People v. Garcia

Opinion

Filed 10/5/15

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent, E059452

v. (Super.Ct.No. INF1100102)

ANDREW EDWARD GARCIA, OPINION

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Ronald L. Johnson,

Judge. (Retired judge of the Riverside Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant

to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed as modified.

Christopher A. Nalls, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant

and Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Barry Carlton, Warren Williams

and Lynne G. McGinnis, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

1 Defendant is serving 35 years to life after a jury convicted him as an adult of

attempted murder and other charges for robbing and shooting a woman in the face when

he was 15 years old. In this appeal, defendant argues, the People concede, and we agree,

that a three-year enhancement for great bodily harm under Penal Code section 12022.71

is unauthorized and should be stayed. This reduces his sentence to 32 years to life.

Defendant also contends his overall sentence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment

because the sentencing court did not comply with the requirements in Miller v. Alabama

(2012) 567 U.S. ____ [132 S.Ct. 2455] (Miller) and People v. Caballero (2012) 55

Cal.4th 262 (Caballero) that it consider his youth and consequent reduced culpability and

impose a sentence reflecting these considerations. While we recognize that

considerations of defendant‟s youth did not, and by statute could not, play a major part in

determining his sentence, the sentence passes constitutional muster because he “shall be

eligible for release on parole by the board during his or her 25th year of incarceration at a

youth offender parole hearing” pursuant to section 3051.

FACTS AND PROCEDURE

At about 9:00 p.m. on January 27, 2011, Maria Mendiola went to one of the hair

salons she owned, and at which she cut hair, to pick up the mail after closing. She saw a

male and female, whom she described as “kids” standing outside the salon hugging. Ms.

Mendiola picked up her mail from the mailbox and noticed the two approaching her as

1 All section references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise indicated.

2 she returned to her parked truck, got in and started the engine. As the two got closer, the

male told Ms. Mendiola that he knew her, or that she knew him.2 As she got into her

truck, the male lifted up his shirt, pulled a gun out of his waistband and pointed it at her.

The male told her to give him her purse. When Ms. Mendiola tried to close the truck

door, the male told the female to hold it open.

The male repeatedly yelled at Ms. Mendiola to give him her money, her cell phone

and the keys to her truck. Defendant said “Get off the truck. Give me the keys. Give me

your purse. Give me the keys. Get off, get off.” Ms. Mendiola testified at trial that “I just

thought he was going to kill me.” When she told the male she did not have any money,

he took her cell phone from her hand and kept yelling at her to get out of the truck. Ms.

Mendiola told the male that she was not going give him anything. He said, “I‟m going to

shoot you. I‟m going to shoot you.” Ms. Mendiola said, “Well, shoot me.” The male

then asked the female, “Do I shoot her?” And the female said, “Yes.” The male turned

to Ms. Mendiola and shot her in the face, just as she threw her head back. Ms. Mendioloa

heard the shot as a loud noise. The bullet entered inside her mouth, struck her upper

teeth, went through her cheek and lodged near her upper jaw. She testified at trial that

the gunshot made a “big noise. But I didn‟t feel like—I didn‟t think he shot me „cause I

was still, like, awake.”

2 Defendant told the probation officer that he had seen Ms. Mendiola two days before the offense when he knocked on the window of a business and asked to use the telephone. Defendant said Ms. Mendiola “yelled at him and said she did not have a phone and to go away.”

3 The two youths fled on foot. Ms. Mendiola followed them in her truck for about three

minutes until they ran behind a building. While driving, Ms. Mendiola had been using

her hand to wipe from her mouth what she thought was a large amount of saliva.

However, she stopped when she realized she was bleeding from inside her mouth and all

over her clothes. Ms. Mendiola saw so much of her own blood that she thought she

would pass out. She also felt that she had a broken tooth. Ms. Mendiola stopped a

passing van and told the driver she had been shot. She pointed out the direction in which

the two youths had run and asked the driver to call police. She then drove to meet her

husband, who was supposed to be at the nearby home of an acquaintance. Her husband

arrived about five minutes later. The people at the home called police and an ambulance.

