2024 IL App (1st) 232270-U No. 1-23-2270B Second Division February 27, 2024
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). ____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT ____________________________________________________________________________
) Appeal from the THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Circuit Court of ILLINOIS, ) Cook County. ) Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) No. 23 CR 811 v. ) ) JONATHAN DOMINGUEZ, ) Honorable ) Lakshmi Jha Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. ____________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE COBBS delivered the judgment of the court. Justices McBride and Ellis concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: We affirm the circuit court’s order denying defendant’s pretrial release.
¶2 Defendant Jonathan Dominguez appeals from an order of the circuit court denying his
pretrial release under the standards set forth in section 110-6.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure No. 1-23-2270B
of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS 5/110-6.1 (West 2022)), as amended by Public Act 101-652 § 10-255,
and Public Act 102-1104, § 70 (eff. Jan. 1, 2023).1 For the following reasons, we affirm.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 On December 24, 2022—before the effective date of the amended Code—defendant was
arrested and charged with numerous offenses, including attempted first-degree murder, attempted
aggravated criminal sexual assault, aggravated kidnapping, aggravated battery, and aggravated
domestic battery. A bond hearing was held the next day, and defendant was ordered to remain in
custody without bond.
¶5 On October 31, 2023—shortly after the amendments to the Code took effect—defendant
filed a “Petition to Grant Pretrial Release Under New Law.” See Rowe v. Raoul, 2023 IL 129248,
¶ 52 (lifting stay and setting an effective date of September 18, 2023). Defendant sought a hearing
to determine his eligibility for pretrial release under the “new statutory standards” found in the
amended Code, namely that a defendant is now entitled to pretrial release unless the State proves
by clear and convincing evidence that he committed a detainable offense, that his release poses a
real and present danger to any person or the community, and that no condition or combination of
release conditions would mitigate that danger. 725 ILCS 5/110-6.1 (West 2022). The State filed
its own petition for a detention hearing the following day, arguing that defendant should remain in
pretrial detention.
¶6 The case proceeded to a detention hearing, where the State gave the following proffer. The
victim and her husband, who was a friend of defendant’s, began renting a room in defendant’s
apartment about seven months prior to defendant’s arrest. On the night of December 23, 2022,
1 This legislation is commonly referred to as the SAFE-T Act or the Pretrial Fairness Act, though neither name is official. Rowe v. Raoul, 2023 IL 129248, ¶ 4 n. 1.
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while the victim’s husband was at work, defendant and the victim drank together at a local
establishment. They then returned to their apartment and continued drinking. At some point in the
evening, defendant revealed to the victim that he would sometimes go into her bedroom, sniff her
underwear, and use them to masturbate.
¶7 Around this time, the victim was intoxicated and decided to go to bed. She was awoken in
the early morning hours of December 24, 2022 to find that she was naked from the waist down
and that defendant was naked in bed next to her. The victim’s bedroom door had been damaged as
if pried open, apparently with a crowbar that police later found in the bedroom. When defendant
realized that the victim was awake, he began strangling her and beating her on the face and body.
Defendant also threatened to rape and kill the victim. A DNA swab from the victim’s neck later
showed the presence of defendant’s DNA.
¶8 The victim was able to get up and move into the bathroom. Although the details are not
entirely clear from the record, it appears that the victim called her husband from the bathroom and
told him that defendant was trying to kill her. The victim left the phone line open, concealing the
phone in her bra. Defendant followed the victim into the bathroom and continued threatening her,
saying that he “love[d] the smell of blood” and was going to “drain [her] blood in the bath tub.”
¶9 Defendant then took the victim back to the bedroom, where she pleaded with him for a
glass of water. When defendant agreed and went to get the water, the victim put on a pair of
underwear, fled the apartment building, and called 911.
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¶ 10 When the police arrived, defendant first attempted to flee. As officers detained him,
defendant reached out his arm and attempted to strangle the arresting officer.2 He was eventually
taken into custody.
¶ 11 Aside from its proffer on the offenses, the State also noted that defendant had a felony
background. Specifically, his criminal history included 2013 convictions for unlawful possession
of a credit card and possession of a stolen motor vehicle, a 2012 conviction for attempted burglary,
and a 2005 conviction for burglary.
¶ 12 For its part, the defense focused on attacking the reliability of the victim’s account in
numerous ways, contending that her story was “full of holes.” The defense also argued that
defendant was not a danger to the victim or the community because he had no convictions for
violent crimes, had not violated the no contact order put in place in December 2022, and had not
forfeited a bond since 2006.
