Filed 2/20/15 P. v. Garibo CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E059814
v. (Super.Ct.No. RIF1209513)
ANTONIO AYALA GARIBO, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Mac R. Fisher, Judge.
Affirmed.
Jennifer A. Gambale, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General,
Peter Quon, Jr., Randall Einhorn, and Parag Agrawal, Deputy Attorneys General, for
Plaintiff and Respondent.
I
INTRODUCTION
Defendant Antonio Ayala Garibo molested his stepdaughter throughout her 1 childhood. A jury convicted defendant of six counts of committing lewd and lascivious
acts upon a child under 14 years of age. (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (a).)1 The trial court
sentenced defendant to 18 years in state prison: the upper term of eight years on count 1,
plus five consecutive two-year terms on counts 2 through 6.
On appeal, defendant argues his Miranda2 rights were violated during a custodial
interrogation. Defendant also contends there is insufficient evidence of counts 5 and 6
and the sentences on those counts should be stayed. Finally, he claims there was
prejudicial instructional error. We reject defendant’s contentions and affirm the
judgment.
II
STATEMENT OF FACTS
A. Prior Incidents
Jane Doe was born in September 1987. Between the ages of four or five and
seven years old, Jane Doe lived in Anaheim with defendant and her mother and siblings
after defendant married her mother. When Jane Doe was four or five years old,
defendant touched her inappropriately during a game of hide-and-go-seek. Jane Doe and
defendant were hiding in her bedroom when he touched her genitals3 over her clothes.
1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless stated otherwise.
2 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436.
3 Although the term “vagina” is used colloquially, apparently defendant actually touched Jane Doe’s external genitalia, not the vagina which is an internal organ.
2 Jane Doe did not know if defendant’s behavior was wrong but she was afraid to tell
anyone.
In another incident, when Jane Doe was five years old, she was watching
television in the living room when defendant asked her to change into a skirt and to sit
next to him on the couch under a blanket. Defendant touched her chest and genitals
under her clothes and told her not to tell anyone. In another incident, defendant told Jane
Doe to sit on his bed. He displayed his penis and asked her to touch it. She refused and
ran away because she was scared.
When Jane Doe was eight or nine years old, she remembered waking up five or six
times in the morning without any clothes on, confused because she had gone to bed
wearing her pajamas. One night, she awoke and saw defendant walking out of her room.
When Jane Doe was eight years old, defendant also touched her during a car ride
to the store. He forced her to sit on his lap and she steered the car while he touched her
genitals over her clothes. She warned defendant to stop or she would tell her mother.
Defendant responded that Jane Doe’s mother would be angry at her. At the store,
defendant bought Jane Doe candy and gave her 50 cents to be quiet. Several times on
trips to the store, defendant touched Jane Doe and gave her money or candy.
Defendant also touched Jane Doe at the beach when she was between eight and 10
years old. While pretending to teach her to swim, defendant would grab her crotch over
her swimsuit. While she played at the park, defendant would grab her over her clothing.
He once grabbed her crotch while placing her on top of a pony. Defendant also spied on
her while she was showering.
3 Twice when Jane Doe was sick, defendant rubbed Vicks VapoRub on her chest
underneath her shirt. Jane Doe was afraid to tell anyone because she believed defendant
might hurt her mother.
B. Acts of Lewd and Lascivious Conduct in Perris
Jane Doe was 11 or 12 years old (between 1998 and 2000) when the family moved
to Perris in Riverside County. Defendant would call Jane Doe into his room, tell her to
sit next to him on his bed, and stroke her legs. He would caress her hands and try to
touch her genitals over her clothing but she pushed his hand away. Defendant also
attempted to grab Jane Doe’s breasts, starting with her elbows. This happened “[m]ore
than six, seven times.”
Defendant stopped touching Jane Doe when she was 14 after a Child Protective
Services (CPS) worker came to the house in June 2002 on another matter—although Jane
Doe was afraid to talk to the CPS worker.4 Jane Doe knew defendant had a gun, he had
repeatedly told her that there was nothing wrong with the touching, and she thought no
one would believe her.
C. Post-Molestation Events
In late 2003, when Jane Doe was 16 and pregnant, she left home with her
boyfriend. She still visited defendant but she would not leave her children alone with
him. She blocked out the events from her childhood. She borrowed money from
4 A CPS worker interviewed Jane Doe in June 2002, when she was 14 years old. to determine whether she suffered from any child abuse. Jane Doe denied that anyone had touched her “private parts.”
