Filed 12/2/13 P. v. Estrada CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D063486
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCS256971)
ROBERT LUNA ESTRADA,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Edward P.
Allard, III, Judge. Affirmed.
Jared G. Coleman, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Peter Quon, Jr. and Susan Miller,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
This appeal raises the question of whether a judge may impose a restitution fine
greater than the statutory minimum without providing the defendant with a jury trial on the factors which guide the exercise of judicial discretion. In short, this appeal is about
the difference between the $240 minimum restitution fine and the $480 fine imposed
under a statute authorizing a maximum restitution fine of $10,000. Consistent with
existing case law we will determine that, following an appropriate conviction, a trial
judge may exercise discretion in setting the fine in any amount that does not exceed the
statutory maximum.
A jury convicted Robert Luna Estrada of one count of battery of a police officer
(Pen. Code,1 § 243, subd. (c)(2)) and one count of felony resisting arrest (§ 69).
Estrada admitted four prison priors (§ 667.5, subd. (b)) and one strike prior (§ 667,
subds. (b)-(i)). At sentencing, the court struck one of the prison priors and imposed a
determinate term of seven years in prison. The court imposed a $480 restitution fine
(§ 1202.4, subd. (b)).
Estrada filed a timely notice of appeal.
Estrada contends the imposition of a restitution fine in excess of $240 violates the
Sixth Amendment as interpreted by Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466
(Apprendi), and Southern Union Co. v. United States (2012) ___ U.S. ___ [132 S.Ct.
2344, 183 L.Ed.2d 318] (Southern Union). In a related contention Estrada argues his
counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the amount of the restitution fine. Estrada
also requests this court to review the in camera proceedings related to his motion under
Pitchess v. Superior Court (1974) 11 Cal.3d 531 (Pitchess). We find the contentions
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified. 2 regarding the restitution fine to be wholly without merit. Our review of the transcript of
the in camera proceeding revealed no error by the trial court. Accordingly, we will
affirm the judgment.2
DISCUSSION
I
DOES APPRENDI APPLY TO THE RESTITUTION FINE IN THIS CASE?
Estrada contends, for the first time on appeal, that in order for a trial court to set a
restitution fine above the statutory minimum, the defendant must be accorded a jury trial
on the facts to be considered in the trial court's exercise of discretion.
In Apprendi, supra, 530 U.S. 466, the court held that "[o]ther than the fact of a
prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed
statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt."
(Id. at p. 490.) In Blakely v. Washington (2004) 542 U.S. 296 (Blakely), the court
explained that the "statutory maximum" as used in Apprendi means the maximum
sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict
or admitted by the defendant. (Blakely, supra, at pp. 303-304.)
In January 2012, section 1202.4, subdivision (b)(1) provided:
"(b) In every case where a person is convicted of a crime, the court shall impose a separate and additional restitution fine, unless it finds compelling and extraordinary reasons for not doing so, and states those reasons on the record. [¶] (1) The restitution fine shall be set at the discretion of the court and commensurate with the seriousness
2 Since Estrada does not challenge the admissibility or the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions we will omit the traditional statement of facts. 3 of the offense, but shall not be less than two hundred forty dollars ($240) starting on January 1, 2012, two hundred eighty dollars ($280) starting on January 1, 2013, and three hundred dollars ($300) starting on January 1, 2014, and not more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000), if the person is convicted of a felony, and shall not be less than one hundred twenty dollars ($120) starting on January 1, 2012, one hundred forty dollars ($140) starting on January 1, 2013, and one hundred fifty dollars ($150) starting on January 1, 2014, and not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), if the person is convicted of a misdemeanor."
The statute describes the factors a trial judge should consider in determining the
amount of restitution fine, within the range of minimum ($240) and maximum ($10,000).
Section 1202.4, subdivision (d) provides:
"(d) In setting the amount of the fine pursuant to subdivision (b) in excess of the minimum fine pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (b), the court shall consider any relevant factors, including, but not limited to, the defendant's inability to pay, the seriousness and gravity of the offense and the circumstances of its commission, any economic gain derived by the defendant as a result of the crime, the extent to which any other person suffered losses as a result of the crime, and the number of victims involved in the crime. Those losses may include pecuniary losses to the victim or his or her dependents as well as intangible losses, such as psychological harm caused by the crime. Consideration of a defendant's inability to pay may include his or her future earning capacity. A defendant shall bear the burden of demonstrating his or her inability to pay. Express findings by the court as to the factors bearing on the amount of the fine shall not be required. A separate hearing for the fine shall not be required."
