Filed 2/28/13 P. v. Ellison CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D062412
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD238493)
TERRANCE ELLISON,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Albert T.
Harutunian III, Judge. Affirmed.
A jury convicted Terrance Ellison of cocaine possession for sale (Health & Saf. Code, §
11351.5). In a separate proceeding, Ellison admitted he had five prior drug offense convictions
within the meaning of Health and Safety Code section 11370.2, subdivision (a) and had served
three prior prison terms within the meaning of Penal Code section 667.5. The trial court
sentenced Ellison to 10 years in prison.
FACTS Shortly after 9:00 p.m. on January 7, 2012, San Diego Police Officers Robert Howard
and Scott Ellsworth contacted Ellison in the east alley of the 4300 block of Wilson Avenue.
Ellison was standing in the area between the open driver's door and the interior of a parked
Hyundai and had the keys to the car in his hand. On top of the vehicle was a "fix-a-flat"
container, but the Hyundai did not have any flat tires. The officers, who were responding to a
report of a fight, did not see Ellison attempt to hide anything or to leave the scene as the
marked patrol car approached.
However, Officer Howard saw a compressed tan plastic grocery store bag inside the
map pocket on the inside of the driver's door. The bag contained 20 individually wrapped
bindles with off-white, rock-like material in each bindle. Police found another similar bindle at
the bottom of the map pocket. Officer Ellsworth searched Ellison and found $267 in his
pocket. The officers also found men's clothing on the front seat of the Hyundai; documents
with Ellison's name and Ellison's computer also were in the vehicle.
The bindles contained 3.61 grams of cocaine base and had a street value of $481.
The Hyundai was registered to Shauntrece Morris, but three months earlier she had
executed a release of liability form, which effectively transferred the vehicle to Ellison. The
Department of Motor Vehicles did not receive the release form until March 16, 2012.
DISCUSSION
Appointed appellate counsel has filed a brief setting forth evidence in the superior court.
Counsel presents no argument for reversal, but asks this court to review the record for error as
mandated by People v. Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436. Pursuant to Anders v. California (1967)
386 U.S. 738, counsel refers to as possible, but not arguable, issues: (1) whether the trial court
2 erred by allowing testimony concerning ownership of the vehicle even though the court had
ruled such evidence would not be admissible during a pretrial hearing; (2) whether there was
sufficient evidence to convict Ellison of cocaine possession for sale; (3) whether the prosecutor
improperly shifted the burden of proof during her rebuttal argument; (4) whether the court
should have held a Marsden (People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118) hearing after receiving
Ellison's letter during the sentencing hearing; and (5) whether the court sentenced Ellison
under the appropriate statute.
We granted Ellison permission to file a brief on his own behalf. He has responded.
Ellison contends he received ineffective assistance of counsel because trial counsel did
not (1) research whether evidence of a defendant's prearrest lack of reaction is admissible, and
(2) present the testimony of witnesses favorable to the defense.
Under both the Sixth Amendment to the federal Constitution and article I, section 15 of
the California Constitution, a criminal defendant has the right to the effective assistance of
counsel. (People v. Ledesma (1987) 43 Cal.3d 171, 215.) To prevail on an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim, a defendant must show counsel's performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness, and there is a reasonable probability the result of the trial
would have been different had counsel's errors not occurred. (Strickland v. Washington (1984)
466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 694.) "When a defendant challenges a conviction, the question is
whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the fact[]finder would have had
a reasonable doubt respecting guilt." (Id. at p. 695.) "A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." (Id. at p. 694.)
3 In reviewing trial counsel's performance, our scrutiny must be "highly deferential."
(Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 689.) We must "indulge a strong presumption
that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is,
the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged
action 'might be considered sound trial strategy.' " (Ibid.)
