Filed 4/21/15 P. v. Garcia CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E061231
v. (Super.Ct.No. BAF1300764)
ARON GARCIA, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Jean P. Leonard, Judge.
Affirmed with directions.
John L. Dodd, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Arlene A. Sevidal, and
Amanda E. Casillas, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1 I
INTRODUCTION
On January 24, 2014, a first amended information alleged that defendant and
appellant Aron Garcia had committed the following offenses: manufacture, import, sale,
supply or possession of a short-barreled shotgun under Penal Code1 section 33215 (count
1); felon in possession of a firearm under section 29800, subdivision (a)(1) (counts 2, 4);
and possession of ammunition by a person prohibited from owning and possessing a
firearm under section 30305, subdivision (a) (count 3). The information also alleged four
prior felony convictions within the meaning of section 667.5, subdivision (b), and a
serious and violent prior felony conviction within the meaning of sections 667,
subdivisions (c) and (e)(1), and 1170.12, subdivision (c)(1).
A jury trial commenced on March 11, 2014. On March 17, 2014, the jury found
defendant guilty on all four counts. The prosecution then dismissed the first alleged
section 667.5, subdivision (b), prior, and defendant admitted the remaining three section
667.5, subdivision (b), priors, as well as the strike prior.
1 All statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified.
2 On May 23, 2014, the trial court denied defendant’s Romero2 motion to dismiss his
strike prior, and sentenced defendant to a total term of nine years and eight months as
follows: the mid-term of four years for count 1 (two years doubled), deemed the principal
count; one-third the mid-term of one year and four months (eight months doubled) for
count 2, to be served consecutively to count 1; one-third the mid-term of one year and
four months (eight months doubled) for count 3, to be served consecutively to count 2;
one-third the mid-term of one year and four months (eight months doubled) for count 4,
stayed under section 654; and one year for each of the three section 667.5, subdivision
(b), priors.
On appeal, defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to stay the
sentence on count 3, possession of ammunition, because it was part and parcel of
possessing firearms. For the reasons set forth below, we stay defendant’s sentence under
section 654 for possession of ammunition by a person prohibited from owning and
possessing a firearm under section 30305, subdivision (a) (count 3), but otherwise affirm
the judgment.
2 People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497.
3 II
STATEMENT OF FACTS
On the evening of November 2, 2013, Officer Frederick Steward, a patrol officer
for the Beaumont Police Department, was on duty. He was ready to make a left-hand turn
from Beaumont Avenue onto 5th Street. Before turning, the officer saw a brown Ford
Taurus making a right-hand turn onto 5th Street from the opposite direction. Officer
Steward followed the Taurus for about two blocks when the Taurus abruptly pulled over.
Officer Steward saw the two individuals from the Ford Taurus at the front door of
the apartment building near which the Taurus had parked. He turned on his side
spotlight, illuminating the two individuals, who were looking at him. Defendant was one
of the two individuals. The officer continued driving to the next intersection and
requested backup. When he made a U-turn and returned to the apartment, the two
individuals were gone. Officer Steward waited for backup while he watched the front
door of the apartment.
When other officers arrived, they set up a perimeter. Officer Steward walked to
the front of the apartment, shining his flashlight around to make sure nobody was hiding.
Next to the front door was a white trash can. There, the officer saw a shotgun, which was
approximately 15 inches in length. The shotgun was loaded and appeared capable of
being used.
Officer Steward picked up the trash can, returned to his vehicle, and advised the
other officers he had found a gun. The officers began giving a “surrounding callout”
4 every 20 to 30 seconds, announcing on the loudspeaker for the occupants to come out
with their hands up. After repeating this for an hour, nobody came out of the building.
Officer Steward approached the Taurus, shining his flashlight through the driver’s side
front door window. Inside, in the passenger’s side door handle area, he saw a gun.
Officer Steward left the scene, changed into plain clothes, and drove an
undercover police car to stake out the location while the other officers left. Within 10
minutes, the officer saw two individuals on the front grass area between the Taurus and
the apartment. The officer called for backup to return. After a few minutes, the two
individuals walked across the street and went into the trailer park.
Officer Alejandro Marquez parked his vehicle in an alley in between two trailers.
He saw defendant coming out of a shed. With his gun drawn, Officer Marquez ordered
defendant to lie on the ground about three or four times. Defendant got on the ground but
“kept looking back” over his left shoulder in the direction of the shed. After handcuffing
defendant, the officer found a set of car keys in defendant’s right pants pocket. These
keys successfully started the Taurus. The officer then searched the shed, finding a loaded
magazine sitting inside on a shelf. The magazine fit into the nine-millimeter handgun
found in the Taurus.
Officer Steward had the Taurus towed to the police station. After seizing the gun,
he found that the gun was loaded. The gun appeared capable of being used.