Estrada argues that since one of the factors to be considered by the trial court is the
defendant's ability to pay, the process is therefore judicial factfinding that increases
punishment. The argument misunderstands the import of Apprendi and Blakely. Given
that Estrada was convicted of relevant felonies, the court, by statute must impose a
restitution fine of not more than $10,000. Thus, within the meaning of Apprendi, supra,
4 530 U.S. 466, the maximum fine, for the existing offenses is $10,000. The manner of
determining the appropriate amount is the exercise of discretion, guided by appropriate
sentencing factors.
In People v. Urbano (2005) 128 Cal.App.4th 396, 405 (Urbano), the court rejected
the identical argument made here. The court said that the holdings of Blakely, supra, 542
U.S.
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Filed 12/2/13 P. v. Estrada CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D063486
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCS256971)
ROBERT LUNA ESTRADA,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Edward P.
Allard, III, Judge. Affirmed.
Jared G. Coleman, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Peter Quon, Jr. and Susan Miller,
Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
This appeal raises the question of whether a judge may impose a restitution fine
greater than the statutory minimum without providing the defendant with a jury trial on the factors which guide the exercise of judicial discretion. In short, this appeal is about
the difference between the $240 minimum restitution fine and the $480 fine imposed
under a statute authorizing a maximum restitution fine of $10,000. Consistent with
existing case law we will determine that, following an appropriate conviction, a trial
judge may exercise discretion in setting the fine in any amount that does not exceed the
statutory maximum.
A jury convicted Robert Luna Estrada of one count of battery of a police officer
(Pen. Code,1 § 243, subd. (c)(2)) and one count of felony resisting arrest (§ 69).
Estrada admitted four prison priors (§ 667.5, subd. (b)) and one strike prior (§ 667,
subds. (b)-(i)). At sentencing, the court struck one of the prison priors and imposed a
determinate term of seven years in prison. The court imposed a $480 restitution fine
(§ 1202.4, subd. (b)).
Estrada filed a timely notice of appeal.
Estrada contends the imposition of a restitution fine in excess of $240 violates the
Sixth Amendment as interpreted by Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) 530 U.S. 466
(Apprendi), and Southern Union Co. v. United States (2012) ___ U.S. ___ [132 S.Ct.
2344, 183 L.Ed.2d 318] (Southern Union). In a related contention Estrada argues his
counsel was ineffective for failing to object to the amount of the restitution fine. Estrada
also requests this court to review the in camera proceedings related to his motion under
Pitchess v. Superior Court (1974) 11 Cal.3d 531 (Pitchess). We find the contentions
1 All further statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise specified. 2 regarding the restitution fine to be wholly without merit. Our review of the transcript of
the in camera proceeding revealed no error by the trial court. Accordingly, we will
affirm the judgment.2
DISCUSSION
I
DOES APPRENDI APPLY TO THE RESTITUTION FINE IN THIS CASE?
Estrada contends, for the first time on appeal, that in order for a trial court to set a
restitution fine above the statutory minimum, the defendant must be accorded a jury trial
on the facts to be considered in the trial court's exercise of discretion.
In Apprendi, supra, 530 U.S. 466, the court held that "[o]ther than the fact of a
prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed
statutory maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt."
(Id. at p. 490.) In Blakely v. Washington (2004) 542 U.S. 296 (Blakely), the court
explained that the "statutory maximum" as used in Apprendi means the maximum
sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict
or admitted by the defendant. (Blakely, supra, at pp. 303-304.)
In January 2012, section 1202.4, subdivision (b)(1) provided:
"(b) In every case where a person is convicted of a crime, the court shall impose a separate and additional restitution fine, unless it finds compelling and extraordinary reasons for not doing so, and states those reasons on the record. [¶] (1) The restitution fine shall be set at the discretion of the court and commensurate with the seriousness
2 Since Estrada does not challenge the admissibility or the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions we will omit the traditional statement of facts. 3 of the offense, but shall not be less than two hundred forty dollars ($240) starting on January 1, 2012, two hundred eighty dollars ($280) starting on January 1, 2013, and three hundred dollars ($300) starting on January 1, 2014, and not more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000), if the person is convicted of a felony, and shall not be less than one hundred twenty dollars ($120) starting on January 1, 2012, one hundred forty dollars ($140) starting on January 1, 2013, and one hundred fifty dollars ($150) starting on January 1, 2014, and not more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), if the person is convicted of a misdemeanor."
The statute describes the factors a trial judge should consider in determining the
amount of restitution fine, within the range of minimum ($240) and maximum ($10,000).