Ellison's claim that his trial counsel did not research the law refers to a discussion
between the court, defense counsel and the prosecutor about whether evidence of Ellison's
prearrest reaction to the police discovery of the cocaine base was admissible. The court asked
if counsel had authority addressing the issue. Neither counsel provided the court with such
authority, and the court ruled the evidence would be admissible. During the redirect
examination of Officer Howard, the prosecutor asked: "When you saw the baggie, what, if
anything, did [Ellison] indicate to you by his words or actions?" Howard replied: "Nothing."
Ellison has not shown how counsel's alleged failure to research this point of law "fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness" "under prevailing professional norms." (Strickland v.
Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 688.)
Moreover, Ellison has not demonstrated prejudice. From Howard's response, the
prosecutor argued that Ellison was not surprised by the discovery of the cocaine base because
he knew the cocaine was in the car, which was one inference that could have been drawn.
"Absent the now challenged inference the prosecutor raised in closing argument, the jury was
still apprised" of ample evidence the cocaine base was found in a vehicle possessed by Ellison,
who was selling drugs. (People v. Gray (2005) 37 Cal.4th 168, 209.) Ellison had the keys to
the car, was storing his belongings in the car and everything else in the car was his. Ellison
4 also had $267 in his pocket, in denominations typically associated with drug sales. In light of
this evidence of guilt, Ellison cannot show prejudice from the prosecutor's argument that his
lack of reaction showed he was not surprised and therefore knew the cocaine was present.
Because there was no prejudice, defense counsel's alleged failure to research the law on
whether evidence of a defendant's prearrest lack of reaction was not constitutionally
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Filed 2/28/13 P. v. Ellison CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D062412
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCD238493)
TERRANCE ELLISON,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Albert T.
Harutunian III, Judge. Affirmed.
A jury convicted Terrance Ellison of cocaine possession for sale (Health & Saf. Code, §
11351.5). In a separate proceeding, Ellison admitted he had five prior drug offense convictions
within the meaning of Health and Safety Code section 11370.2, subdivision (a) and had served
three prior prison terms within the meaning of Penal Code section 667.5. The trial court
sentenced Ellison to 10 years in prison.
FACTS Shortly after 9:00 p.m. on January 7, 2012, San Diego Police Officers Robert Howard
and Scott Ellsworth contacted Ellison in the east alley of the 4300 block of Wilson Avenue.
Ellison was standing in the area between the open driver's door and the interior of a parked
Hyundai and had the keys to the car in his hand. On top of the vehicle was a "fix-a-flat"
container, but the Hyundai did not have any flat tires. The officers, who were responding to a
report of a fight, did not see Ellison attempt to hide anything or to leave the scene as the
marked patrol car approached.
However, Officer Howard saw a compressed tan plastic grocery store bag inside the
map pocket on the inside of the driver's door. The bag contained 20 individually wrapped
bindles with off-white, rock-like material in each bindle. Police found another similar bindle at
the bottom of the map pocket. Officer Ellsworth searched Ellison and found $267 in his
pocket. The officers also found men's clothing on the front seat of the Hyundai; documents
with Ellison's name and Ellison's computer also were in the vehicle.
The bindles contained 3.61 grams of cocaine base and had a street value of $481.
The Hyundai was registered to Shauntrece Morris, but three months earlier she had
executed a release of liability form, which effectively transferred the vehicle to Ellison. The
Department of Motor Vehicles did not receive the release form until March 16, 2012.
DISCUSSION
Appointed appellate counsel has filed a brief setting forth evidence in the superior court.
Counsel presents no argument for reversal, but asks this court to review the record for error as
mandated by People v. Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436. Pursuant to Anders v. California (1967)
386 U.S. 738, counsel refers to as possible, but not arguable, issues: (1) whether the trial court
2 erred by allowing testimony concerning ownership of the vehicle even though the court had
ruled such evidence would not be admissible during a pretrial hearing; (2) whether there was
sufficient evidence to convict Ellison of cocaine possession for sale; (3) whether the prosecutor
improperly shifted the burden of proof during her rebuttal argument; (4) whether the court
should have held a Marsden (People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118) hearing after receiving
Ellison's letter during the sentencing hearing; and (5) whether the court sentenced Ellison
under the appropriate statute.
