People v. Emerhall

181 Misc. 2d 400, 694 N.Y.S.2d 870, 1999 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 318
CourtNew York Supreme Court
DecidedJune 21, 1999
StatusPublished

This text of 181 Misc. 2d 400 (People v. Emerhall) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering New York Supreme Court primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
People v. Emerhall, 181 Misc. 2d 400, 694 N.Y.S.2d 870, 1999 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 318 (N.Y. Super. Ct. 1999).

Opinion

OPINION OF THE COURT

John M. Leventhal, J.

The defendant stands accused of criminal possession of a weapon in the third and fourth degrees. A Mapp hearing was [401]*401ordered to consider whether the weapon should be suppressed. At the hearing Police Officer (P.O.) Angelo Rodriguez of the 84th Precinct was the sole witness.

FINDINGS OF FACT

The court finds Officer Rodriguez to be credible. On August 7, 1998, P.O. Rodriguez was working a 1:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. tour. At 3:17 p.m., while on his motor scooter at Navy Street near the Farragut Houses, P.O. Rodriguez received a radio run describing a black, heavyset male carrying a gun contained in a black bag. The description further identified the black man as wearing a black hat, black pants, and blue jersey/sweatshirt with “FUBO” printed on it. The perpetrator was stated to be at Washington and Red Cross Place. P.O. Rodriguez proceeded on his scooter toward Cadman Plaza East and the train station. He observed three persons in the area, one of whom, the defendant herein, fitted the description given over the police radio.

The officer called for backup. During the few minutes wait for the supporting officers to arrive, P.O. Rodriguez kept the defendant under surveillance from no more than 35 feet. Upon the arrival of the other officers, P.O. Rodriguez approached the three men with his gun drawn and ordered the defendant to put his hands up. The defendant complied. P.O. Rodriguez removed the black bag from the defendant’s shoulder. The officer testified that “[T]he bag had weight to it.” Citing safety reasons, P.O. Rodriguez immediately opened the soft canvas or duffel-type bag which was closed with either velcro or a zipper, and looked into the bag. A .357 magnum revolver with a two-to-three-inch barrel was observed in the bag. The officer handed the bag to another officer and the defendant was placed under arrest. The bag had been returned to the defendant along with the other contents of the bag at some time after his release on bail on these charges.

P.O. Rodriguez did not know the defendant’s name or home address. He did, however, know that the defendant did work at a certain construction site in the downtown area.

CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

The anonymous tip that a black, heavyset man wearing a black hat, black pants and blue jersey/sweatshirt with “FUBO” printed on it, carried a gun in a black bag at Waverley Street and Red Cross Place is very specific and particular. P.O. Rodriguez was under a duty to investigate such a report. (People v Landy, 59 NY2d 369, 374; People v Benjamin, 51 NY2d 267, [402]*402270.) P.O. Rodriguez, upon arriving at the named location, observed the defendant fitting the description given. The information provided was specific and consistent with the observations of the officer. (People v Kinlock, 43 NY2d 832.) Thus P.O. Rodriguez had reasonable suspicion to stop and frisk the defendant. (People v Salaman, 71 NY2d 869.) A “frisk” of the bag carried on the shoulder of the defendant would also have been proper under these circumstances (People v Brooks, 65 NY2d 1021; People v Cartagena, 189 AD2d 67; People v White, 156 AD2d 741; People v Tratch, 104 AD2d 503).

The narrow issue to be determined is whether P.O. Rodriguez’s actions constituted a permissible frisk or pat down of the bag.

The area of street encounters in the area of “search and seizure” is a troubling one for the courts especially where guns are involved. This “minefield” must be navigated carefully and with much thought in determining whether an act constitutes proper police conduct or an unlawful search and seizure. (People v Cartagena, 189 AD2d, at 69, supra.) This court notes that a hearing was conducted for approximately one hour and two evenings of legal research were spent in deciding this issue. Yet a police officer is expected to make an instantaneous decision as to what constitutes proper conduct in a situation that may be subtly different from the officer’s past experience and where one’s safety may be potentially in peril. An examination of the pertinent case law is instructive.