Section 1202.4, subdivision (d) provides:
"(d) In setting the amount of the fine pursuant to subdivision (b) in excess of the minimum fine pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (b), the court shall consider any relevant factors, including, but not limited to, the defendant's inability to pay, the seriousness and gravity of the offense and the circumstances of its commission, any economic gain derived by the defendant as a result of the crime, the extent to which any other person suffered losses as a result of the crime, and the number of victims involved in the crime. Those losses may include pecuniary losses to the victim or his or her dependents as well as intangible losses, such as psychological harm caused by the crime. Consideration of a defendant's inability to pay may include his or her future earning capacity. A defendant shall bear the burden of demonstrating his or her inability to pay. Express findings by the court as to the factors bearing on the amount of the fine shall not be required. A separate hearing for the fine shall not be required."
Estrada argues that since one of the factors to be considered by the trial court is the
defendant's ability to pay, the process is therefore judicial factfinding that increases
punishment. The argument misunderstands the import of Apprendi and Blakely. Given
that Estrada was convicted of relevant felonies, the court, by statute must impose a
restitution fine of not more than $10,000. Thus, within the meaning of Apprendi, supra,
4 530 U.S. 466, the maximum fine, for the existing offenses is $10,000. The manner of
determining the appropriate amount is the exercise of discretion, guided by appropriate
sentencing factors.
In People v. Urbano (2005) 128 Cal.App.4th 396, 405 (Urbano), the court rejected
the identical argument made here. The court said that the holdings of Blakely, supra, 542
U.S. 296 and Apprendi, supra, 530 U.S. 466, "do not apply when the exercise of judicial
discretion stays within a sentencing range authorized by statute." (Urbano, supra at
p. 405) The court went on to uphold a $3,800 restitution fine as part of the total sentence.
Since Urbano, supra, 128 Cal.App.4th 396, the U.S. Supreme Court filed its
opinion in Southern Union, supra, 132 S.Ct. 2344. In that case a company was indicted
and found guilty of one count of violation of a federal statute that authorizes a fine of
$50,000 for each day of violation. After the jury verdict, the trial court calculated the
number of days based upon the probation officer's report and set a fine in an amount
vastly greater than called for by the single count of conviction. The jury was never asked
to determine the number of days that the violations occurred. Consistent with Apprendi,
supra, 530 U.S. 466, the majority concluded the maximum fine for the one count, without
further jury findings, violated the company's rights under Apprendi. Respectfully,
Southern Union has no relevance to this case in which the statutory maximum fine, based
on the jury's verdicts, is $10,000.
In People v. Kramis (2012) 209 Cal.App.4th 346 (Kramis), the court examined the
same argument as raised here by Estrada. The court rejected the contention that the
discretionary process under section 1202.4, subdivision (d) in setting the amount of the
5 fine within the statutory maximum constituted judicial factfinding that improperly
increased punishment beyond the statutory maximum for the offenses for which the
defendant was convicted. (Kramis, supra, at pp. 349-352.) The court soundly rejected
the identical argument to that raised here by Estrada. Appellant urges us to reject the
court's analysis in Kramis. We find the court's analysis in Kramis to be correct and we
will follow it here.
Accordingly, we conclude the trial's decision to impose a fine greater than the
statutory minimum was lawful and did not violate the dictates of Apprendi, supra, 530
U.S. 466.
II
INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
As a backup argument, Estrada contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for
not objecting to the restitution fine amount based on Apprendi, supra, 530 U.S. 466. We
do not pause long with this contention.
First, the People have not urged forfeiture, so the issue of the applicability of
Apprendi, supra, 530 U.S. 466 has been addressed on the merits. Thus Estrada has not
been disadvantaged by the failure to raise the issue in the trial court.
More importantly, as we have discussed, Estrada's arguments regarding Apprendi,
supra, 530 U.S. 466 and Southern Union, supra, 132 S.Ct. 2344, are completely without
merit. Thus under the standard of Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, there is
no showing of error on the part of trial counsel and there is no basis for a finding of
prejudice. Estrada was not denied effective assistance of counsel at trial.
6 III
PITCHESS MOTION
Estrada made a Pitchess motion in the trial court. The court held an in camera
hearing and examined the records of the officers involved in this case. At the close of the
hearing the court provided some information from those files to the defense. The record
of the in camera hearing was sealed by the court.
Although appellate counsel did not designate the transcript of the in camera
hearing as part of the record on appeal, he asked this court to review the sealed
proceedings to determine if the trial court correctly determined what information to
release. We ordered a transcript of the in camera hearing and have reviewed it. Our
review of the sealed transcript reveals no abuse of discretion by the trial court.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
HUFFMAN, Acting P. J.
WE CONCUR:
HALLER, J.
IRION, J.