We granted Ellison permission to file a brief on his own behalf. He has responded.
Ellison contends he received ineffective assistance of counsel because trial counsel did
not (1) research whether evidence of a defendant's prearrest lack of reaction is admissible, and
(2) present the testimony of witnesses favorable to the defense.
Under both the Sixth Amendment to the federal Constitution and article I, section 15 of
the California Constitution, a criminal defendant has the right to the effective assistance of
counsel. (People v. Ledesma (1987) 43 Cal.3d 171, 215.) To prevail on an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim, a defendant must show counsel's performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness, and there is a reasonable probability the result of the trial
would have been different had counsel's errors not occurred. (Strickland v. Washington (1984)
466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 694.) "When a defendant challenges a conviction, the question is
whether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the fact[]finder would have had
a reasonable doubt respecting guilt." (Id. at p. 695.) "A reasonable probability is a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." (Id. at p. 694.)
3 In reviewing trial counsel's performance, our scrutiny must be "highly deferential."
(Strickland v. Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 689.) We must "indulge a strong presumption
that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is,
the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged
action 'might be considered sound trial strategy.' " (Ibid.)
Ellison's claim that his trial counsel did not research the law refers to a discussion
between the court, defense counsel and the prosecutor about whether evidence of Ellison's
prearrest reaction to the police discovery of the cocaine base was admissible. The court asked
if counsel had authority addressing the issue. Neither counsel provided the court with such
authority, and the court ruled the evidence would be admissible. During the redirect
examination of Officer Howard, the prosecutor asked: "When you saw the baggie, what, if
anything, did [Ellison] indicate to you by his words or actions?" Howard replied: "Nothing."
Ellison has not shown how counsel's alleged failure to research this point of law "fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness" "under prevailing professional norms." (Strickland v.
Washington, supra, 466 U.S. at p. 688.)
Moreover, Ellison has not demonstrated prejudice. From Howard's response, the
prosecutor argued that Ellison was not surprised by the discovery of the cocaine base because
he knew the cocaine was in the car, which was one inference that could have been drawn.
"Absent the now challenged inference the prosecutor raised in closing argument, the jury was
still apprised" of ample evidence the cocaine base was found in a vehicle possessed by Ellison,
who was selling drugs. (People v. Gray (2005) 37 Cal.4th 168, 209.) Ellison had the keys to
the car, was storing his belongings in the car and everything else in the car was his. Ellison
4 also had $267 in his pocket, in denominations typically associated with drug sales. In light of
this evidence of guilt, Ellison cannot show prejudice from the prosecutor's argument that his
lack of reaction showed he was not surprised and therefore knew the cocaine was present.
Because there was no prejudice, defense counsel's alleged failure to research the law on
whether evidence of a defendant's prearrest lack of reaction was not constitutionally
ineffective.
Ellison's other ineffective assistance claim is based on counsel's failure to call Christina
Hall and Morris as witnesses. The decision to call witnesses is a matter of trial strategy and
tactics. (People v. Robles (1970) 2 Cal.3d 205, 215.) Generally, counsel's decision to call
particular witnesses is "precisely the type of choice which should not be subject to review by
an appellate court." (People v. Floyd (1970) 1 Cal.3d 694, 709, disapproved on another point
in People v. Wheeler (1978) 22 Cal.3d 258, 287, fn. 36.) To prevail on his claim, Ellison is
required to make a showing that the testimony of the missing witnesses was material and
necessary to the defense. (People v. Hill (1969) 70 Cal.2d 678, 690.) The court can also
consider whether counsel took reasonable steps to procure the witness, and whether the witness
would have been helpful to the defense. (People v. Williams (1980) 102 Cal.App.3d 1018,
1031-1032.)
