2020 IL App (1st) 191206-U
FIFTH DIVISION December 11, 2020
No. 1-19-1206
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as precedent by any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of ) Cook County. Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) v. ) No. 00 CR 24954 (01) ) ) ) JOSEPH EASTLING, ) ) Honorable James Michael Obbish Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
PRESIDING JUSTICE DELORT delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Hoffman and Rochford concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The circuit court did not err in denying petitioner’s motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition because his aggregate 53-year sentence imposed for a first degree murder and an attempted murder conviction, which petitioner committed when he was a 18-year-old adult, is not an unconstitutional de facto life sentence. Affirmed.
¶2 Following a bench trial, petitioner Joseph Eastling was convicted of first-degree murder
and attempted first-degree murder, and sentenced to consecutive prison terms of 47 and 6 years,
respectively. We affirmed his direct appeal (People v. Eastling, No. 1-04-2692 (2006) No. 1-19-1206
(unpublished order pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 23)) and granted petitioner’s motion to
withdraw his appeal from the summary dismissal of his initial postconviction petition (People v.
Eastling, No. 1-08-2338 (2010)). Petitioner then filed a motion for leave to file a successive
postconviction petition, which the circuit court denied. He now appeals that denial, contending
that his aggregate sentence is an unconstitutional de facto life sentence. We affirm.
¶3 BACKGROUND
¶4 Petitioner and Flynard Miller were charged with the September 16, 2000, first-degree
murder of Charles Fowler (by personal discharge of a firearm proximately causing his death), and
the attempted murder and aggravated battery with a firearm of Michael Casiel. We have fully set
forth the facts in codefendant Miller’s appeal. See People v. Miller, 2020 IL App (1st) 170788-U.
We will thus limit our discussion of the facts to those relevant to the issues presented in this appeal.
¶5 The trial evidence showed that the incident began when Miller and Fowler bumped into
each other at the apartment Fowler shared with Molina Matthews, Fowler’s fiancée and the mother
of petitioner’s child. Id. ¶ 5. Fowler left his apartment after the bumping but returned with three
friends, including Casiel and Anthony Hendrix, to help him remove Miller and petitioner from the
apartment. Id. Matthews, Casiel, and Hendrix testified that neither Fowler nor his friends were
armed. Id. Fowler entered his apartment while his friends stayed in the hallway. Id. Miller and
petitioner drew their guns, and Miller fired at Fowler. Id. Fowler and his friends fled, with Miller
and petitioner in pursuit and still firing. Id. Casiel heard six or seven additional shots. Id. Fowler
was holding onto Casiel but collapsed near the doorway of the building. Id.
¶6 Miller continued the chase, firing at Casiel and the others, and striking Casiel. Id. ¶ 6.
Chicago police officer Ephgrave saw Miller shooting and petitioner running behind Miller with a
gun in hand. Officer Ephgrave did not see Casiel holding a gun, and did not see a gun near
2 No. 1-19-1206
Fowler’s body. Id. Miller and petitioner fled but were arrested at the scene. Id. Officer Ephgrave
saw each drop or try to “ditch” a gun. Id. The parties stipulated that a bullet recovered from a
wall of the apartment was fired from Miller’s gun, and two bullets removed from Fowler’s body
were fired from petitioner’s gun. Fowler’s autopsy revealed five gunshot wounds.
¶7 Petitioner testified that his inculpatory videotaped statement was the result of the police
physically abusing him and telling him what to say. Petitioner added that he shot at the three men
who returned with Fowler (Casiel, Hendrix, and Fox) because he heard five shots after they
threatened him and Miller walked toward them.
¶8 The court found petitioner guilty of first-degree murder and attempted murder, finding that
he personally discharged a firearm that proximately caused death. He was sentenced to 47 years’
imprisonment for murder, including a 25-year firearm enhancement, consecutive to 6-year terms
for the other two offenses. Codefendant Miller was also convicted of first-degree murder and
attempted murder, and sentenced to 47 and 6 years’ imprisonment, respectively.