5 III
ANALYSIS
Defendant claims that his sentence on count 3 must be stayed under section 654
because possession of the firearms and ammunition was part and parcel of an indivisible
course of conduct.
Section 654, subdivision (a), as relevant here, provides: “An act or omission that
is punishable in different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the
provision that provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case
shall the act or omission be punished under more than one provision.”
“The test for determining whether section 654 prohibits multiple punishment has
long been established: ‘Whether a course of criminal conduct is divisible and therefore
gives rise to more than one act within the meaning of section 654 depends on the intent
and objective of the actor. . . .’ [Citation.]” (People v. Britt (2004) 32 Cal.4th 944, 951-
952.) “[I]f all of the offenses were merely incidental to, or were the means of
accomplishing or facilitating one objective, defendant may be found to have harbored a
single intent and therefore may be punished only once. [Citation.] [¶] If, on the other
hand, defendant harbored ‘multiple criminal objectives,’ which were independent of and
not merely incidental to each other, he may be punished for each statutory violation
committed in pursuit of each objective, ‘even though the violations shared common acts
or were parts of an otherwise indivisible course of conduct.’” (People v. Harrison (1989)
48 Cal.3d 321, 335.)
6 “‘A trial court’s implied finding that a defendant harbored a separate intent and
objective for each offense will be upheld on appeal if it is supported by substantial
evidence.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Racy (2007) 148 Cal.App.4th 1327, 1336-1337.)
In People v. Lopez (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 132, the defendant was found in
possession of a loaded handgun. (Id. at p. 135.) As a result, he was convicted of both
unlawful possession of a firearm and unlawful possession of ammunition. (Id. at p. 134.)
The appellate court held that he could not be sentenced for both: “Appellant’s obvious
intent was to possess a loaded firearm. [¶] In resolving section 654 issues, our California
Supreme Court has recently stated that the appellate courts should not ‘parse[] the
objectives too finely.’ [Citation.] To allow multiple punishment for possessing
ammunition in a firearm would, in our judgment, parse the objectives too finely. While
there may be instances when multiple punishment is lawful for possession of a firearm
and ammunition, the instant case is not one of them. Where, as here, all of the
ammunition is loaded into the firearm, an ‘indivisible course of conduct’ is present and
section 654 precludes multiple punishment.” (Id. at p. 138.)
In People v. Sok (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 88, the defendant fired shots at a vehicle
and later at a residence. (Id. at p. 91.) Officers searched the defendant’s car and found a
loaded nine-millimeter Glock pistol in the trunk. “[B]ased on bullet casings recovered
from each of the crime scenes, the bullets fired in both incidents came from” the gun
found in defendant’s car. (Ibid.) The defendant was convicted of two unlawful firearm
possession counts and two unlawful ammunition possession counts. (Id. at p. 100.) The
7 court imposed concurrent two-year sentences for each of the two unlawful firearm
possession counts and two unlawful ammunition possession counts. (Id. at p. 93.) After
noting that the Attorney General had conceded the issue, the appellate court stated that the
trial court erred in failing to stay the sentences for the two unlawful ammunition
possession counts under section 654, because:
“[T]he ammunition at issue in those two counts was either loaded into [the
defendant’s] handgun or had been fired from that gun. There is no evidence in the record
that would support the trial court’s implied factual finding that [the defendant] had
different or multiple objectives in possessing the loaded firearm and possessing the
ammunition in the gun itself.” (People v. Sok, supra, 181 Cal.App.4th at p. 100, fn.
omitted.)
In this case, defendant was convicted for possession of a handgun, possession of a
shotgun, and possession of ammunition. As to count 3, possession of ammunition, the
People argued that defendant committed three alternative acts, any of which could form
the basis of the verdict on count 3: (1) possession of the ammunition in the loaded
handgun found in the Taurus; (2) possession of the ammunition in the loaded shotgun; or
(3) possession of the magazine found inside the shed. In order to find defendant guilty of
count 3, possession of ammunition, the jury was instructed that it must agree that
defendant committed at least one of those acts, and further that it must agree which act
defendant committed. Although the jury found defendant guilty of count 3, there is
nothing on the record to indicate which theory formed the basis of the conviction.