The ambulance took her to the emergency room. Doctors removed fragments of a small-

caliber bullet from her cheek. Ms. Mendiola lost several teeth from her upper jaw. At

the time of trial the pain in her cheek had become a permanent numbness and she was

still experiencing pain in her teeth. She later identified defendant from a series of

photographs as the male who shot her. Defendant‟s fingerprints were found on the

driver‟s side door of Ms. Mendiola‟s truck, just under the mirror.

In a complaint filed February 16, 2011, and an information filed March 15, 2011,

the People charged defendant as an adult under Welfare and Institutions Code, section

707, subdivision (d)(2)(B), because he was at least 14 years old and personally used a

firearm during the commission or attempted commission of a felony.

4 On July 15, 2011, the jury found defendant guilty as charged of attempted first

degree murder (§§ 664 & 187, subd. (a)) and robbery (§ 211). The jury found true

allegations as to the attempted murder that defendant personally and intentionally

discharged a firearm, causing great bodily injury (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)) and that he

personally inflicted great bodily injury (§ 12022.7, subd. (a)). The court ordered the

Probation Department to interview defendant and prepare a report for use at sentencing.

In a telephone interview, defendant told the probation officer that he used

marijuana daily, drank alcohol every other week, and occasionally used cocaine and

ecstasy. Defendant‟s parents were divorced when he was eight years old, after which

they provided the defendant with counseling. Defendant did not get along well with his

mother, with whom he initially lived. He described their relationship as “on and off”

because he did not like to follow her rules. Defendant wanted to go to parties but she

would not let him because of his age. Defendant dated adult women, and he was

“embarrassed” that his mother would insist he leave open his bedroom door when he

brought them home. Defendant described his relationship with his father as always good

because his father understood the “boy thing.” However, defendant had to leave his

father‟s home at the request of father‟s previous girlfriend. Defendant then moved in

with his grandmother, but moved back in with his father just prior to his arrest.

As to defendant‟s criminal history, he was twice arrested for drug possession and

once returned home by police after he ran away. His single adjudicated offense was for

arson, for lighting a tree on fire at a middle school, for which he received probation. In

5 addition, since the attempted murder defendant had participated in three fights while in

juvenile hall.

Regarding sentencing, defendant expressed the hope that he would receive a low

sentence, such as ten years, and wished to serve it in a fire camp. He mentioned several

times that he wanted to finish the “dog program” at juvenile hall.

Defendant told the probation officer that “I still see myself not guilty, even though

to everyone else I am guilty. Defendant denied committing the offense and stated he did

not think he should be in jail. He said that on the night of the offense he went out to eat

with some friends, then went to his father‟s house and then his grandmother‟s house.

Defendant was upset because he could no longer play football. He said he was mad at his

girlfriend because her testimony had caused him to be incarcerated and to “have to deal

with these politics.” Defendant talked about his family and said regarding the victim,

Ms. Mendiola, “I feel like she took me away from my family.” He also stated “I‟m not

mad but I think she should have thought who she was sending to jail for his whole life.”

Defendant expressed reluctance to pay restitution to the victim, saying “I would be

especially mad. I heard that her family is a drug family, so them taking money from my

family, I‟d be more than mad.”

On December 23, 2011, the trial court sentenced defendant to 35 years to life as

follows: seven years to life for the attempted murder, plus a consecutive term of 25 years

to life for the intentional discharge of a firearm enhancement, plus a consecutive term of

6 three years for the great bodily injury enhancement. The court stayed the sentence for

robbery pursuant to section 654.

