Filed 11/26/13 P. v. Derritt CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E057057
v. (Super.Ct.No. FWV1001109)
DEANDRE LAMONT DERRITT, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Donald G.
Umhofer (retired judge of the San Luis Obispo Super. Ct. assigned by the Chief Justice
pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.), and Mary E. Fuller, Judges. Affirmed as
modified.
John F. Schuck, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Lise Jacobson and Vincent P.
LaPietra, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1 A jury found defendant and appellant Deandre Lamont Derritt guilty of (1) being
a felon in possession of a firearm (Pen. Code, § 12021, subd. (a)(1));1 and
(2) possessing ammunition while being prohibited from possessing a firearm (§ 12316,
subd. (b)(1)). The jury found true the allegation that the two offenses were committed
while defendant was free from custody in a pending case. (§ 12022.1.) The jury also
found true the allegations that defendant suffered six prior strike convictions (§ 1170.12,
subds. (a)-(d)), and four prior convictions for which he served prison terms (§ 667.5,
subd. (b)). The trial court struck five of the six strike convictions. The trial court
sentenced defendant to prison for a term of 13 years, 4 months.
Defendant raises four issues on appeal. First, defendant requests this court
independently review the Pitchess2 motion transcripts to determine if the trial court
erred when it denied defendant’s motion. Second, defendant contends the trial court
erred by not applying section 654 to the sentence related to possessing ammunition.
The People concede defendant’s section 654 contention is correct. Third, defendant
asserts the trial court erred by denying his request for the court to appoint advisory
counsel. Fourth, defendant contends his trial attorney was ineffective because he (a)
coerced defendant into waiving his constitutional right to testify, and (b) failed to
introduce documentary evidence related to a storage facility. We modify defendant’s
sentence, but otherwise affirm the judgment.
1 All subsequent statutory references will be to the Penal Code, unless indicated.
2 Pitchess v. Superior Court (1974) 11 Cal.3d 531.
2 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On May 3, 2010, City of Ontario Police Officer Kopperud was on patrol with her
partner Corporal Martinez. The officers were in a motel parking lot, outside room 106,
when a vehicle arrived in the lot and parked directly across from room 106. Defendant
was sitting in the front passenger seat of the vehicle. There were two people in the car.
Defendant’s seat was “completely reclined.”
The police officers approached the vehicle. Defendant and the driver, James
Vaughn (Vaughn), tried to quickly exit the car. One of the officers ordered defendant
and Vaughn back into the car; they complied. Defendant leaned forward in the reclined
seat and appeared “to be doing something on the floor between his legs.” Officer
Kopperud ordered defendant to place his hands on the dashboard. Defendant followed
the order, but several seconds later put his hands back on the floor. The officer ordered
defendant to step out of the car.
After defendant and Vaughn exited the car, the car was searched. Corporal
Martinez found a folder containing documents belonging to defendant in the front
passenger floorboard area, near the center console. Underneath the front passenger seat,
Corporal Martinez found a gun inside a pink sock. The gun was a .32-caliber revolver.
The gun was loaded with five unspent bullets. A police firearms expert fired the gun at
a firing range. The expert was able to successfully shoot one of the bullets from the
gun.
The gun’s serial number was visible. Corporal Martinez contacted the registered
owner of the gun, Veronica Hicks Gladney (Gladney), who was defendant’s mother.
3 Gladney told the Corporal she had been storing the gun in the trunk of her car. Gladney
said she had not given defendant permission to take the gun off her property; however,
she had asked defendant to clean the trunk of her car and instructed him to clean the gun
if he found it because it had become rusty due to moisture in the trunk. The gun was
“very rusted” when found by the Corporal.
At trial, Gladney gave the following testimony about the gun and ammunition:
Gladney kept the gun loaded “[m]ost of the time.” Gladney recognized the pink sock as
belonging to her; she last saw the sock two or three years prior, in the trunk of her car.
Gladney stated she never gave the gun or bullets to defendant. Gladney denied asking
defendant to clean the trunk of her car. Gladney also denied telling Corporal Martinez
she asked defendant to clean the trunk of her car.