8 People v. Roberson (1988) 198 Cal.App.3d 860 (Roberson) is instructive. In
Roberson, the defendant was convicted of a count of procurement of a child for lewd and
lascivious acts under section 266j (count 10), and a count of lewd and lascivious acts
involving children under section 288, subdivision (b), on the same day (count 11). (Id. at
p. 871.) The trial court imposed consecutive sentences for the two counts, which the
defendant challenged on appeal as a violation of section 654. The People, however,
argued that section 654 did not apply “because there were actually three or four lewd acts
committed upon [the victim] on February 20 which could have been the basis for count
11.” (Ibid.) The appellate court disagreed, and noted:
“[T]here is no concrete basis in the record for establishing that the act of making
[the victim] available for a lewd act as charged in count ten did not necessarily precede
and make possible the lewd act charged in count eleven. Although . . . the jury . . . was
not required to state in the verdict the particular act or acts they agreed were committed,
this . . . does not help avoid the section 654 issue . . . . The jury may well have decided
appellant was guilty on count ten for procuring [the victim] for a certain laborer, and also
decided the section 288, subdivision (b) violation alleged in count eleven was committed
by the same laborer. Such a situation is the strongest case for holding the violation of
section 266j was to facilitate the commission of the lewd act, and that punishment on both
crimes would be double punishment for the same act. In any event, this court cannot rest
its holding on the guess that the laborer who committed the lewd act charged in count
9 eleven was a different laborer than the one for whom [the victim] was provided as
charged in count ten.” (Roberson, supra, 198 Cal.App.3d at pp. 871-872.)
This case is similar. Here, too, because the jury’s verdict form did not indicate
which act of ammunition possession it agreed defendant committed, we “cannot rest [our]
holding on the guess that” the jury agreed that the magazine found in the shed formed the
basis for count 3. (Roberson, supra, 198 Cal.App.3d at p. 872.) In fact, it is more
probable, just like the case in Roberson, that the jury based its verdict of possession of
ammunition based on the first two acts – by possessing the loaded shotgun and handgun.
This point was reiterated during closing argument by the prosecutor, who made the
following argument to the jury:
“The issue is, did [defendant] possess the ammunition, and did he know he
possessed it. Well, of course he did. He possessed that gun. We already talked about
that, that handgun that was inside the Taurus, and that it was loaded. That’s possession of
ammunition right there. Same way he has possession over that gun, he also has
possession over the ammunition inside that gun. But there’s more than that even.
Remember the shotgun. The shotgun was loaded too. That shotgun shell, that counts. So
if you find he was in possession of that shotgun, he was in possession of that ammunition
inside of that shotgun too.”
Here, the jury did find that defendant possessed the shotgun and handgun.
Therefore, following the prosecutor’s reasoning, the jury would have found that
defendant possessed ammunition simply based on his possession of the loaded shotgun
10 and handgun. Based on this, there is no factual distinction between this case and the two
cases discussed above, People v. Lopez, supra, 119 Cal.App.4th 132, and People v. Sok,
supra, 181 Cal.App.4th 88. There is no evidence in the record that would support a
finding that defendant had different or multiple objectives in possessing the loaded
firearms and possessing the guns themselves. Defendant’s sole intent was to possess the
loaded firearms, which contained the ammunition.
As to the third alleged act – the magazine found in the shed – even if the jury
based the verdict on this act, there was nothing in the record to support a finding that
defendant had different or multiple objectives in possessing the loaded handgun and
possessing the magazine which belonged to the handgun.
The People ignore Roberson, supra, 198 Cal.App.3d 860, in their respondent’s
brief. Instead, the People argue that the conviction for possession of ammunition does
not need to be stayed because “all of the ammunition was not loaded into a firearm.
Rather, a loaded magazine was found on a shelf in an outdoor shed, while the matching
gun was found in the passenger’s side door handle of [defendant’s] Ford Taurus and
another loaded shotgun was found outside of a nearby home.” However, as discussed
above, the prosecutor’s argument to the jury made it impossible to find defendant not
guilty of count 3 if the jury found defendant guilty of possessing the loaded shotgun or
loaded firearm. The case cited by the People in support of its argument, People v. Wasley
(1966) 245 Cal.App.2d 383 (Wasley), is distinguishable.
11 In Wasley, officers searching the defendant’s car found both a sawed-off shotgun
and a pistol. (Wasley, supra, 245 Cal.App.2d at pp. 385-386.) The appellate court held
that the defendant could be separately punished because the record did not present a
suggestion of any single intent to possess two different weapons. (Id. at p. 387.) The
court explained that the weapons “were carried in distinct sections of the automobile.
Their possession was proscribed by separate statutes, serving distinct public purposes.
The fact that they were possessed at the same time by one man does not reduce that
possession to a single act or a single course of conduct.” (Ibid.) We agree with the
holding in Wasley but find it inapplicable to defendant’s argument in this case. Here,
defendant is not arguing that he should not be sentenced consecutively for possessing two
different weapons at the same time. Instead, the argument is that defendant cannot be
punished separately for possessing ammunition that was either in the shotgun and
handgun, or could be used with one of the firearms. Wasley, therefore, does not support
the People’s argument.
Notwithstanding, we note that People v. McCoy (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th. 1333
(McCoy) disagreed with Roberson, supra, 198 Cal.App.3d 860. In McCoy, the defendant
was convicted of burglary, sexual assault, and violating a restraining order, when he went
to the victim’s residence, broke in, and sexually assaulted her. The defendant contended
that, because of the way the offenses were charged, there was no jury finding that the
violation of the restraining order occurred on a separate occasion from the other crimes.
