Vann, J.
The decision of this controversy depends upon the meaning of the city charter, which contains some provisions inconsistent with each other, and one. as it is claimed, in conflict with the Constitution itself. It is not surprising that confusion arose and that executive officers differed in the interpretation of their powers, for the charter shows some lack of attention to details, caused, as it is said, by combining many scattered statutes into one. We will call attention to the main provisions involved and for convenience will write in italics the words of special importance before we discuss the questions which arise.
It was provided by the charter of 1897 that on or before
the 20th of January, 1898, the mayor
should
appoint five justices of the Court of Special Sessions of the second division * who shall hold office
until
the 31st day of December, 1899, 1901, 1903, 1905, 1907 and 1909, respectively, as designated by the mayor.” (L. 1897, ch. 373, § 1401.) Although of no importance now it may be observed that while five offices were created six expirations of the terms thereof were to be arranged by the mayor which, of course, is impossible.
By the charter of 1901 the justices of said court were “ continued in office until the expiration of the terms for which they have been appointed, and their successors shall be appointed by the mayor for the term of ten years.” (L. 1901, civ 106, § 1105.)
The next section provides that “ any vacancy in said office shall be filled by the mayor of said city by appointment
within, thirty clays after its occurrence.
If such vacancy occur otherwise than by expiration of . a term the person appointed to fill such vacancy shall hold office for the unexpired term of the justice whom he succeeds. If the vacancy occur by the expiration of a term, the person appointed to succeed the justice whose term
has expired
shall hold office for the term of ten years.” (Id. § 1106.)
By section 91 the mayor is made the chief executive officer of the city and it is provided that he “ shall hold his office for the term of two years commencing
at noon on the first clay of January
after his election.” Other sections of the charter, which, though not directly material, have some bearing, are cited without quoting therefrom. (Id. §§ 97, 1350, 1352, 1357, 1391, 1392, 1424 and 1587.)
The Constitution provides that
“
all elections of city officers * * * elected in any city * * shall be held on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November in an odd-numbered year, and the term of every officer shall expire at
the and of
an odd-numbered year.” (Const, art. 12, § 3.)
The appellant claims that the office in question became vacant at midnight of December thirtieth and that his
appointment on the twenty-ninth was valid, because Mayor Low was in-office when it was made, as well as when the vacancy occurred. He further claims that if this position is wrong, still his appointment during the forenoon of January first was valid, since according to the statute Mayor McClellan did. not become mayor until noon of that day, and, hence, Mayor Low was either actual mayor because his term had not expired, or acting mayor because lie was holding over.
The respondent claims that at the same instant of time, namely, at midnight of December thirty-first, the vacancy occurred, Mayor Low’s term expired and Mayor McClellan’s term began. Both parties seem to concede, and such is the law, that an appointment to office in anticipation of a vacancy therein is good only in case the officer making the appointment is still in office when the vacancy occurs.
Three questions are thus presented for decision :
First.
When did the term of the respondent Fitzgerald end ?
Second.'
When did the term of the outgoing mayor expire ?
Third.
When did the term of the incoming mayor begin ?
1. The decision of the first question turns upon the meaning of the word “ until ” as it is used in the section of the charter which provides that the original appointee shall hold office “ until the 31st day of December.” (§ 1401.) While “ until,” as an adverb of time, is usually a word of exclusion, it always includes the date which follows, when the connection and manifest intention so require. It is sometimes used in the sense of “ until and including,” either with or without the added words. If it was not used with that meaning in the instance before us, probably it is the first time in the history of the legislature when it made a public office end on the last day but one of a year, so that one day only of the old year was included in the new term. What object could the legislature have in thus violating its own custom? Why should it make this office an awkward exception to a convenient rule? Who ever heard of an official term of ten years commencing on the last day of a year, or even on the last day of a month ?
The political and calendar years are the same and the first day of January is the commencement of both. To make the political year, as to one office only, begin on the last day of the calendar year with no apparent reason for it, would be strange and eccentric legislation, such as we cannot assume was intended. If the legislature wished to depart from its uniform custom and do something never done before, we think it would have made its purpose plain and not left it open to question. “ Until” is an ambiguous word, because it sometimes has one meaning and sometimes another, even in the act before us. (§§ 1373 and 1384.) When used in relation to a favor it generally has an inclusive meaning and prolongs the privilege. Thus, by an extension of time of payment
until
a day named, the day is included. When used with reference to a penalty it lias an exclusive meaning and shortens the suffering, for if a convict is sentenced to imprisonment
icnt-il
a day named, the day is excluded. Sometimes the meaning depends upon usage or utility, as where the word is used in the light of a uniform custom, or a particular sense promotes convenience. A vacation
until
Easter and a hiring
until
the Fourth of July are examples, for the former includes the day named, while the latter does not. Still even in these instances, which are mentioned simply for the purpose of illustration, the meaning might be changed by the context or by the apparent object of the instrument.