Gladney testified she last saw the gun at a self-storage facility. Gladney,
defendant, and Vaughn were moving Gladney’s belongings from one storage unit to a
larger storage unit within the same facility. Gladney noticed during the move that the
gun was missing. Gladney asked if anyone had seen the gun. After a few hours, while
the move was still taking place, Vaughn said he found the gun and held it up. Gladney
asked Vaughn to “‘[h]ang onto it,’” because “[t]here was a lot of things on the floor all
over the place.’” Vaughn did not return the gun to Gladney that day. The last time
Gladney saw the gun, Vaughn was holding it. The parties stipulated that on May 3,
2010, defendant was “a convicted felon.”
4 DISCUSSION
A. PITCHESS MOTION
1. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Prior to trial, when defendant was self-represented, he filed a Pitchess motion.
Defendant requested information reflecting Corporal Martinez or Officer Kopperud
“has/have a documented history of misconduct such as discriminatory law enforcement,
excessive use[ o]f force, racial and/or ethnic bias[], fabricating police reports, or
intentionally misstating facts in their police reports or any of the other abuses
specifically listed in paragraph (1) of the motion for pre-trial discovery ([P]itches[s])
filed herewith[.]” Defendant faulted the officers for omitting from the police reports the
fact that the officers’ guns were drawn when they ordered defendant and Vaughn to
return to the car. Defendant included Sergeant Glisson in the motion as well, because
the Sergeant was assigned to photograph evidence at the scene.
The trial court held an in camera hearing on the Pitchess motion, but limited it to
issues of dishonesty, since excessive force was not an allegation in the case. Defendant
was excluded from the in camera hearing. In open court, the trial court said to
defendant, “I have reviewed the files of the officers, Romero Martinez, Natalie
Kopperud and Timothy Glisson, for any Brady material or indication of complaints
involving dishonesty. There is no discovery to provide to you.”
2. DISCUSSION
Defendant requests this court independently review the records associated with
the Pitchess motion to determine if the trial court erred when it denied defendant’s
5 motion. The People do not object to defendant’s request. We have independently
reviewed the records and conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion by ordering
the records not be disclosed. (See generally People v. Chatman (2006) 38 Cal.4th 344,
398 [similar conclusion on a Pitchess issue].)
B. SECTION 654
Defendant contends the trial court erred by not staying his sentence for the
ammunition conviction pursuant to section 654. The People concede defendant’s
assertion is correct.
“Section 654 prohibits multiple punishment for a single physical act that violates
different provisions of law.” (People v. Jones (2012) 54 Cal.4th 350, 358.) In People v.
Lopez (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 132, 137-138, the appellate court considered whether a
sentence for unlawfully possessing ammunition should be stayed when the defendant
was also sentenced for unlawfully possessing a firearm because the facts involved a
loaded gun. The appellate court concluded the ammunition sentence should be stayed
because when the ammunition is loaded into the firearm, there is an “‘indivisible course
of conduct.’” (Id. at p. 138.)
Since all of the ammunition found in defendant’s possession was loaded in the
firearm, we agree with defendant and the People that there is an indivisible course of
6 conduct. As a result, we conclude defendant’s sentence for possessing ammunition
(§ 12316, subd. (b)(1)) must be stayed pursuant to section 654.3
The trial court imposed a consecutive term of one year, four months for the
ammunition conviction. Typically, when a sentence is reduced by such a significant
amount we would remand the matter back to the trial court for resentencing, in order to
protect the People’s interest in having the appropriate sentence pronounced. (People v.
Burns (1984) 158 Cal.App.3d 1178, 1183.) However, in this case, the trial court has
already imposed the upper prison terms for the firearm conviction and associated bail
enhancement, so it appears the maximum sentence has been imposed. Therefore, we
will modify defendant’s sentence in our disposition.
C. ADVISORY COUNSEL
The original felony complaint against defendant was filed on May 6, 2010. On
June 3, 2010, the trial court denied defendant’s Marsden4 motion concerning his
attorney James Brown. Mr. Brown then informed the trial court that his relationship
with defendant was “irreparably severed,” so the court relieved Mr. Brown. On
September 10, 2010, defendant brought a Marsden motion against his attorney, Dan
Faulhaber. Mr. Faulhaber informed the trial court he had a conflict with representing
defendant. The trial court relieved Mr. Faulhaber.