Before imposing the sentence, the court heard supporting statements from

defendant‟s mother and from two of his freshman-year special education teachers. The

court also heard a request from defense counsel that defendant be sentenced to the

California Youth Authority (CYA) in accordance with the positive Amenability

Determination by the Department of Juvenile Justice. In response to this defense counsel

request, the court cited to Welfare and Institutions Code section 1732, which prohibits

CYA commitments for certain serious crimes where the sentence exceeds 25 years. The

court then commented, “While it would be appropriate and correct for Mr. Garcia to be

housed in an age-appropriate facility, committing him to the juvenile detention does not

appear to be an option that the court has.” In the course of imposing the 35-years-to-life

sentence the court at several points correctly described its lack of statutory authority to

use personal information about defendant to craft the sentence: “[T]he court does not

have much discretion, in all honesty, about how to proceed in this manner,” “The court

has very little leeway in applying those standards,” and “It [the sentence imposed] is

ordered by the Legislature and it‟s an order that I have been sworn to uphold, and I am

therefore upholding it.”

This appeal followed.

7 DISCUSSION

1. The Three-Year Enhancement Under Section 12022.7 Must Be Stayed

Defendant argues the trial court imposed an unauthorized sentence when it

imposed a consecutive three-year enhancement to the attempted murder conviction under

section 12022.7, subdivision (a). The People concede and we agree. “An enhancement

for great bodily injury as defined in Section 12022.7, 12022.8, or 12022.9 shall not be

imposed on a person in addition to an enhancement imposed pursuant to subdivision (d).”

(§ 12022.53, subd. (f).) Because the court also imposed the 25-years-to-life enhancement

under section 12022.53, subdivision (d), for intentionally discharging a firearm with great

bodily injury, the court should have stayed the three-year enhancement for great bodily

injury under section 12022.7. This results in a new sentence of 32 years to life, to which

we will now turn.

2. Defendant’s Non-Life Sentence Is Not Cruel and Unusual—He Has a

Reasonable Chance for Release Well Within His Expected Lifetime

Defendant argues the 32-years-to-life sentence violates his right to be free of cruel

and unusual punishment guaranteed by the Eighth Amendment to the Federal

Constitution [“Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel

and unusual punishments inflicted.”] and Article I, section 17 of the California

Constitution [“Cruel or unusual punishment may not be inflicted or excessive fines

imposed.”].

8 Specifically, defendant argues that both the United States Supreme Court and the

California Supreme Court have in recent years emphasized that juvenile offenders have

special protection under the Eighth Amendment and are “less deserving of the most

severe punishments” (Graham v. Florida (2010) 560 U.S. 48, 68 (Graham)) because they

“„cannot with reliability be classified among the worst offenders.‟ [Citation.]” (Ibid.)

Defendant points to Roper v. Simmons (2005) 543 U.S. 551, 569 (Roper) for its

description of the three main reasons for this special protection and reduced culpability:

(1) lack of maturity; (2) susceptibility to negative influences, including peer pressure; and

(3) the fact that a youth‟s personality and character traits are still forming and are capable

of change for the better. (Id. at pp. 569-570.)

We agree with the People that the cases upon which defendant relies involve

sentences that are far harsher than his 32 years to life. The youthful defendant in Roper

was sentenced to death. In both Graham and Miller the sentence was a life term without

the possibility of parole. In Caballero, the term was 110 years to life, which the court

found to be the functional equivalent of a life sentence without the possibility of parole.

Each of these cases, which held that the challenged sentence was cruel and unusual when

applied to a defendant charged as an adult who committed their crime while a minor, is

relevant to the general discussion of the reasons for treating youthful offenders differently

from adult offenders. However, none compels the result that defendant seeks here—a

reduction of his sentence below the imposed 32 years to life. Here are the reasons why.

9 First, defendant‟s sentence is on its face neither an actual nor an effective life

sentence without the possibility of parole. After 32 years, defendant will still be only

approximately 47 years old, well within his life expectancy. To reiterate, in both Graham

and Miller, the defendant received an actual life sentence without the possibility of

parole. In Caballero, the defendant was sentenced to 110 years to life, by any measure

an effective life sentence without possibility of parole. We cannot stress enough that this

important factual difference renders each of the above cases inapplicable to defendant‟s

sentence. By its terms, defendant‟s sentence will allow him to seek release when he is of

middle age.