¶9 On direct appeal, petitioner contended the circuit court erred in allowing the State to admit
testimony that petitioner had threatened Fowler. We affirmed. Eastling, No. 1-04-2692. In 2008,
petitioner filed a pro se postconviction petition arguing in part that his conviction was based upon
perjured testimony, which prevented him from raising a provocation defense to obtain a second-
degree murder conviction. The circuit court summarily dismissed the petition, and we granted
petitioner’s motion for leave to withdraw his appeal. Eastling, No. 1-08-2338 (2010).
3 No. 1-19-1206
¶ 10 On June 12, 2018, 1 petitioner sought leave to file a successive postconviction petition.
Petitioner contended that his 53-year aggregate sentence was an unconstitutional de facto life
sentence pursuant to the holdings in Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), and its progeny. 2
Petitioner noted that he was sentenced as an 18-year-old young adult and argued that new research
in neurobiology and developmental psychology “proves” that brain development as the time of the
offense was “closer to adolescents than it was to an adult.” He then concluded that, since a young
adult’s brain is not more developed than a juvenile’s, he was entitled to “Miller [v. Alabama-]type
protection,” and his sentence violated both (1) the proportionate penalties clause of the Illinois
constitution as applied to him and (2) the Eighth Amendment of the federal constitution.
¶ 11 Petitioner added that he showed cause for his failure to raise this claim in his initial petition
and prejudice resulting from this failure. As to cause, petitioner argued that the newly discovered
evidence in “neuroscience” as well the decisions such as People v. House, 2015 IL App (1st)
110580, People v. Nieto, 2016 IL App (1st) 121604, and People v. Gipson, 2015 IL App (1st)
122451, arose after the filing of his initial petition. Petitioner argued that he suffered prejudice
because his 53-year sentence was unconstitutional in light of this new evidence and case law.
¶ 12 On April 5, 2019, the circuit court entered a written order denying petitioner’s motion for
leave to file his successive postconviction petition. The court found that, with respect to his Eighth
Amendment claim, petitioner failed to show “how he would develop the necessary factual record”
because his petition contained no new facts to support his assertion that his brain development was
1 The date on the “Notice of Filing” for petitioner’s motion to file a successive petition was not filled in. The motion bears a “received” stamp from the circuit clerk that is dated June 11, 2018, and it was stamped “filed” on June 12. 2 Petitioner further challenged the constitutionality of “the statute that allowed the [circuit court] to charge, convict[,] and sentence the petitioner as a[n] adult,” but he has abandoned that claim on appeal. 4 No. 1-19-1206
similar to a juvenile’s. The court further found that, even if petitioner demonstrated that his brain
was “similar to that of a juvenile,” petitioner would not be entitled to relief under the proportionate
penalties clause because petitioner “brought a gun with him to see the mother of his child and
personally fired two of the shots that killed the victim.” This appeal follows.
¶ 13 ANALYSIS
¶ 14 Petitioner contends that the circuit court erred in denying his motion for leave to file a
successive postconviction petition. Petitioner argues that, although he was a young adult at the
time of the offense, he should be allowed to develop a record in the court below to show that
juvenile sentencing provisions should also apply to him. Petitioner further claims that, at
sentencing, the court did not adequately consider his youth and the attendant circumstances of
youth. Petitioner asserts that his motion met the cause-and-prejudice test for obtaining leave to
file a successive postconviction petition, and he asks that we reverse the court’s denial and remand
this cause for further postconviction proceedings.
¶ 15 The Act allows a defendant to challenge a conviction or sentence for violations of federal
or state constitutional rights. People v. Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d 458, 471 (2006). An action for
postconviction relief is a collateral proceeding rather than an appeal from the underlying judgment.