4 defendant and she and her husband rented a trailer to live in from defendant but, when
they could not pay, defendant asked her to leave. She did not fabricate allegations
against defendant for revenge.
In 2012, when she was 25, Jane Doe began having sexual problems with her
husband. She began to remember past events and was hospitalized with panic attacks.
During a medical history examination taken at a mental health clinic, she revealed her
past abuse. Three months after the panic attack and hospital visit, she first told a family
member about the molestations.
In November 2012, Investigator Glenn Johnson of the Riverside County Sheriff’s
Department interviewed Jane Doe who, was crying, upset, and “in shambles.” Jane Doe
recited a basic summary of what happened with defendant. She told Johnson that, after
she moved to Perris, the “touching continued as it had in Anaheim.” Johnson interviewed
defendant who finally admitted touching Jane Doe on her chest and genitals between
three and six times and wrote a letter of apology to her.
III
MIRANDA VIOLATION
Defendant contends the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress his
statements and the letter he wrote during the course of the custodial interview because the
questioning continued after he purportedly invoked his right to counsel.
A. The Interrogation
During the interrogation, Investigator Johnson advised defendant of his Miranda
rights and defendant verbally confirmed he understood the rights. Subsequently,
5 defendant mentioned a lawyer three times. When defendant first used the word “lawyer,”
Johnson asked defendant if he wanted a lawyer and defendant did not respond directly.
Instead, he denied touching Jane Doe and the interview continued. Then defendant asked
Johnson how long it would take to get a lawyer. Johnson told him, “A couple days.”
Later, defendant made the statement, “talk to a lawyer I guess.” Both times defendant
continued talking to Johnson.
Defendant admitted that he touched and rubbed Jane Doe’s genitals three to six
times and specifically admitted the incident involving a pony in Anaheim. The three to
six incidents occurred in Perris, when Jane Doe was about eight years old. Defendant
also admitted to touching Jane Doe on the chest when she was in high school. He
physically demonstrated how he would rub Jane Doe. Defendant said he did not touch
Jane Doe more frequently because of his wife.
During the interview, defendant wrote a letter of apology to Jane Doe, stating,
“‘Look [Jane Doe], forgive me for touching you. I hope this helps a lot. I have nothing
else to say.’” When defendant finally asked unambiguously for a lawyer, Investigator
Johnson ended the interview.
B. Relevant Law
After Miranda warnings are given, the interrogation must cease if the suspect
indicates he wishes to remain silent or states he wants an attorney. The state bears the
burden by a preponderance of the evidence to show that a suspect’s waiver was knowing,
intelligent, and voluntary under the totality of the circumstances surrounding the
interrogation. (People v. Williams (2010) 49 Cal.4th 405, 425; People v. Cruz (2008) 44
6 Ca1.4th 636, 668.) After a knowing and voluntary waiver, an interrogation may continue
unless the suspect clearly requests an attorney. (Williams, at p. 427.)
In the absence of an unambiguous or unequivocal invocation, the interrogating
officer has no obligation to end the interrogation or ask the suspect any clarifying
questions. (Berghuis v. Thompkins (2010) 560 U.S. 370, 381; People v. Martinez (2010)
47 Cal.4th 911, 948.) However, the interrogator may try to clarify the suspect’s
intention. (People v. Williams, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 428.) Ambiguity is determined
objectively; statements deemed ambiguous are those that “a reasonable officer in light of
the circumstances would have understood [to signify] only that the suspect might be
invoking” his Miranda rights. (Davis v. United States (1994) 512 U.S. 452, 459; see
Williams, at p. 428.) In considering a Miranda violation on appeal, this court
independently reviews the trial court’s legal determination and defers to its factual
findings if substantial evidence supports them. (Williams, at p. 425.)
C. The Pretrial Motion
Defendant made a pretrial motion to exclude all statements he made to
Investigator Johnson during the entire interview—and the letter he wrote—based on a
purported Miranda violation. The trial court—and this court— reviewed the actual DVD
in its entirety, focusing on the several mentions of an attorney. The trial court found (1)
defendant was in custody; (2) defendant received a Miranda admonishment and he
acknowledged the warning; (3) defendant understood his Miranda rights; (4) defendant
eventually invoked his Miranda rights; (5) but, until defendant unequivocally invoked his
7 rights, there was ambiguity about whether defendant had invoked his Miranda rights and
the investigator was seeking clarification.