Second, even for sentences that are actual or effective life sentences, which

defendant‟s emphatically is not, the recently enacted section 3051 guarantees defendant a

youthful offender parole hearing after 25 years, when a 15-year-old offender would be

approximately 40 years old. Section 3051, subdivision (b)(3), provides that a youth

offender sentenced to a term of 25 years to life, “shall be eligible for release on parole by

the board during his or her 25th year of incarceration at a youth offender parole hearing,”

unless otherwise released or eligible for an earlier parole hearing date under other

provisions. At that time, the Board of Parole Hearings will “provide for a meaningful

opportunity [for the youth offender] to obtain release” and “shall give great weight to the

diminished culpability of juveniles as compared to adults, the hallmark features of youth,

and any subsequent growth and increased maturity of the prisoner in accordance with

relevant case law.” (§§ 3051, subd. (e), and 4801, subd. (c).) Currently pending before

10 the California Supreme Court3 is the issue of whether section 3051, which provides that

the hearing to consider the above factors will take place no later than 25 years into a

youth offender‟s sentence, satisfies the concerns set forth in Graham, Miller, and

Caballero that the factors be considered as part of the original sentencing proceedings.

Pending a ruling on this issue by the State‟s highest judicial authority, we

conclude that section 3051 specifically and sufficiently addresses these concerns

regarding cruel and unusual punishment. This is because section 3051 has in effect

abolished de facto life sentences in California. Section 3051 universally provides each

juvenile offender convicted as an adult with a mandatory parole eligibility hearing on a

legislatively specified schedule, and after no more than 25 years in prison. When the

Legislature enacted section 3051, it followed precisely the urging of the Caballero court

to provide this parole eligibility mechanism. The Caballero court interpreted Graham to

require the trial courts to “impose a time when the juvenile offender will be able to seek

parole from the parole board. The Board of Parole Hearings will then determine whether

the juvenile offender must be released from prison „based on demonstrated maturity and

rehabilitation.‟ [Citation.]” (Caballero, supra, 55 Cal. 4th at p. 269.) In section 3051,

the Legislation has imposed by statute that time when the juvenile offender may seek

release from prison. In a footnote at the very end of the majority opinion, the Caballero

3 In re Alatriste (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 1232, review granted February 19, 2014, S214652; In re Bonilla (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 1232, review granted February 19, 2014, S214960.

11 court “urge[d] the Legislature to enact legislation establishing a parole eligibility

mechanism that provides a defendant serving a de facto life sentence without possibility

of parole for nonhomicide crimes that he or she committed as a juvenile with the

opportunity to obtain release on a showing of rehabilitation and maturity.” (Caballero at

p. 269, fn. 5.) This is exactly what section 3051 does. Therefore, defendant‟s sentence of

32 years to life does not violate the Federal Constitution‟s prohibition against cruel and

unusual punishment, as set forth in Graham, Miller and Caballero.

3. Not Cruel and Unusual Under State Constitution

We also conclude that the 32-years-to-life sentence is not cruel and unusual under

the California Constitution. Section 12022.53 was enacted for the purpose of imposing

“„“substantially longer prison sentences . . . on felons who use firearms in the

commission of their crimes, in order to protect our citizens and to deter violent crime.”

[Citation.]‟” (People v. Gonzalez (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1118, 1129.) Although it is the

Legislature‟s role to define crimes and proscribe penalties for them, all statutory penalties

are subject to the constitutional prohibition against cruel or unusual punishments

contained in article I, section 17 of the California Constitution. (People v. Dillon (1983)

34 Cal.3d 441, 450 (Dillon).) Such a violation occurs when a statutory punishment “„is

so disproportionate to the crime for which it is inflicted that it shocks the conscience and

offends fundamental notions of human dignity.‟” (Id. at p. 478; accord, In re Lynch

(1972) 8 Cal.3d 410, 424 (Lynch).) “[A] punishment is impermissible if it is grossly

12 disproportionate to the offense as defined or as committed, and/or to the individual

culpability of the offender.” (Dillon, at p. 450.)