¶ 13 After hearing argument, the circuit court found that (1) the proof was evident and the
presumption great that defendant committed the charged offenses, (2) defendant “pose[d] a real
and present threat to the safety of the alleged victim in this case as well as to the Chicago police
department,” and (3) there are no conditions or combination of conditions that could mitigate the
risk posed by defendant. Accordingly, the court denied defendant’s motion for pretrial release.
¶ 14 This appeal followed.
¶ 15 II. ANALYSIS
2 According to the State’s proffer, footage from a security camera showed the victim running from the apartment building in her underwear. Similarly, the State asserted that a body worn camera captured defendant’s attempts to strangle one of the arresting officers. However, neither video is included in the record on appeal. Defendant did not dispute the State’s characterization as to what was captured on the videos.
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¶ 16 In amending the Code, the General Assembly “comprehensively overhauled many aspects
of the state’s criminal justice system,” including pretrial detention and release. Rowe, 2023 IL
129248, ¶ 4. Under the amended Code, all defendants are now presumed eligible for pretrial
release. 725 ILCS 5/110-6.1(e) (West 2022). This presumption is overcome only if the State proves
by clear and convincing that (1) the proof is evident or the presumption great that the defendant
committed a detainable offense; (2) the defendant poses a real and present threat to the safety of
any person or the community, based on specific, articulable facts of the case; and (3) no condition
or combination of conditions on pretrial release would be sufficient to mitigate that threat. Id. §
110-6.1(e)(1)-(3).
¶ 17 In this case, defendant was originally denied bail prior to the amendments to the Code and
remained in pretrial detention when the amendments took effect. Although not specifically cited
by either party, we note that the amended Code provides that defendants in such circumstances are
entitled to a hearing under the new statutory standards in order to reconsider their release status.
Id. § 110-7.5(b).
¶ 18 A. Standard of Review
¶ 19 Before reaching the merits of defendant’s arguments as to why he should have been granted
pretrial release, however, we must first address the standard of review. Since the amended Code
took effect, the proper standard of review has been the topic of much debate among the appellate
districts, and even among different divisions here in the First District. Some courts have held that
all aspects of detention hearings under the amended Code should be reviewed for abuse of
discretion. People v. Whitmore, 2023 IL App (1st) 231807, ¶ 18; People v. Inman, 2023 IL App
(4th) 230864, ¶ 10; People v. Bradford, 2023 IL App (1st) 231785, ¶ 33. Others have held that the
circuit court’s findings should be reversed only if they are against the manifest weight of the
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evidence. People v. Pitts, 2024 IL App (1st) 232336 ¶ 29; People v. Stock, 2023 IL App (1st)
231753, ¶ 12. Still others have adopted a mixed approach whereby (1) the circuit court’s findings
on whether the defendant committed a detainable offense and whether the defendant posed a
danger to the community are reviewed under the manifest weight standard, but (2) the ultimate
determination on whether to grant or deny pretrial release is reviewed for abuse of discretion.
People v. Saucedo, 2024 IL App (1st) 232020, ¶¶ 31-36; People v. Hodge, 2024 IL App (3d)
230543, ¶ 8; People v. Trottier, 2023 IL App (2d) 230317, ¶ 13. One justice has endorsed a de
novo standard, at least when the circuit court hears no live testimony and relies solely on
documentary evidence. Saucedo, 2024 IL App (1st) 232020, ¶ 122 (Ellis, J., specially concurring).
However, the case at hand does not require us to dwell on the standard of review because our
conclusion would be the same regardless of the level of deference we afford to the circuit court.
¶ 20 B. Evidence of the Offenses
¶ 21 Turning to the merits, we first note that defendant has chosen not to file an appellant’s
memorandum and has instead opted to stand on the points raised in his notice of appeal. See Ill. S.
Ct. R. 604(h)(2) (eff. Sept. 18, 2023) (appellant may file, but is not required to file, a memorandum
on appeal). On the preprinted notice of appeal form, defendant has checked the boxes indicating
that the State has failed to meet its burden of proof on each of the three requirements described
above. We will address each point in turn.