As to the first attempted invocation, the trial court found the invocation was
ambiguous because it was mostly unintelligible and, when the investigator sought
clarification, defendant proceeded with the conversation voluntarily. The second
invocation was unclear based on unintelligible sections and because defendant qualified
his supposed invocation. When Investigator Johnson tried to clarify, defendant did not
further invoke his right to counsel and did not remain silent. Therefore, the trial court
denied the motion to exclude defendant’s statements and the written letter.
Based on our review of the DVD and the transcript, we agree defendant did not
invoke his Miranda rights when defendant initially mentioned a lawyer to Investigator
Johnson. His statement was fragmented and confusing, and, when Johnson tried to
clarify his meaning, defendant continued talking to Johnson. A suspect must
unambiguously request counsel and “he must articulate his desire to have counsel present
sufficiently clearly that a reasonable police officer in the circumstances would understand
the statement to be a request for an attorney.” (Davis v. United States, supra, 512 U.S. at
pp. 459, 461; People v. Gonzalez (2005) 34 Cal.4th 1111, 1127.) “Under the Davis [v.
United States] standard, it is not enough that a suspect makes a reference to an attorney
‘that a reasonable officer in light of the circumstances would have understood only that
the suspect might be invoking the right to counsel.’” (People v. Nelson (2012) 53
Ca1.4th 367, 376, quoting Davis v. United States, supra, 512 U.S. at p. 459.)
8 Defendant’s second mention of an attorney was also unintelligible, confusing and
equivocal. After asking how long it would take to speak to a lawyer, defendant talked for
a long time and made a phone call to his sister before making an incomprehensible
statement: “No, (unintelligible)–you–(unintelligible) talk to a lawyer I guess.” While
defendant may have meant this statement as a request for counsel, it cannot be said that
this was the only reasonable understanding that an officer could have had. (People v.
Bacon (2010) 50 Cal.4th 1082, 1105-1007 [use of qualifying term “probably” rendered
statement ambiguous]; see Davis v. United States, supra, 512 U.S. at p. 459.)
Defendant’s statement was not an unambiguous invocation of his rights. When
Investigator Johnson asked a clarifying question to determine whether defendant wanted
to stop the interview, defendant responded, “Like I said, I don’t and–they’re gonna
(unintelligible) right away. I love my wife and kids.” Defendant did not clearly ask for a
lawyer.
Defendant argues that the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Alvarez v. Gomez (9th Cir.
1999) 185 F.3d 995 is instructive because the defendant in that case requested to speak to
an attorney three times. This court is not bound by holdings of lower federal courts. (See
People v. Romero (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th 15, 19; People v. Burnett (2003) 110
Cal.App.4th 868, 882.) Furthermore, in Alvarez, the defendant requested “an attorney as
soon as he was asked whether he wished to waive his right to remain silent and submit to
questioning.” (People v. Williams, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 430.) Not so here.
The California Supreme Court distinguished the Alvarez holding in situations
where defendant has first waived his Miranda rights and then fails to assert his rights
9 unambiguously in the subsequent interrogation. (People v. Williams, supra, 49 Cal.4th at
pp. 430-432.) The Alvarez “court explained that it was evident the police were not
merely seeking clarification but sought to undermine the defendant’s intent to assert his
rights.” (Id. at p. 430.) Thus, defendant’s reliance on Alvarez is misplaced. Here, after
defendant was fully advised and waived his Miranda rights, he made ambiguous and
unclear references to an attorney. The officer properly followed up with clarifying
questions, and defendant’s answers indicated he was not invoking his right to counsel.
Finally, defendant’s argument that the investigator misled him by stating that it
would take “a couple days” to talk to a lawyer is meritless because it was a truthful
answer. At trial, Johnson explained defendant would be appointed an attorney in a
couple of days when he was arraigned. Johnson did not mislead defendant. (People v.
Smith (2007) 40 Cal.4th 483, 503; People v. Enraca (2012) 53 Cal.4th 735, 756.)
In summary, because defendant’s statements were unclear and ambiguous, it was
reasonable for Investigator Johnson to attempt to clarify defendant’s intention and to
continue the interview. There was no Fifth Amendment violation, and the trial court
properly admitted defendant’s statements and the letter he wrote during the interview.
IV
COUNTS 5 AND 6
Jane Doe testified that defendant had touched her in Perris more than six or seven
times and, on cross-examination, she described four incidents in detail. Defendant
admitted touching Jane as many as six times when they lived in Perris although he
misstated her age as being eight years old. Defendant argues there is insufficient
10 evidence to support convictions on counts 5 and 6. Based on Jane Doe’s testimony at
trial, and defendant’s corroborating admission, substantial evidence supported a
conviction for six separate incidents of inappropriate touching.