3 The bail enhancement (§ 12022.1) associated with the ammunition conviction was stayed by the trial court.
4 People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118.
7 On September 20, 2010, defendant executed a Faretta5 waiver—waiving his
right to counsel. The trial court granted defendant self-represented status. Defendant
filed a Pitchess motion, a motion to prepare an adequate defense (access to a law
library), a motion to suppress evidence, and a motion to disqualify the trial judge.
Defendant moved ex parte for the trial court to appoint advisory counsel. The trial court
“considered the simplicity of the charges mere possession and the defendant[’]s legal
abilities. The Court [found] that advisory [c]ounsel is unnecessary to defendant’s
preparation and presentation of his defense.”
On January 25, 2011, defendant moved the trial court to appoint counsel,
specifically, Richard Barnwell. It appears the motion was denied or never heard,
because defendant continued in self-represented status through February. On February
28, 2011, Huong Ho of Fakhimi & Associates requested to be appointed if defendant
surrendered his self-represented status. The April 4 minute order reflects defendant
“retained” Mr. Ho as his attorney. On June 29, the trial court denied defendant’s
Marsden motion against Houman Fakhimi.
The prosecutor filed an information against defendant on August 10, 2011.
Defendant executed a second Faretta waiver on August 23. The trial court again
granted defendant self-represented status and relieved Mr. Fakhimi. On October 18, the
trial court revoked defendant’s self-represented status, and appointed the conflict panel
to represent defendant. Defendant requested the court reinstate his self-represented
5 Faretta v. California (1975) 422 U.S. 806.
8 status, because the trial court had mistakenly revoked it when the court misinterpreted
one of defendant’s motions. The trial court granted defendant’s request and relieved the
conflict panel.
On April 27, 2012, defendant withdrew his motion for appointment of counsel.
On May 11, defendant moved the trial court to appoint Eric D. Davis as his attorney.
On May 18, the trial court appointed Mr. Davis and terminated defendant’s self-
represented status. Trial commenced on June 6. The jury delivered its verdicts on June
15. Immediately after the verdicts were rendered, defendant requested self-represented
status. The trial court granted the request and relieved Mr. Davis. On August 3,
defendant retained attorney Victor Marshall. The trial court revoked defendant’s self-
represented status.
Defendant contends the trial court erred when it denied his request for advisory
counsel. The People assert the denial of a request for advisory counsel is not reviewable
on appeal because a defendant does not have a right to advisory counsel.
“[A] defendant who elects to represent himself or herself has no constitutional
right to advisory or stand-by counsel or any other form of ‘hybrid’ representation.
[Citations.]” (People v. Garcia (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 1422, 1430 (Garcia).) A trial
court’s authority to appoint advisory counsel stems from its power to control courtroom
proceedings so as to create a prompt and just disposition of the case. (Ibid.) In other
words, the appointment of advisory counsel relates to a court’s power to control the
courtroom proceedings, and not from a constitutional right conferred upon a defendant.
9 In Garcia, the appellate court concluded a defendant could not challenge a
verdict based upon the denial of advisory counsel. The court reasoned that a denial of
advisory counsel contention would essentially have to reflect that the defendant was
incompetent in representing himself, and therefore he was denied effective assistance of
counsel in the form of advisory counsel. The reviewing court noted that a defendant
who represents himself cannot later complain about ineffective assistance of counsel.
(Garcia, supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1430-1431.) The court remarked that the
defendant in Garcia described the poor quality of his self-representation to support the
argument that advisory counsel should have been appointed. (Id. at p. 1431.) The
appellate court concluded “such a challenge is not permitted.” (Ibid.)
In the instant case, defendant asserts it is “clear from the numerous motions
[defendant] himself filed that he was having a difficult time presenting his case and
arguments in a cohesive, well supported, well-thought-out manner. With advisory
counsel, [defendant] would have proceeded with guidance by one trained in the law.”
Defendant’s argument suffers from the same problems as the defendant in Garcia.
Defendant is asserting his self-representation was inadequate and therefore the verdict
must be reversed. We agree with Garcia that “a defendant who has competently elected
to represent himself should not be heard to complain that he was denied the assistance
of advisory or stand-by counsel.” (Garcia, supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at p. 1431.) Thus, we
agree with the People that this contention is not reviewable on appeal.