People v. Williams, 186 Ill. 2d 55, 62 (1999). Principles of res judicata and waiver will limit the
range of issues available to a postconviction petitioner “ ‘to constitutional matters which have not
been, and could not have been, previously adjudicated.’ ” People v. Scott, 194 Ill. 2d 268, 273-74
(2000) (quoting People v. Winsett, 153 Ill. 2d 335, 346 (1992)). Accordingly, rulings on issues
that were previously raised at trial or on direct appeal are res judicata, and issues that could have
been raised in the earlier proceedings, but were not, will ordinarily be deemed waived. Id. at 274;
725 ILCS 5/122-3 (West 2016).
5 No. 1-19-1206
¶ 16 Moreover, the Act provides that only one petition may be filed by a petitioner without leave
of court. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2016). As a result, successive postconviction petitions are
“highly disfavored.” People v. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 39. The granting of leave to file a
successive petition is defined in terms of the cause-and-prejudice test, where cause is defined as
some objective factor external to the defense that impeded efforts to raise the claim in an earlier
proceeding, and prejudice occurs where the alleged error “so infected” the trial that the resulting
conviction or sentence violates due process. Id. ¶ 14 (quoting 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2014)).
¶ 17 To meet the cause-and-prejudice test for a successive petition, a petitioner must “ ‘submit
enough in the way of documentation to allow a circuit court to make that determination.’ ” People
v. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35 (quoting People v. Tidwell, 236 Ill. 2d 150, 161 (2010)). Both
elements of the cause-and-prejudice test must be met for the petitioner to prevail. People v.
Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444, 464 (2002). The cause-and-prejudice test is a “more exacting
standard” than the “ ‘gist’ standard” under which initial postconviction petitions are reviewed.
People v. Conick, 232 Ill. 2d 132, 142 (2008). We review de novo the circuit court’s denial of
leave to file a successive petition. People v. Jackson, 2016 IL App (1st) 143025, ¶ 32.
¶ 18 Petitioner first contends that Miller, which held that the Eighth Amendment prohibited
mandatory life sentences for offenders under the age of 18, should nonetheless extend to young
adult offenders such as himself. Petitioner argues that the circuit court should not have imposed a
53-year “de facto life term [of imprisonment]” on him without considering his “youth and the
attendant circumstances of youth.”
¶ 19 Petitioner’s claim is unavailing. Miller explicitly held that the Eighth Amendment only
prohibits “mandatory life without parole for those under the age of 18” at the time of their crimes.
(Emphasis added.) Miller, 567 U.S. at 465. Our supreme court later observed that, when the
6 No. 1-19-1206
United States Supreme Court held that 18 would be the age to differentiate between juvenile and
adult offenders, it was not “based primarily on scientific research” and merely coincided with the
point where society determines adulthood and childhood for many other purposes. People v.
Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 60 (citing Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551, 574 (2005)). The Harris
court further noted that new research findings still did not alter that “traditional line.” Id. The
court then expressed agreement with those courts that had repeatedly rejected this claim and held
that the age of 18 still marked the line between juveniles and adults for sentencing purposes.
Id. ¶ 61. Petitioner’s apparent wish to redraw that line is a task for the legislature. See generally,
People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶¶ 34-35.
¶ 20 Petitioner next contends that his sentence violates the proportionate penalties clause of the
Illinois constitution. This clause provides in relevant part that “All penalties shall be determined
both according to the seriousness of the offense and with the objective of restoring the offender to
useful citizenship.” Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11. A sentence violates the proportionate penalties
clause if it is “cruel, degrading, or so wholly disproportionate to the offense as to shock the moral
sense of the community.” People v. Sharpe, 216 Ill. 2d 481, 487 (2005) (citing People v. Moss,
206 Ill. 2d 503, 522 (2003)). We may determine whether a sentence shocks the moral sense of the
community by considering both objective evidence and “the community’s changing standard of
moral decency.” People v. Hernandez, 382 Ill. App. 3d 726, 727 (2008).
¶ 21 Petitioner argues that his sentence shocks the moral conscience of the community because
of petitioner’s background and recent studies on adolescent brain development. Petitioner also
argues that, pursuant to our supreme court’s holding in Harris, his petition must advance for further
proceedings. Petitioner also relies upon numerous decisions from this court in support of his claim,
including People v. House, 2019 IL App (1st) 110580-B; People v. Minniefield, 2020 IL App (1st)
7 No. 1-19-1206
170541; People v. Carrasquillo, 2020 IL App (1st) 180534; People v. Ruiz, 2020 IL App (1st)
163145; and People v. Johnson, 2020 IL App (1st) 171362.