The record indicates Hall wrote a letter to the trial court asking for leniency on behalf of
Ellison at sentencing.1 In the letter, Hall, who was then enrolled in a residential drug program,
said her addiction prevented her from testifying at Ellison's trial. Hall further said if she had
been able to testify, she would have related Ellison "was not in possession of the drugs. Nor
1 Hall was also the subject of a prosecution in limine motion to allow the prosecution to introduce evidence of recent domestic violence between Hall and Ellison if she were to testify. 5 did he know they were in the car. I called the guy that brought them and ran inside when the
police arrived. The police were called because we [were arguing] because I would not stop
getting high that night. They [the officers] went in the car which [Ellison] was not near or
driving at the time because he was at my car fixing my flat tire. So he took the blame for it. I
stood there and let him. I was too high to tell. He was to[o] scared to be called a snitch."
The essence of Hall's testimony, as proffered in her postverdict letter, would be the
officers were lying by placing Ellison next to the car containing the cocaine base despite all the
indicia of his possession of the Hyundai, including having the keys to the car. We cannot fault
counsel's decision not to call Hall as a witness, which appears to be a sound tactical choice.
Counsel may have decided Hall's credibility as a witness was suspect. Hall could readily have
been viewed as a biased witness whose testimony would not carry much weight with the jury.
Counsel's tactical decision should not be subject to review by the court. (See People v. Knight
(1987) 194 Cal.App.3d 337, 345 ["choice of which, and how many, potential witnesses to
interview or call to trial is precisely the type of choice which should not be subject to review
by an appellate court"].)
The record shows defense counsel had contemplated calling Morris, but decided not to
after prosecution rested. Counsel could have reasonably believed that allowing Morris to
testify might have weakened his argument that Ellison neither owned nor possessed the
Hyundai, and the best tactical decision was to forego calling her as a witness.
In sum, Ellison has failed to show that his counsel's failure to call Hall and Morris
constituted deficient performance, or that any such deficient performance was prejudicial.
6 Ellison also contends the prosecutor committed misconduct by eliciting inadmissible
evidence, repeatedly referring to the Hyundai as Ellison's vehicle in her questioning of
witnesses, and arguing to the jury that Ellison was not surprised by the police discovery of
cocaine base in the car.
Prosecutorial misconduct "involves the use of deceptive or reprehensible methods to
persuade the trial court or the jury." (People v. Panah (2005) 35 Cal.4th 395, 462.) There may
be prosecutorial misconduct even in the absence of intentionality or bad faith. (People v.
Bradford (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1229, 1333.) However, reversal for prosecutorial misconduct is
not required unless defendant has been prejudiced thereby (People v. Fierro (1991) 1 Cal.4th
173, 209)—that is, if it is reasonably probable defendant would have obtained a more favorable
result absent the misconduct. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13; People v. Hill (1998) 17 Cal.4th 800,
844; People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836.)
In reviewing the portion of the record referenced by Ellison, we have not found
inadmissible evidence elicited by the prosecutor. Therefore, no prosecutorial misconduct
appears. The prosecutor's references to the Hyundai as Ellison's vehicle (i.e., "his vehicle")
were largely innocuous. Also, the trial court specifically told the jury: "Do not assume to be
true any insinuation suggested by a question. A question is not evidence . . . ." Again, we find
no prosecutorial misconduct. We also find the prosecutor did not commit misconduct in her
closing argument that Ellison was not surprised when the officers found the cocaine base. As
we pointed out above, this was a reasonable inference to draw from Officer Howard's
testimony that Ellison did not have a reaction when the cocaine base was discovered.
7 A review of the record pursuant to People v. Wende, supra, 25 Cal.3d 436 and Anders v.
California, supra, 386 U.S. 738 has disclosed no reasonably arguable appellate issues.
Competent counsel has represented Ellison on this appeal.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed.
IRION, J.
WE CONCUR:
HALLER, Acting P. J.
MCDONALD, J.