¶ 22 Defendant first argues that the State failed to show that the proof was evident or the
presumption great that he committed the charged offenses. For support, defendant identifies
several factors that he contends render the victim’s account not credible. In particular, as he did in
the circuit court, defendant emphasizes that (1) the victim sustained “only minor injuries” for
which she refused medical attention; (2) the victim’s husband did not report hearing defendant’s
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threats through the open phone line; (3) the victim “admits she lied” to the 911 operator about
seeing defendant with a gun; (4) a toxicology report showed that the victim had cocaine in her
system, which she did not mention to police; (5) defendant’s DNA was not found on the victim’s
privates or underwear; and (6) the victim did not allege that defendant attempted to penetrate her.
¶ 23 We note that several of defendant’s points reference materials that do not appear in the
record on appeal. Although the victim was examined at the hospital after the incident, the record
is devoid of any medical evidence on her condition or her injuries. The same is true for any police
reports documenting what the victim or her husband told the police. Thus, it is difficult for us to
determine to what extent, if any, this evidence would support defendant’s arguments.
¶ 24 For example, defendant asserts that the victim “admits she lied” about seeing him with a
gun. Despite this characterization, nothing in the record shows that the victim claimed defendant
was armed, much less that she later admitted to “lying” about it. In response to this point in the
circuit court, the State clarified that the victim told the 911 operator that defendant “was
threatening to kill her and she knows that he has guns.” Thus, it seems reasonably likely that the
victim may have said that defendant owns one or more guns, not necessarily that he used one in
this case. Regardless, given the state of the record, there is simply no way of knowing what the
victim actually said or why she said it. Normally, such deficiencies in the record must be resolved
against the appellant. Foutch v. O’Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 389, 391-92 (1984).
¶ 25 Even taking defendant’s claims at face value, however, they do not lessen our confidence
in the court’s decision. For instance, while defendant claims that the victim’s husband did not
report hearing defendant threaten the victim, it would not be entirely surprising for the husband to
be unable to hear everything that was said while listening through a phone hidden in the victim’s
bra. Moreover, the parties appear to agree that the husband did report hearing defendant say,
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“[K]iss me. I want to be with you.” Thus, the victim’s account is at least partially corroborated by
what little the record reveals of her husband’s statement to police.
¶ 26 In a similar vein, it is also not particularly surprising that no DNA was found on the victim’s
underwear or privates given the evidence that defendant was interrupted when the victim awoke.
To the extent that a lack of DNA could weigh against the victim’s credibility, we note that her
account was again at least partially corroborated by the presence of defendant’s DNA on her neck.
In any event, DNA evidence is not required to sustain any of the charges, including attempted
aggravated criminal sexual assault. People v. Rivera, 2011 IL App (2d) 091060, ¶ 35.
¶ 27 As a final point on this issue, defendant also raises that the victim did not allege that he
“attempted to penetrate her,” presumably because attempted sexual penetration is an element of
attempted aggravated criminal sexual assault. See 720 ILCS 5/11-1.30 (West 2022). Of course,
this point is specific to that offense, and says nothing about the other detainable offenses with
which defendant was charged.
¶ 28 Regardless, we find that the evidence adduced at the detention hearing was sufficient for
the circuit court to conclude that the State met its burden on the charge of attempted aggravated
criminal sexual assault. A defendant commits the offense of aggravated criminal sexual assault
when he commits the offense of criminal sexual assault in a way that involves at least one of the
aggravating factors enumerated in the statute. Id. Criminal sexual assault occurs when the
defendant commits an act of sexual penetration through the use of force or threat of force. Id. §
11-1.20(a)(1). Importantly, “sexual penetration” is defined broadly and includes “any contact,
however slight, between the sex organ or anus of one person and an object or the sex organ, mouth,
or anus of another person[.]” Id. § 11-0.1; People v. Maggette, 195 Ill. 2d 336, 347 (2001) (noting
that the Criminal Code defines the term “sexual penetration” “more broadly than its common and
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ordinary meaning”). Because defendant was charged with attempted aggravated criminal sexual
assault, the State is required to prove he took a substantial step toward the sexual penetration of
the victim. People v. Decaluwe, 405 Ill. App. 3d 256, 265-66 (2010). Whether the defendant took
a substantial step toward committing sexual penetration is determined by considering the
surrounding circumstances. People v. Pizzaro, 2020 IL App (1st) 170651, ¶ 31.
¶ 29 The evidence in this case showed that after a drunken night in which defendant professed
his sexual desire for the victim, defendant then broke into the victim’s bedroom, stripped her naked
from the waist down, and climbed naked into bed with her. Defendant was interrupted when the
victim awoke, and he threatened to rape the victim. From this evidence, it was reasonable for the
circuit court to conclude that defendant took a substantial step toward an act of sexual penetration.