¶ 22 In Harris, the 18-year-old defendant argued on direct appeal that his 76-year sentence
shocked the moral sense of the community given the facts of his case, his youth, and other
mitigating circumstances. Harris, 2018 IL 121932, ¶ 36. The court, however, noted that there
was no evidentiary hearing or factual development in the trial court to support his claim. Id. ¶ 46.
The court thus held that the record was insufficiently developed to address his contention that
Miller applied to his proportionate penalties claim. Id. ¶ 48. Nonetheless, the Harris court
observed that the defendant could potentially raise the claim in a postconviction petition. Id.
¶ 23 Petitioner argues that he should have the opportunity to develop the record to determine
whether the protections of Miller can apply to an 18-year-old offender. Successive postconviction
petitions, however, are “highly disfavored” (Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 39) and meeting the cause-
and-prejudice test is “more exacting standard” than the test for surviving the first stage of an initial
postconviction petition (Conick, 232 Ill. 2d at 142). In addition, a petitioner must submit enough
documentation to allow a circuit court to determine whether the cause-and-prejudice test has been
met. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35 (quoting Tidwell, 236 Ill. 2d at 161). The Harris court did not
specify the requirements to meet the cause-and-prejudice test.
¶ 24 Here, there is nothing to indicate how petitioner’s own immaturity or individual
circumstances would provide a compelling reason to allow him to file a successive postconviction
petition; instead, his motion merely relies upon articles from various periodicals containing general
assertions that immaturity and brain development commonly associated with juveniles can also
extend into young adulthood. Petitioner’s recitation of various studies regarding the evolving
science of juvenile maturity and development is insufficient to survive the more exacting standard
8 No. 1-19-1206
that would warrant the filing of a successive postconviction petition. People v. Holman, 2017 IL
120655, ¶¶ 30 (citing People v. Thompson, 2015 IL 118151); cf. Johnson, 2020 IL App (1st)
171362, ¶¶ 29-31 (holding that the petitioner’s claim warranted further proceedings where he
submitted an affidavit supporting his claim that, although he was a young adult, his brain was
lacked mature development). Since petitioner failed to show prejudice under the cause-and-
prejudice test, the circuit court did not err in denying his motion.
¶ 25 Relying upon Minniefield, Carrasquillo, and Ruiz, petitioner asserts that, although he
provided only general information regarding young adult brain development, he should
nonetheless be allowed leave to file his petition “so that he can develop a factual record to support
his assertion that his brain ‘was no more developed than a juvenile brain.’ ” We disagree.
¶ 26 Minniefield and Carrasquillo suggest that a young adult’s mere assertion of substandard
brain development ipso facto entitled the petitioners in those cases to leave to file their petition.
Minniefield, 2020 IL App (1st) 170541, ¶ 44; Carrasquillo, 2020 IL App (1st) 180534, ¶ 109. In
particular, the Carrasquillo court held, “[The defendant] has shown prejudice by establishing a
‘catch-22’—without a developed record, he cannot show his constitutional claim has merit, and
without a meritful [sic] claim, he cannot proceed to develop a record.” [Footnote omitted.]
Carrasquillo, 2020 IL App (1st) 180534, ¶ 109. The author of the Carrasquillo opinion reiterated
that the holding in Minniefield, 2020 IL App (1st) 170541, ¶ 44 (quoting Carrasquillo, 2020 IL
App (1st) 180534, ¶ 109).
¶ 27 Similarly, in People v. Ruiz, 2020 IL App (1st) 163145, the court held that the petitioner
stated “a claim that, as a matter of law, prejudice has been caused by reason of [his] justified failure
to raise a constitutional challenge to his sentence in his initial postconviction petition.” Id. ¶ 53.