Whether a punishment is cruel or unusual in violation of the California

Constitution under the legal principles set forth in Lynch and Dillon, “presents a question

of law subject to independent review; it is „not a discretionary decision to which the

appellate court must defer.‟ [Citation.]” (People v. Felix (2003) 108 Cal.App.4th 994 at

pl.1000.) The reduction of a sentence based on the determination it is cruel or unusual

under the California Constitution “„is a solemn power to be exercised sparingly only

when, as a matter of law, the Constitution forbids what the sentencing law compels.‟

[Citation.]” (Felix, at p. 1000.) Furthermore, such a reduction “„“must be viewed as

representing an exception rather than a general rule”‟” and “„[i]n such cases the

punishment is reduced because the Constitution compels reduction, not because a trial

court in its discretion believes the punishment too severe.‟ [Citation.]” (Ibid.)

“„Our Supreme Court has emphasized “the considerable burden a defendant must

overcome in challenging a penalty as cruel or unusual. The doctrine of separation of

powers is firmly entrenched in the law of California, and a court should not lightly

encroach on matters which are uniquely in the domain of the Legislature. Perhaps

foremost among these are the definition of crime and the determination of punishment.

While these intrinsically legislative functions are circumscribed by the constitutional

limits of article I, section 17 [of the California Constitution], the validity of enactments

will not be questioned „unless their unconstitutionality clearly, positively, and

13 unmistakably appears.‟” [Citation.]‟ [Citation.]” (People v. Sullivan (2007) 151

Cal.App.4th 524, 569.)

In Lynch, supra, 8 Cal.3d 410, the California Supreme Court identified three

analytical “techniques” a court must use to determine whether a punishment is

disproportionate to the crime: (1) the court considers the nature of the offense and the

offender “with particular regard to the degree of danger both present to society”; (2) the

punishment imposed with the punishments for more serious crimes in the same

jurisdiction; and (3) the court compares the punishment imposed with punishments for

the same crimes in different jurisdictions. (Id. at pp. 425-427; see Dillon, supra, 34

Cal.3d at pp. 479-482.) A punishment need not be disproportionate under all three

techniques to violate the California Constitution. (Dillon, at p. 487, fn. 38.) In his

briefing, defendant addresses only the nature of the offense and the offender.

In assessing proportionality, courts must examine “„the nature of the offense

and/or the offender, with particular regard to the degree of danger both present to

society.‟ [Citation.]” (Dillon, supra, 34 Cal.3d at p. 479.) Factors surrounding the

nature of the offense include the defendant‟s motive, the way the crime was committed,

the extent of the defendant‟s involvement, the manner in which the crime was committed,

and the consequences of his acts. (Id. at p. 479; Felix, supra, 108 Cal.App.4th at p. 1000;

People v. Wallace (2008) 44 Cal.4th 1032, 1099.) Factors regarding the nature of the

offender include his “age, prior criminality, personal characteristics, and state of mind.”

(Dillon at p. 479; see Felix at p. 1000.) “[A] punishment which is not disproportionate in

14 the abstract is nevertheless constitutionally impermissible if it is disproportionate to the

defendant‟s individual culpability.” (Dillon, at p. 480.)

Here, the sentence was not cruel or unusual in light of the nature of the charged

offense. Defendant shot the victim in the head at very close range. The victim is

extremely lucky not to have been killed, which we attribute only to her having moved her

head back just before defendant shot her. Nevertheless, the victim lost several teeth and

at the time of trial still experienced numbness on the side of her face. Defendant engaged

in quite violent conduct with a firearm for the simple motive of robbing the victim of her

cell phone, purse, and vehicle.