See Id., ¶ 33 (sufficient evidence for aggravated criminal sexual assault where the defendant, who
admitted an intention to rape the victim, ripped off her shirt and stuck his hand down her pants
before being interrupted by passersby); People v. Hawkins, 311 Ill. App. 3d 418, 426-27 (sufficient
evidence of substantial step toward sexual penetration where the defendant removed his shoes,
tried to crawl into bed with the victim, and announced a “sexual objective to ‘kick it’ with her”).
¶ 30 In sum, the points raised by defendant on appeal were presented to the circuit court and
rejected. Without expressing any opinion as to whether the State can prove the charges beyond a
reasonable doubt, we find no error in the circuit court’s determination at this stage. See Bradford,
2023 IL App (1st) 231785, ¶ 32 (“clear and convincing evidence” requires more than a
preponderance of the evidence but less than proof beyond a reasonable doubt). While defendant
may of course raise the victim’s credibility as an issue at trial, his arguments on appeal are
insufficient to undermine the circuit court’s finding.
¶ 31 C. Dangerousness
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¶ 32 Next, defendant argues that the State did not prove by clear and convincing evidence that
he posed a real and present threat to the safety of any person or the community. In support,
defendant again submits the same points he raised in the circuit court: (1) he has no arrests or
convictions for violent crimes, (2) he has not violated the no contact order instituted at his initial
bond hearing, and (3) he has not violated any bond since 2006.
¶ 33 In considering whether a defendant poses a real and present danger, the circuit court may
consider a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, (1) the nature and circumstances of the
charged offense, including whether the offense was a crime of violence or a sexual offense; (2) the
history and characteristics of the defendant, especially criminal history indicative of violent or
abuse behavior; (3) the identity of any person to whom the defendant may pose a threat; (4) any
statements made by or attributed to the defendant, together with the circumstances surrounding
them; (5) the defendant’s age and physical condition; (6) the victim’s age and physical condition;
(7) whether the defendant is known to possess or have access to weapons; (8) whether the
defendant was on probation, parole, or other form of supervised release at the time of the alleged
offense, (9) any other factors listed in section 110-5 of the Code (725 ILCS 5/110-5 (West 2002)).
725 ILCS 5/110-6.1(g)(1-9) (West 2022).
¶ 34 We recognize that some of these factors weigh in defendant’s favor. Although defendant
has prior felony convictions, none involve violent crimes. Defendant’s last conviction was in 2013,
and there is no indication that he was on any type of supervised release at the time of his arrest in
this case. Defendant has also apparently not violated the no contact order with the victim, though
we note that defendant has remained in pretrial detention since his arrest.
¶ 35 Even so, on balance, defendant’s arguments do little to overcome the seriousness of the
allegations against him and the contents of the State’s proffer. The evidence at the detention
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hearing showed that defendant forced his way into the victim’s bedroom, stripped her naked from
the waist down as she slept, and crawled naked into bed with her. When she awoke, he struck her,
strangled her, and threatened to rape and kill her. He then followed her to the bathroom and
continued making violent threats such as that he “love[d] the smell of blood” and was going to
“drain [her] blood in the bath tub.” Fortunately, the victim was able to escape and get the attention
of the police. When the police arrived, defendant attempted to flee before assaulting an arresting
officer. Under these circumstances, we cannot say that the circuit court erred in finding that
defendant posed a real and present danger to the community.
¶ 36 D. Conditions on Release
¶ 37 Finally, defendant has checked the box on the preprinted notice of appeal form indicating
that the State failed to prove that no condition or combination of conditions on his release would
be sufficient to mitigate the threat he posed to the community. However, defendant has not
elaborated any further in the space provided on the notice of appeal form. This court has previously
cautioned defendants against proceeding with such conclusory claims of error. People v. Whitaker,
2024 IL App (1st) 232009, ¶¶ 34-42; see also Inman, 2023 IL App (4th) 2308664, ¶ 13 (“[I]t is
reasonable to conclude the Illinois Supreme Court, by approving the notice of appeal form, expects
appellants to at least include some rudimentary facts, argument, or support for the conclusory claim
they have identified by checking a box.”). For the reasons identified in our dangerousness analysis
above—and especially without the benefit of any argument from defendant—we see no basis on
which to conclude that the circuit court erred in determining that no condition or combination of
conditions on pretrial release would be sufficient to mitigate the safety risks posed by defendant.
¶ 38 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 39 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
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¶ 40 Affirmed.
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