Defendant contends a defendant has a right to advisory counsel, although the
right is not a constitutional one. Defendant asserts that if a denial of advisory counsel is
10 not reviewable on appeal, then a trial court could render arbitrary rulings with no
recourse for a defendant. Defendant urges this court to reject the holding of Garcia. In
People v. Bigelow (1984) 37 Cal.3d 731, 742-743, our Supreme Court concluded that
the trial court failed to exercise its discretion concerning the capital defendant’s request
for advisory counsel and the trial court would have erred if it denied the defendant’s
request for advisory counsel. The Supreme Court’s reasoning repeatedly referred to the
importance of having advisory counsel in the case because it was a death penalty matter
with novel issues. (Id. at p. 743.) Cases such as Garcia, have not extended Bigelow to
ordinary felony trials. (Garcia, supra, 78 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1428-1429.)
Given that defendant’s argument could be correct if Bigelow were extended to
non-capital cases, we elect to address the merits of defendant’s contention.6 We review
a trial court’s denial of advisory counsel for an abuse of discretion. (People v. Bigelow,
supra, 37 Cal.3d at p. 743.) Factors to consider when reviewing the trial court’s ruling
include: (1) the complexity of the legal and factual issues; (2) the seriousness of the
charges; (3) the defendant’s level of education; and (4) the defendant’s familiarity with
California law.
When the trial court denied defendant’s motion, it said it “considered the
simplicity of the charges mere possession and the defendant[’]s legal abilities. The
Court [found] that advisory [c]ounsel is unnecessary to defendant’s preparation and
6 The People contend defendant forfeited the issue for appeal by retaining trial counsel. We choose to address the merits of defendant’s contention because it is easily resolved.
11 presentation of his defense.” The trial court’s ruling is reasonable. At the time
defendant was denied advisory counsel, he was charged with (1) possession of a firearm
by a felon (§ 12021, subd. (a)(1)); (2) possession of ammunition by a felon (§ 12316,
subd. (b)(1)), which is a misdemeanor; and (3) carrying a concealed firearm (§ 12025,
subd. (a)(1)). It was also alleged that defendant suffered multiple strike convictions.
The charges were serious to the extent that they involved multiple strike
allegations, thus creating the possibility of a long prison term. However, the factual and
legal issues were not complex. The charges involved settled law. The primary factual
dispute was whether defendant’s mother asked him to clean the trunk of her car.
Additionally, at the time the trial court ruled on the request, defendant had filed a
Pitchess motion, a motion to prepare an adequate defense (access to a law library), a
motion to suppress evidence, and a motion to disqualify the trial judge. In response to
defendant’s “adequate defense” motion, the trial court ordered the jail to provide
defendant “adequate indigent supplies,” appointed an investigator for defendant, and
authorized $600 for the investigator. Given the motions filed by defendant, the trial
court could reasonably conclude defendant was sufficiently familiar with California
law. Thus, the trial court’s decision was within reason because the record supports the
trial court’s determinations that the case was not legally or factually complex and that
defendant was familiar with California law.
12 D. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
After the verdicts were rendered, defendant filed a motion for new trial. In the
motion, defendant asserted his trial counsel was ineffective, in part, because he coerced
defendant into not testifying at trial. Defendant testified at the hearing on the motion.
Defendant stated that he knew he had a right to testify, and had testified on his own
behalf in a prior case. The prosecutor asked how defendant was coerced when it
appeared defendant had “no problem firing [his] attorneys.” Defendant explained that
his trial attorney, Mr. Davis, repeatedly told defendant to be quiet when defendant
would say he wanted to testify while the jury was present. Mr. Davis also told
defendant he would object and try to be relieved as counsel if defendant attempted to
testify.
When denying defendant’s new trial motion, the trial court made the following
statements: “I observed the interaction of [defendant] and Mr. Davis during the trial
and I have no doubt that Mr. Davis clearly advised [defendant] he should not testify and
that if he did testify, he may have used the words ‘he would be eaten alive by the DA.’
That was valid advice based on the defendant’s numerous prior felony convictions.
Clearly, the DA had substantial evidence with which to destroy the credibility of
defendant.”