On cross-examination, Jane Doe testified one incident occurred when defendant
touched her leg and genitals while they sat together. The second incident involved
defendant touching her when she and defendant were on the way to the store. A third
time, defendant again sat next to Jane Doe and touched her leg and genitals. During a
fourth incident, defendant touched her in the backyard. Jane Doe could not recall
“exactly where or when” about further incidents but she testified generally that defendant
touched her six times in Perris and defendant testified to the same facts.
We apply a deferential standard of review, determining “whether, after viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Jackson v.
Virginia (1979) 443 U.S. 307, 319; People v. Johnson (1980) 26 Cal.3d 557, 575-578.) If
the evidence presented below is subject to differing inferences, the reviewing court must
assume that the trier of fact resolved all conflicting inferences in favor of the prosecution.
(Jackson, at p. 326.) A reviewing court does not make its own subjective determination
of guilt. (Id. at p. 321, fn. 13.)
In People v. Jones (1990) 51 Cal.3d 294, 313 , the California Supreme Court held
that generic testimony is sufficiently substantial from an evidentiary standpoint to support
a conviction when the defendant is accused of repeatedly engaging in nonspecific lewd
and lascivious conduct which cannot be clearly differentiated. (Id. at p. 316, citing
11 People v. Moore (1989) 211 Cal.App.3d 1400.) The victim must be able to describe the
acts committed with sufficient specificity and to differentiate between the various types
of proscribed conduct, such as lewd conduct, intercourse, oral copulation or sodomy.
The victim must also be able to describe the number of acts committed—such as “once a
week” or “whenever we drove to the store”— as well as a general time period based on
age or location, such as 12 or 13 years old and living in Perris. Additional details are
useful but not essential because of the difficulties inherent in proving child molestation
cases involving young victims and multiple repetitive acts. (Jones, at p. 305.)
Collectively, the evidence here sufficiently establishes that defendant committed
the crimes charged in counts 5 and 6. A defendant may be constitutionally convicted of
child molestation based on “generic evidence describing (1) the kind of acts committed,
(2) the number of acts committed with sufficient certainty to support the alleged counts,
and (3) the general time period in which the acts occurred.” (People v. Fernandez (2013)
216 Cal.App.4th 540, 557.) In “child molestation cases, as long as the victim specifies
the type of conduct involved, its frequency, and that the conduct occurred during the
limitation period, nothing more is required to establish the substantiality of the victim’s
testimony.” (People v. Matute (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 1437, 1446.)
In this case, there was evidence from both the victim and defendant that he
touched her lewdly at least six times (or more) in Perris when she was younger than 14
years old. The number of times defendant admitted to touching Jane Doe, corroborated
her testimony that he touched her inappropriately six to seven times in Perris. Viewing
the entire record in the light most favorable to the prosecution, and drawing all
12 reasonable inferences in support of the conviction, substantial evidence supports the six
convictions. For that reason, we do not need to consider defendant’s additional
arguments about section 654. (People v. Jones (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 1139, 1143.)
V
JURY INSTRUCTIONS
Whether a jury instruction correctly states the law is reviewed under the de novo
standard of review. (People v. Ramos (2008) 163 Cal.App.4th 1082, 1088.) Defendant
must demonstrate it is reasonably likely that the jury understood the instruction in a
manner that violated his constitutional rights, and that it is reasonably probable a more
favorable result would have been obtained at trial absent the error. (People v. Santana
(2013) 56 Cal.4th 999, 1012; People v. Smithey (1999) 20 Cal.4th 936, 963.)
Furthermore, “‘[i]nstructions should be interpreted, if possible, so as to support the
judgment rather than defeat it if they are reasonably susceptible to such an interpretation.’
[Citation.]” (Ramos, at p. 1088.)
Defendant asserts the jury instructions were misleading and ambiguous and
allowed the jury to convict him of crimes that occurred in Orange County, which were
only admitted under Evidence Code section 1108. The jury instructions as a whole,
however, clarified that the crimes defendant was charged with occurred in Riverside
County. The Orange County evidence was only presented to help the jury determine if
the crimes in Riverside County actually occurred.
The Anaheim incidents were used as evidence of prior sexual offenses under
Evidence Code section 1108. The amended information charged defendant with six
13 counts of violating section 288, subdivision (a), “in the County of Riverside,” from the
years 1998 to 2002. The court agreed the Orange County offenses were to be considered
under Evidence Code section 1108.