An ambiguity in a statute requires the construction of the courts to dissolve the doubt and settle the meaning. In the discharge of that duty they seek to discover the intention of the legislature by reading the entire statute in the light of surrounding circumstances and comparing it with other statutes relating to similar subjects and with the general course of legislation. If one construction would lead to an unreasonable result it is to be avoided if possible, for “ a bad result suggests a wrong construction.”
(People ex rel. Beaman
v.
Feitner,
168 N. Y.
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Vann, J.
The decision of this controversy depends upon the meaning of the city charter, which contains some provisions inconsistent with each other, and one. as it is claimed, in conflict with the Constitution itself. It is not surprising that confusion arose and that executive officers differed in the interpretation of their powers, for the charter shows some lack of attention to details, caused, as it is said, by combining many scattered statutes into one. We will call attention to the main provisions involved and for convenience will write in italics the words of special importance before we discuss the questions which arise.
It was provided by the charter of 1897 that on or before
the 20th of January, 1898, the mayor
should
appoint five justices of the Court of Special Sessions of the second division * who shall hold office
until
the 31st day of December, 1899, 1901, 1903, 1905, 1907 and 1909, respectively, as designated by the mayor.” (L. 1897, ch. 373, § 1401.) Although of no importance now it may be observed that while five offices were created six expirations of the terms thereof were to be arranged by the mayor which, of course, is impossible.
By the charter of 1901 the justices of said court were “ continued in office until the expiration of the terms for which they have been appointed, and their successors shall be appointed by the mayor for the term of ten years.” (L. 1901, civ 106, § 1105.)
The next section provides that “ any vacancy in said office shall be filled by the mayor of said city by appointment
within, thirty clays after its occurrence.
If such vacancy occur otherwise than by expiration of . a term the person appointed to fill such vacancy shall hold office for the unexpired term of the justice whom he succeeds. If the vacancy occur by the expiration of a term, the person appointed to succeed the justice whose term
has expired
shall hold office for the term of ten years.” (Id. § 1106.)
By section 91 the mayor is made the chief executive officer of the city and it is provided that he “ shall hold his office for the term of two years commencing
at noon on the first clay of January
after his election.” Other sections of the charter, which, though not directly material, have some bearing, are cited without quoting therefrom. (Id. §§ 97, 1350, 1352, 1357, 1391, 1392, 1424 and 1587.)
The Constitution provides that
“
all elections of city officers * * * elected in any city * * shall be held on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November in an odd-numbered year, and the term of every officer shall expire at
the and of
an odd-numbered year.” (Const, art. 12, § 3.)
The appellant claims that the office in question became vacant at midnight of December thirtieth and that his
appointment on the twenty-ninth was valid, because Mayor Low was in-office when it was made, as well as when the vacancy occurred. He further claims that if this position is wrong, still his appointment during the forenoon of January first was valid, since according to the statute Mayor McClellan did. not become mayor until noon of that day, and, hence, Mayor Low was either actual mayor because his term had not expired, or acting mayor because lie was holding over.
The respondent claims that at the same instant of time, namely, at midnight of December thirty-first, the vacancy occurred, Mayor Low’s term expired and Mayor McClellan’s term began. Both parties seem to concede, and such is the law, that an appointment to office in anticipation of a vacancy therein is good only in case the officer making the appointment is still in office when the vacancy occurs.
Three questions are thus presented for decision :
First.
When did the term of the respondent Fitzgerald end ?
Second.'
When did the term of the outgoing mayor expire ?
Third.
When did the term of the incoming mayor begin ?
1. The decision of the first question turns upon the meaning of the word “ until ” as it is used in the section of the charter which provides that the original appointee shall hold office “ until the 31st day of December.” (§ 1401.) While “ until,” as an adverb of time, is usually a word of exclusion, it always includes the date which follows, when the connection and manifest intention so require. It is sometimes used in the sense of “ until and including,” either with or without the added words. If it was not used with that meaning in the instance before us, probably it is the first time in the history of the legislature when it made a public office end on the last day but one of a year, so that one day only of the old year was included in the new term. What object could the legislature have in thus violating its own custom? Why should it make this office an awkward exception to a convenient rule? Who ever heard of an official term of ten years commencing on the last day of a year, or even on the last day of a month ?
The political and calendar years are the same and the first day of January is the commencement of both. To make the political year, as to one office only, begin on the last day of the calendar year with no apparent reason for it, would be strange and eccentric legislation, such as we cannot assume was intended. If the legislature wished to depart from its uniform custom and do something never done before, we think it would have made its purpose plain and not left it open to question. “ Until” is an ambiguous word, because it sometimes has one meaning and sometimes another, even in the act before us. (§§ 1373 and 1384.) When used in relation to a favor it generally has an inclusive meaning and prolongs the privilege. Thus, by an extension of time of payment
until
a day named, the day is included. When used with reference to a penalty it lias an exclusive meaning and shortens the suffering, for if a convict is sentenced to imprisonment
icnt-il
a day named, the day is excluded. Sometimes the meaning depends upon usage or utility, as where the word is used in the light of a uniform custom, or a particular sense promotes convenience. A vacation
until
Easter and a hiring
until
the Fourth of July are examples, for the former includes the day named, while the latter does not. Still even in these instances, which are mentioned simply for the purpose of illustration, the meaning might be changed by the context or by the apparent object of the instrument.