In People v Brooks (65 NY2d 1021, supra), the police received a radio run that a short black man wearing a plaid jacket was waving a pistol in front of a specified intersection in a high-crime area. The police officers proceeded to the location and observed the defendant who matched the description provided. The police exited their vehicle with guns drawn and approached the defendant who began to walk away at a brisk pace. The police officers caught up with the defendant before he had gone very far, returned him to the police vehicle, and conducted a frisk of the defendant. Another officer noticed a folder-type carrying case next to the defendant. The officer picked up the bag by its handles when it just “ ‘opened’ ”, displaying its contents, the gun (110 AD2d 571, 572). The Court of Appeals held that “the parameters of a permissible frisk were not exceeded” as^a full-blown search had not been conducted. (65 NY2d, supra, at 1023.)

In People v Moore (32 NY2d 67), a man was arrested after being accused of menacing his girlfriend with a knife. On his [403]*403way to the precinct, the man told the police officer that his girlfriend, the defendant, “was ‘sick’ [and] * * * had a gun” (supra, at 68). At the station house, the police officers asked the defendant for her handbag. When the defendant gave her handbag to the police officers, a search produced an unlicenced gun. The Court of Appeals upheld the “search” under the stop and frisk law (CPL 140.50). The Court pointed to the fact that the informant was known to the police and had little motive for fabrication as he was also at the station house. An immediate search was held to be justified as the information was reliable, and the belief of danger to the officer and others was real and reasonable. The Court noted that a pat down of the handbag would have been ineffective. It should be noted that what was portrayed as a search was the opening and looking into the handbag.

In People v White (156 AD2d 741, supra), police officers received a radio report describing the perpetrators of an armed robbery. As they proceeded to the crime scene, the arresting officers observed the defendant and his companions, who matched the description provided and detained them for purposes of making an inquiry. The officers frisked the bag held by the defendant since it made a metallic sound when it was dropped by him. When the officer touched the outside of the bag he felt what he believed to be a gun. The bag was then opened. The Appellate Division (at 742, citing People v Brooks, supra) held the frisk of the bag to be proper.

In People v Tratch (104 AD2d, supra, at 504), the Appellate Division held that a stop and frisk of a person by a police officer to protect himself was proper as being based on reasonable suspicion and the precautionary measure of “frisking” the shopping bag carried by the defendant was also warranted as it could have contained a gun. The majority held that the lifting of a shopping bag having weight, the looking into the bag and the removal and opening of a vinyl carrying case “ ‘designed to carry a revolver’ ” was reasonable (supra, at 503).

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Related

Mapp v. Ohio
367 U.S. 643 (Supreme Court, 1961)
People v. Pugach
204 N.E.2d 176 (New York Court of Appeals, 1964)
People v. Malinsky
209 N.E.2d 694 (New York Court of Appeals, 1965)
People v. Taggart
229 N.E.2d 581 (New York Court of Appeals, 1967)
People v. Whitehurst
254 N.E.2d 905 (New York Court of Appeals, 1969)
People v. Berrios
28 N.Y.2d 361 (New York Court of Appeals, 1971)
People v. Moore
295 N.E.2d 780 (New York Court of Appeals, 1973)
People v. Kinlock
373 N.E.2d 372 (New York Court of Appeals, 1977)
People v. Benjamin
414 N.E.2d 645 (New York Court of Appeals, 1980)
People v. Landy
452 N.E.2d 1185 (New York Court of Appeals, 1983)
People v. Salaman
522 N.E.2d 1048 (New York Court of Appeals, 1988)
People v. Sanders
79 A.D.2d 688 (Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York, 1980)
People v. Tratch
104 A.D.2d 503 (Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York, 1984)
People v. Brooks
110 A.D.2d 571 (Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York, 1985)
People v. White
156 A.D.2d 741 (Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York, 1989)
People v. Cartagena
189 A.D.2d 67 (Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York, 1993)
People v. Morales
198 A.D.2d 129 (Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York, 1993)
People v. Coleman
215 A.D.2d 576 (Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of New York, 1995)

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Bluebook (online)
181 Misc. 2d 400, 694 N.Y.S.2d 870, 1999 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 318, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/people-v-emerhall-nysupct-1999.