Defense counsel requested a special instruction that read: “Except as 1108
evidence, you may not use any of the incidents that occurred in Orange County as
incidents occurring in Riverside County for convictions in Counts 1 through 6. The court
denied the request, finding the information requested in the special instruction was
covered by the other instructions, specifically CALCRIM Nos. 1191 [Uncharged Sex
Acts of Defendant] and 303 [Limited Purpose Evidence].
Ultimately, the jury received a unanimity instruction (CALCRM No. 3501) and
other pertinent instructions:
“It is alleged that the crimes charged in Riverside County occurred on or about
September 5, 1995, through September 4, 2001. The People are not required to prove
that the crime took place exactly on that day, but only that it happened reasonably close
to that day.” (CALCRIM No. 207 [On or About Date].)
“During the trial, certain evidence regarding allegations in Orange County [was]
admitted for a limited purpose. You may consider that evidence only for that purpose
and for no other.” (CALCRIM No. 303) [Limited Purpose Evidence]
“The People presented evidence that the defendant committed the crimes of 288(a)
and 647.6 that were not charged in this case from Orange County. These crimes are
defined for you in these instructions. [¶] You may consider this evidence only if the
People have proved by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant in fact
14 committed the uncharged offenses. Proof by a preponderance of the evidence is a
different burden of proof from proof beyond a reasonable doubt. A fact is proved by a
preponderance of the evidence if you conclude that it is more likely than not that the fact
is true.
“If the People have not met this burden of proof, you must disregard this evidence
entirely.
“If you decide that the defendant committed the uncharged offenses, you may, but
are not required to, conclude from that evidence that the defendant was disposed or
inclined to commit sexual offenses, and based on that decision, also conclude that the
defendant was likely to commit and did commit the [section] 288(a), lewd or lascivious
acts on a child under 14, as charged here. If you conclude that the defendant committed
the uncharged offenses, that conclusion is only one factor to consider along with all the
other evidence. It is not sufficient by itself to prove that the defendant is guilty of counts
1-6, lewd or lascivious acts on a child under 14. The People must still prove each charge
beyond a reasonable doubt.
“Do not consider this evidence for any other purpose.” (CALCRIM No. 1191
[Uncharged Sex Acts of Defendant].)”
During closing argument, the prosecutor repeatedly reminded the jury that the six
charged offenses occurred in Perris, and that the Orange County acts could only be used
to determine whether the acts in Riverside County occurred, but could not satisfy the
elements needed for a guilty verdict. Defense counsel also stressed that the six charged
offenses must have occurred in Riverside County.
15 Defendant contends the jury instructions incorrectly allowed the jury to find that
the alleged crimes could have occurred in 1995 and, therefore, the jury could have found
defendant guilty based on crimes that occurred in Orange County and admitted as prior
crime evidence. However, the jury instructions were not ambiguous and correctly
charged the jury with the task of determining whether defendant committed six acts of
lewd and lascivious conduct in Riverside County.
The evidence presented at trial was inconsistent as to when Jane Doe’s family
moved to Perris. Jane Doe said they moved when she was 11 or 12 years old, either
1998, 1999, or 2000. Defendant admitted touching Jane Doe in Perris when he thought
she was eight years old, which would have been in 1995 or 1996. Therefore, the trial
court properly instructed the jury that the incidents must have occurred sometime
between September 1995 and September 2001, when Jane Doe turned 14, based on the
state of the evidence and the statements made by both Jane Doe and defendant.
CALCRIM No. 207 explicitly stated that that the crimes were “charged in
Riverside County,” making it clear to the jury that the inappropriate touching had to have
happened in Riverside County. Additionally, the remaining instructions clarified that all
charged crimes must have occurred in Riverside County and that the evidence of crimes
in Orange County was only presented for a limited purpose.
Furthermore, counsels’ arguments must be considered in assessing whether any
ambiguity caused the jury to misunderstand the instructions. (People v. Young (2005) 34
Cal.4th 1149, 1202.) The prosecutor reiterated to the jury that the charged offenses
16 occurred in Perris and defendant could not be convicted for events that occurred in
Anaheim.
In sum, the jury instructions as a whole were not ambiguous, and there is no
reasonable likelihood that the jury understood the instructions in a manner that violated
defendant’s constitutional rights. (People v. Ayala (2000) 24 Cal.4th 243, 289.) The
instructions and counsels’ arguments made it clear that the jury could only convict
defendant based on conduct that occurred in Riverside County.
VI
DISPOSITION
There was no Miranda or instructional error. Counts 5 and 6 are supported by
sufficient evidence. We affirm the judgment.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS CODRINGTON J. We concur:
KING Acting P. J.
MILLER J.