An ambiguity in a statute requires the construction of the courts to dissolve the doubt and settle the meaning. In the discharge of that duty they seek to discover the intention of the legislature by reading the entire statute in the light of surrounding circumstances and comparing it with other statutes relating to similar subjects and with the general course of legislation. If one construction would lead to an unreasonable result it is to be avoided if possible, for “ a bad result suggests a wrong construction.”
(People ex rel. Beaman
v.
Feitner,
168 N. Y. 360, 366.) If another construction would lead to a reasonable result in harmony with legislative custom and history, as well as with the general purpose of the statute,
it is to be adopted if the language used will permit. When these tests are applied to the case in hand; the ambiguity disappears and “ until ” becomes a word of inclusion, as used in the provision before us. Accordingly we hold that the term óf Mr. Fitzgerald ended at midnight of December 31st, 1903.
2. The legislature provided by section 91 of the charter that the mayor should hold his office for the term of two years “ commencing at noon on the first day of January after his election.” If the provision relating to the hour when the term begins is in conflict with the Constitution, it is void; otherwise it is the law which all must obey.
The Constitution provides that the term of every mayor, as well as of many other officers, except in cities of the third class, “shall expire at the end of an odd-numbered year.”. As the year does not end on the first of January at noon, but on the thirty-first of December at' midnight, there is an apparent conflict between the statute and the fundamental law. It is our duty, however, to reconcile the conflict if it can be done by any fair and reasonable construction, so that the command of both Constitution and statute may be obeyed.
Tiiis constitutional provision is new and its main purpose is to take municipal elections out of the stress of politics, by requiring them to he held at a time when ordinarily there is no general election. Accordingly it was provided that elections to choose city officers should be held “ on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November in an odd-numbered year,” while general elections to choose state officers are held on the corresponding day of an even-numbered year. (Const, art. XII, § 3.) For convenience and uniformity it was thought best to make the term of office of all local officers who are elected on one day expire on one day, instead of allowing them to be scattered along through different months of the year, as had formerly been the case. ' The taste of localities in this respect could no longer be consulted, as it had been when some cities held their charter elections in February and the officers chosen assumed their duties in March, while other cities elected in the fall and the term began in the winter
As the time of election was made uniform, the time of laying down and taking up office was made uniform also. Even existing terms were shortened or lengthened as the case required, in order to have absolute uniformity in this respect. (Art. XII, § 3.) All the large cities were treated alike and the period between the election and the assumption of office was made the same throughout the state. While- the legislature can still fix the length of the term, the Constitution has fixed the day of the year when all terms must end, although.it does not require that they .should all end the same year. Uniformity in this respect is part of the plan to divorce municipal and state elections.
The claim is made that this is an incidental rather than a vital part of the plan and should yield to the extent of part of a day, because fractions of a day are ignored and a day in law is regarded as but a point of time. We can give no heed to this argument. Legislators have no more power to deal with a short period of time after it has been taken away from them than with a long period. When the Constitution says that a term of office shall end at midnight the legislature cannot say it shall end at noon the next day. We think that part of the charter which provides that the term of the mayor sljall commence at noon on the first day of January is in hopeless conflict with the requirement of the Constitution that the term of said office shall expire at the end of the year. It follows that the term of the outgoing mayor expired on the thirty-first of December, 1903, at midnight.
3. The term of the incoming mayor necessarily began when that of the outgoing mayor ended. There was no period of time, however short, when there was no mayor, and hence there was no holding over. The Constitution, in bounding the end of the old term, by necessary implication fixed the beginning of the new one. The length of the term is not determined by the Constitution, for it may be oiie year or ten in the discretion of the legislature. The day, hour .and minute when the term must begin, however, are fixed by the Constitution beyond the power of change by the legislature..
Whether the term is two years, as at present, or four years, as it was but recently, it must “ expire at the end of an odd-numbered year,” and hence, as an interregnum could not have been intended, the new term must begin at the commencement of an even-numbered year. By fixing with exactness the end of one term, the Constitution marked out the beginning of the next. It does not fix the beginning and the end of the same term, but it fixes the end of one term and the beginning of the next, leaving the length of both to .be fixed by the legislature.
When, therefore, official power left Mayor Low at midnight,
eo 1/isttmti
it entered Mayor McClellan. The pomp and circumstance of a public inauguration is unnecessary to pass title from the retiring to the incoming mayor. That may be an appropriate method of marking the acceptance of a great office, but it is not essential to the transmission of the right to discharge the duties thereof. The power passed by operation of law through the election by the people, the expiration of the preceding term and the taking in advance of the oath of office. We think that the term of the incoming mayor commenced on the first day of January, 1904, at the instant when the old^year ended and the new year began.
We are thus led to the conclusion that both appointments by Mayor Low were invalid, because when the first was made there was no vacancy, and when the second was made he was no longer mayor. It follows that the appointment by Mayor McClellan was valid and that" the respondent Fitzgerald is entitled to the office.
The judgment appealed from should be affirmed, with costs.