13 2. DISCUSSION
Defendant contends his trial counsel was ineffective because he (1) coerced
defendant into not testifying at trial, and (2) failed to introduce documentary evidence
about defendant’s mother’s storage unit.7
“To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, defendant must show both:
(1) that counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2) that the deficient performance
prejudiced the defense. [Citations.]” (People v. Cowan (2010) 50 Cal.4th 401, 493, fn.
31.) “Although tactical decisions at trial are generally counsel’s responsibility, the
decision whether to testify, a question of fundamental importance, is made by the
defendant after consultation with counsel. [Citations.]” (People v. Carter (2005) 36
Cal.4th 1114, 1198.) If a defendant or his counsel did not inform the trial court of the
defendant’s desire to testify, then the appellate court “may not assume that [the]
defendant in fact had insisted upon testifying.” (Id. at p. 1199.)
During the hearing on the motion for new trial, defendant stated that he wanted
to testify at trial, but his attorney threatened to be relieved as counsel if defendant
attempted to testify. Despite defendant’s numerous Marsden motions at the trial court,
he failed to mention to the court that he desired to testify. There were multiple
occasions when defendant was present, in court, while the jury was not in the
courtroom, but defendant never informed the court that he wanted to exercise his right
to testify.
7 The People assert defendant forfeited this contention by failing to raise it at the trial court. We choose to address the issue on its merits.
14 The trial court’s determination concerning defendant’s credibility is entitled to
deference if supported by substantial evidence. (People v. Nesler (1997) 16 Cal.4th
561, 582.) In this case, the trial court did not believe defendant was credible when he
said he insisted upon testifying. This determination is supported by the facts that
(1) there were many opportunities for defendant to raise the testimony issue during trial,
and (2) he appeared adept at raising concerns about his various attorneys. Thus, it can
reasonably be inferred that it is unlikely defendant would have simply sat quietly while
his trial counsel refused to assist him if he elected to testify. Accordingly, substantial
evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that defendant’s testimony was not
credible as it concerned his conversations with his trial counsel.
Given the state of the record, we cannot conclude that defendant insisted upon
exercising his right to testify during trial. (See People v. Carter, supra, 36 Cal.4th at p.
1199.) As a result, we must conclude defendant’s trial counsel was not ineffective in
this regard.
Defendant asserts the trial court did not find make a finding about defendant’s
credibility. While we believe the credibility finding can be inferred from the ruling, we
will assume defendant is correct in order to thoroughly address the issue. Defendant
wanted to testify in order to “tell [his] side of the story.” It is unclear to what exactly
defendant would have testified; however, it appears defendant would have corroborated
Gladney’s testimony about the gun being in Vaughn’s possession after the move at the
storage facility. Thus, defendant’s testimony would have been cumulative of Gladney’s
testimony, while opening the door for the jury to learn about defendant’s prior
15 convictions. Since the only new information the jury would have learned from
defendant’s testimony concerned defendant’s prior convictions, we conclude defendant
was not prejudiced by the alleged deficient performance.
Next, defendant asserts his trial counsel was ineffective because he should have
introduced documentary evidence reflecting Gladney rented a unit at the storage facility
and moved to a new unit within the storage facility. Defendant asserts the evidence
would have corroborated Gladney’s testimony. When the reasons for an attorney’s
decisions are not apparent from the record, “‘we will not assume inadequacy of
representation unless counsel had no conceivable tactical purpose.’ [Citation.]”
(People v. Hines (1997) 15 Cal.4th 997, 1065.)
It is not clear from the record why counsel did not present documentary evidence
concerning the storage unit. It is possible counsel believed Gladney’s testimony would
be sufficient; or that it would be better to focus attention on the gun evidence, such as
the lack of fingerprints on the gun, rather than the fact that the gun belonged to
defendant’s mother, so as to draw attention away from defendant’s close connection to
the gun. In sum, we cannot conclude counsel’s performance was deficient because
there are possible tactical reasons for trial counsel’s action or lack of action.
16 DISPOSITION
The judgment is modified to reflect defendant’s sentence on Count 2 is stayed
pursuant to Penal Code section 654. The trial court is directed to issue an amended
abstract of judgment reflecting the modified sentence and forward it to the appropriate
agency or agencies. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
MILLER J.
We concur:
HOLLENHORST Acting P. J.
KING J.