The trial court imposed punishment for the violation of the restraining order, as well as
12 for the other crimes, despite section 654; the evidence suggested that defendant may have
made more than one entry into the victim’s residence, and either entry would support a
conviction for violation of the restraining order. Defendant objected that, because there
was no jury finding for which entry was the basis for the conviction of violating a
protective order (or, indeed, whether there had actually been more than one entry), the
trial court could not make an independent finding that there was a separate entry upon
which to base separate punishment—i.e., that section 654 did not apply. (Id. at pp. 1337-
1338.)
The McCoy court held that a trial court in its sentencing discretion may base its
decision on any facts that are in evidence at trial, without regard to the verdicts, unless
some circumstance in those verdicts forecloses the trial court from doing so. In People v.
Siko (1988) 45 Cal.3d 820, for example, both the charging document and the verdicts had
specified two particular sex offenses as the basis for generic charges of lewd and
lascivious conduct. Neither the closing argument nor the instructions had suggested any
other basis for the molestation counts. (Id. at p. 826.) “Siko is thus authority that where
there is a basis for identifying the specific factual basis for a verdict, a trial court cannot
find otherwise in applying section 654.” (McCoy, supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at p. 1339.)
Where there is not a basis for identifying the specific factual basis for a verdict,
however, the trial court is not foreclosed from considering all the available evidence in
making its decision under section 654. The McCoy court analyzed additional cases:
13 “The defendant in People v. Centers (1999) 73 Cal.App.4th 84 [86 Cal.Rptr.2d
151] entered a house with a gun. Three people were inside. He kidnapped one of them.
The jury convicted him inter alia of kidnapping, and of a single count of burglary with a
firearm use enhancement. [Citation.] Centers noted that neither the information nor the
verdicts specified a particular victim of the burglary and its firearm use enhancement.
[Citation.] In that circumstance, ‘the trial court is entitled to make any necessary factual
findings not already made by the jury’ . . . and thus ‘could properly find multiple victims’
(a finding for which there was substantial evidence) and impose punishment for the
burglary and enhancement in connection with one of the occupants of the apartment as
well as the kidnapping of the other [citation]. (McCoy, supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at pp.
1339-1340.)
People v. Bradley (2003) 111 Cal.App.4th 765 (Bradley) and People v. Nguyen
(1988) 204 Cal.App.3d 181 (Nguyen), both dealt with punishment of an accomplice for a
robbery and an attempted murder in the course of the robbery. In Nguyen, the accomplice
not only aided the commission of the robbery but also abetted the shooting of the victim
(shouting words of encouragement). Because the verdicts ‘in no manner foreclosed’ the
conclusion that the accomplice had developed an independent purpose of shooting the
victim, which the evidence supported, it was proper for the trial court to impose sentence
on both convictions. (Nguyen, at pp. 189-190, italics added.) In Bradley, however, the
shooting was prosecuted solely as a natural and probable consequence of the robbery (the
only crime the accomplice apparently intended); given the theory of the instructions
14 underlying the verdict and the absence of substantial evidence of an independent purpose,
the trial court could not properly impose sentence on both under section 654. (Bradley, at
pp. 767, 769-770, 772 [on this basis distinguishing Nguyen].)
“The gist of these cases . . . is that in the absence of some circumstance
‘foreclosing’ its sentencing discretion (as in Siko and Bradley), a trial court may base its
decision under section 654 on any of the facts that are in evidence at trial, without regard
to the verdicts.” (McCoy, supra, 208 Cal.App.4th 1333, 1340.)
Here, unlike the facts in McCoy, supra, 208 Cal.App.4th 1333, the manner in
which the case was charged and tried, and the argument of the prosecutor did foreclose
the trial court from considering all the evidence adduced at trial to make its sentencing
decision under 654. Here, as discussed above, the prosecutor specifically argued that the
jury would have to find that defendant possessed ammunition if the jury simply found that
defendant possessed the loaded firearm and shotgun. In this case, the jury did in fact find
defendant guilty of possessing both the loaded firearm and shotgun. Hence, under the
prosecution’s theory, the jury automatically had to find defendant guilty of possession of
ammunition.
Based on the above, we find that the trial court erred in failing to stay the sentence
on possession of ammunition under section 654.
15 IV
DISPOSITION
Defendant’s sentence for count 3, possession of ammunition by a person
prohibited from owning and possessing a firearm under section 30305, subdivision (a), is
modified to reflect the sentence is stayed pursuant to section 654. The trial court is
directed to prepare an amended abstract of judgment and to forward a certified copy to
the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. (§§ 1213, 1216.) In all other respects,
the judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
McKINSTER J.
We concur:
RAMIREZ P. J.
KING J.