In Felix, supra, 108 Cal.App.4th at page 1000, the defendant threatened but did

not shoot the victim with a firearm to commit a carjacking. The defendant unsuccessfully

argued that the imposition of the section 12022.53 subdivision (b), 10-year enhancement

term was cruel or unusual. The appellate court stated: “This statutory provision punishes

the perpetrator of one of the specified crimes more severely for introducing a firearm into

a situation which, by the nature of the crime, is already dangerous and increases the

chances of violence and bodily injury. We conclude nothing in the nature of the offense

or how it was committed allows striking the mandatory enhancement as cruel or

unusual.” (Felix, supra, 108 Cal.App.4th at p. 1001.) The difference between Felix and

the present case is that the Felix defendant received a ten-year enhancement for merely

threatening the victim with a gun, whereas defendant here received a 25-years-to-life

enhancement for using the gun to shoot the victim in the head. In both cases, the

15 defendant used the gun to increase both the danger of the crime and the risk of bodily

injury.

Nor are we persuaded that the sentence is grossly disproportionate to defendant‟s

individual culpability based on his personal characteristics. Here, defendant had turned

15 years old just 12 days before committing the offense, which could be a positive in

defendant‟s favor. However, although defendant did not have a long history of criminal

activity at that point, he showed serious signs of rebelliousness and unwillingness to

abide by the law, or by rules at home. Defendant had already been on juvenile probation

for arson, been arrested twice for drug possession, had been brought home by the police

at age 14 after running away from home, and had began using drugs at a young age.

Defendant indicated his relationship with his mother was “on and off” because she would

not let him go out to parties and established rules in her home about him having adult

women over. More important in terms of culpability, the probation officer noted in the

probation report that defendant showed no remorse, stressed how the shooting had

impacted him and his family, and expressed anger at the victim rather than sorrow at the

injury he had caused her. Regarding the victim, the defendant told the probation officer,

“I‟m not mad but I think she should have thought who she was sending to jail for his

whole life.” Defendant was angry about the possibility of paying restitution to the victim,

commenting “I would be especially mad. I heard that her family is a drug family, so

them taking money from my family, I‟d be more than mad.” Defendant also blamed his

girlfriend for testifying against him. Defendant‟s complete failure to take responsibility

16 for having committed this horrific crime that only by a miracle4 failed to cause the

victim‟s death increases his individual culpability for the crime.

Defendant does not contend his sentence is disproportionate to the punishments

for more serious crimes in the same jurisdiction or to punishments for the same crimes in

different jurisdictions, so we will not address those considerations in the Lynch analysis.

Notwithstanding defendant‟s youth, the fact remains he personally used a loaded

firearm at close range to commit the attempted murder, and it is only by chance that he

did not kill the victim. The total sentence of 32 years to life was not grossly

disproportionate to defendant‟s crimes, regardless of his age. Defendant was the direct

perpetrator; he had the intent to kill, for a fairly trivial reason; and he used a firearm.

“Life sentences pass constitutional muster [even] for those convicted of aiding and

abetting murder, and for those guilty of felony murder who did not intend to kill.

[Citations.] . . . [T]he Legislature has determined that a significant increase in

punishment is necessary and appropriate to protect citizens and deter violent crime.

[Citations.]” (People v. Em (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 964, 972-973.) We cannot say the

California Constitution compels the reduction of this sentence.

4 At sentencing the judge commented, “You are lucky in one sense, that the victim in this case did not die and was not more seriously injured. However, that was just an intervention by an angel on your behalf.”

17 DISPOSITION

The judgment is modified to stay execution of the three-year enhancement

imposed pursuant to section 12022.7, subdivision (a). As modified the judgment is

affirmed. CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

RAMIREZ P. J.

We concur:

MILLER J.

CODRINGTON J.