The court explained the “nature” of the prejudice that the petitioner established: “By failing to
9 No. 1-19-1206
raise the claim in his initial postconviction petition, [petitioner] was deprived of an opportunity to
make a Miller argument at all due to his status as an adult at the time of the offense.” Id.
¶ 28 We find these cases unpersuasive because they seem to conflict with controlling precedent
requiring that, to obtain leave to file a successive petition, a petitioner provide some evidence or
documentation demonstrating that the petitioner’s brain development was delayed. 3 See, e.g.,
Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35 (documentation required to allow circuit court to determine whether
the cause-and-prejudice test met); Conick, 232 Ill. 2d at 142 (meeting the cause-and-prejudice test
is a more exacting standard than the test to survive summary dismissal at the first stage of an initial
postconviction petition). Although petitioner here seeks to “develop” a factual record to support
his claim, this presupposes the existence of some factual basis specific to petitioner. Our reading
of controlling precedent is that, although a petitioner’s factual record need not be fully developed
merely to obtain leave to file the petition, there must be some threshold amount of evidence that
would warrant the filing of the successive petition and then the subsequent factual development of
the proferred evidence. Petitioner here, however, has provided only general studies that the typical
young adult’s brain (but not necessarily his) is not much more developed than a typical juvenile’s.
¶ 29 Finally, petitioner’s reliance upon People v. House, 2019 IL App (1st) 110580-B, appeal
allowed, No. 125124 (Jan. 29, 2020), is unavailing. In that case, another division of this court held
that the defendant’s mandatory life sentence (following a conviction for murder by accountability)
violated the proportionate penalties clause, where the defendant was 19 years old at the time of the
3 In addition, Ruiz appears to hold that prejudice is shown “as a matter of law” if cause has been met, which we believe also conflicts with controlling precedent. See, e.g., 725 ILCS 5/122- 1(f) (West 2018); Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 34 (holding that a petitioner’s pro se motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition meets the cause and prejudice requirement of section 122-1(f) if the motion adequately alleges facts demonstrating cause and prejudice). 10 No. 1-19-1206
offense, had no prior violent criminal history, and was minimally culpable since he acted solely as
a lookout. House, 2019 IL App (1st) 110580-B, ¶¶ 46, 64. Moreover, the House court stated that
the defendant’s 1993 conviction under an accountability theory “weighed heavily in our
conclusion that his mandatory natural life sentence shocked the moral conscience of the
community.” Id. ¶ 32. The court further noted that, although the defendant received a mandatory
natural life sentence, the 17-year-old codefendant, who “either fired the gun at the victims or struck
them with the gun,” was sentenced to 44 years’ imprisonment with day-for-day good conduct
credit and released in April 2018. Id. ¶¶ 35-36.
¶ 30 Here, petitioner was not convicted merely based upon accountability: he was one of two
active shooters, and witness testimony established that, after the initial round of shooting and the
victim’s flight from the scene, petitioner continued to chase the victim and his associates while
firing at him. Fleeing witnesses heard six or seven shots, and the murdered victim was riddled
with five gunshot wounds, two of which were from petitioner’s gun. Petitioner’s 47-year sentence
for first-degree murder comprised a 22-year sentence, which was near the minimum term of 20
years plus the mandatory 25-year-to-life firearm add-on. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(a) (West 2000)
(sentencing range of 20 to 60 years); 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(d)(iii) (West 2000) (mandatory
firearm add-on of 25 years to natural life). In addition, his six-year sentence for attempted murder
was the minimum permissible sentence. See 720 ILCS 5/8-4 (West 2000); 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(3)
(West 2000). Finally, codefendant Miller received the same sentence for his convictions for first-
degree murder and aggravated battery. On these facts, House is distinguishable, and we cannot
hold that petitioner’s sentence shocks the moral sense of the community.
11 No. 1-19-1206
¶ 31 CONCLUSION
¶ 32 The circuit court did not err in denying petitioner’s motion for leave to file a successive
postconviction petition because his 53-year sentence, which was imposed when petitioner was 18
years old, is not an unconstitutional de facto life sentence. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment
of the circuit court.
¶ 33 Affirmed.