struck Bischoff in the café and followed it up after-wards. There is some evidence to show that even if the police officers did not have an arrest in their minds at the outset, they acted as policemen rather than as private citizens. [39]*39It is very difficult for a peace officer to escape tire responsibility and the duties of such peace officer at all times, and likewise the liability. At common law and under the statutes such a peace officer is required to make an arrest whenever he sees an offense committed. His official character. is stamped upon him and anybody who resists him does so at his peril.
"When the statute uses the words “color of authority” it may readily mean something less than the full authority. Appellant shows that “color of authority” frequently means a pretense of authority; it may also mean other things. Color of right and color of title are most frequently something less than the right or the title. That the words ‘ ‘ color of authority” are not limited to pretence of authority follows from the statute itself inasmuch as it says “Every public officer.” It is not the case of a private person pretending to be an officer. A policeman or police officer is almost invariably invested in the eyes of the people with a color of authority. Any step he takes has a tendency to dispel resistance. A police officer, as a matter of fact, may do a certain number of things without actual consequences to himself; some policemen presume on this authority and, we think, the defendant did in this case. In other words, we do not think that this attack on the part of either G-irón or Suárez would have taken place if either of the policemen had not thought he was protected by his office as such. From the whole evidence we think that the court was entitled to believe that the defendant acted in a way that he would not have acted if he had not been a policeman, and hence that he was acting under color of authority; and this aside from whether the evidence did not show that he was attempting an arrest. We think it was one of the ideas of the Legislature in section 138 to protect citizens from officers who presumed on their authority.
The order appealed from must be
Affirmed.
[40]*40( liief Justice Hernández and Justices del Toro, Aldrey and Hutchison concurred.