People v. Daniel

2020 IL App (1st) 172267

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: February 22, 2021
• Docket: 1-17-2267
• Status: Published

Opinion

2020 IL App (1st) 172267

FIFTH DIVISION Filing Date June 30, 2020

No. 1-17-2267 ______________________________________________________________________________ IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________ THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. ) v. ) No. 90 CR 16142 ) HORTEZ DANIEL, ) Honorable ) James B. Linn, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.

JUSTICE HALL delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Rochford and Delort concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 Defendant Hortez Daniel was convicted of first degree murder, armed robbery, and

residential burglary in 1991. The offenses were committed when defendant was 16 years old. He

was sentenced to an extended 70-year prison term for murder, 20 years for armed robbery and 15

years for residential burglary, with all sentences to run concurrently. Defendant was also eligible

to receive day-for-day credit for good conduct. On appeal, defendant contends that he is entitled

to a new sentencing hearing where his postconviction petition made a substantial showing that his No. 1-17-2267

70-year sentence was a de facto life sentence which violates the eighth amendment. For the

following reasons, we reverse the trial court’s ruling, vacate defendant’s sentence, and remand for

a new sentencing hearing.

¶2 BACKGROUND

¶3 On June 12, 1990, defendant entered the apartment of his grandmother’s boyfriend, 77-

year-old Eulis Reese, and defendant subsequently choked him until he passed out. Defendant then

retrieved money and a handgun from the apartment. Defendant loaded the gun and laid it on the

table. When Reese stirred, defendant grabbed a knife from the kitchen and attempted to stab him.

Defendant then ordered Reese to stand up and be quiet while he checked the apartment for other

people. When Reese attempted to escape down the building’s back stairs, defendant chased him

and shot at him three times before fleeing with the money and gun. Reese died from his injuries.

¶4 Defendant was convicted of first degree murder, armed robbery, and residential burglary

on January 8, 1991, following a bench trial. People v. Daniel, 238 Ill. App. 3d 19, 22 (1992). At

the sentencing hearing, the trial court found that Reese’s age was an aggravating factor that

qualified for an extended prison term. Id. at 29; Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 38, ¶¶ 1005-5-3.2(b)(4)(ii),

1005-8-2(a). The trial court noted that defendant had a relationship with Reese, Reese was 77 years

old, and defendant was young. Defendant was then sentenced to an extended-term sentence of 70

years for murder, 20 years for armed robbery, and 15 years for residential burglary, with the

sentences to run concurrently.

¶5 On direct appeal, defendant challenged the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress

statements, the constitutionality of the search of his car, and the propriety of his sentences. We

affirmed defendant’s convictions and sentence. Daniel, 238 Ill. App. 3d at 37.

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¶6 Following the dismissal of defendant’s initial postconviction petition, this court granted

appellate counsel leave to withdraw as counsel and defendant’s convictions and sentences were

affirmed. People v. Daniel, No. 1-07-3354 (2007) (unpublished summary order under Illinois

Supreme Court Rule 23(c)).

¶7 On October 27, 2015, defendant sought leave to file a successive postconviction petition,

asserting that his 70-year sentence for a crime committed when he was 16 years old amounted to

a de facto life sentence, an unconstitutional sentence under Miller v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460

(2012). Defendant sought to have his sentence vacated and requested to be resentenced. The

petition was advanced to second-stage proceedings, and counsel was appointed.

¶8 The State filed a motion to dismiss defendant’s petition, asserting that defendant failed to

make a substantial showing of a constitutional violation where the rationale of Miller applies only

to natural life sentences and because defendant was eligible to receive day-for-day credit on his

70-year sentence, his sentence was not a de facto life sentence.

¶9 The circuit court dismissed defendant’s petition on the State’s motion, finding that

defendant failed to establish the requisite cause and prejudice for a successive postconviction

filing. Regarding defendant’s sentence, the trial court made the following finding:

“This is not a life sentence. It’s not a de facto life sentence either. It’s a 50 percent

sentence. He was young, the crime was horrific as has been described. The judge did

have authority under the law to give an extended term. He did not give the maximum

term. I believe it was that he would have an out date when he was more mature. I’m told

he will be eligible for that at age 51.”

¶ 10 This timely appeal followed.

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¶ 11 During the pendency of this appeal, this court granted defendant’s motion to cite People v.

Dorsey, 2016 IL App (1st) 151124-U, appeal allowed, No. 123010 (Ill. Mar. 25, 2020), as

additional authority for his contention that his sentence was a de facto life sentence and violated

Miller.

¶ 12 We now turn to the merits of this appeal.

¶ 13 ANALYSIS

¶ 14 As noted above, defendant contends on appeal that the trial court erred by dismissing his

petition where he made a substantial showing of a constitutional violation that his 70-year

sentence, imposed for a crime he committed while he was a juvenile, violated the eighth

amendment to the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. VIII) pursuant to Miller.

Defendant argues that he is entitled to a new sentencing hearing pursuant to our supreme court’s

decision in People v. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, which defined any sentence of more than 40 years’

imprisonment imposed on a juvenile defendant as a de facto life sentence. He asserts that his 70-

year sentence, despite being eligible for day-for-day credit, nonetheless qualifies as a de facto life

sentence. In his subsequent motion to cite additional authority, defendant noted that he had

previously cited this court’s recent decisions in People v. Peacock, 2019 IL App (1st) 170308, and

People v. Thornton, 2020 IL App (1st) 170677, in support of his arguments. Also in the motion,

defendant sought leave cite Dorsey, which does not support his arguments, but was decided prior

to Buffer and has since been granted leave to appeal in our supreme court. Defendant urges us to

follow this court’s decisions in Peacock and Thornton.

¶ 15 The State, however, argues that because defendant has the opportunity for release after 35

years, the 70-year sentence is not the equivalent to a de facto life sentence.

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¶ 16 Under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2014)), a

defendant can attack a conviction by asserting that it resulted from a substantial denial of his

constitutional rights. A postconviction proceeding under the Act is a collateral proceeding rather

than an appeal of the underlying judgment and allows review of constitutional issues that were not,

and could not have been, adjudicated on direct appeal. People v. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d 444,

455-56 (2002). Thus, any issues that were “raised and decided on direct appeal are barred from

consideration by the doctrine of res judicata; issues that could have been raised, but were not, are

considered waived.” Id. at 456.

¶ 17 The Act contemplates the filing of only one petition without leave of court. 725 ILCS

5/122-1(f) (West 2014); People v. Ortiz, 235 Ill. 2d 319, 328 (2009). Section 122-1(f)

unambiguously requires a defendant to obtain leave of the trial court prior to filing a successive

postconviction petition. People v. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 33. The trial court may grant leave to

file a successive petition only if the petitioner demonstrates cause for the failure to bring the claim

in the initial postconviction proceedings and that prejudice results from that failure. Id. For

purposes of the test, “cause” is defined as some objective factor external to the defense that

prevented counsel from raising the claim in an earlier proceeding. Pitsonbarger, 205 Ill. 2d at 460.

“Prejudice” is shown where the claimed constitutional error so infected the entire trial that the

resulting conviction or sentence violates due process. Id. at 464.

¶ 18 Our supreme court has stated that the cause and prejudice test for leave to file a successive

postconviction petition is a higher standard than the frivolous or patently without merit standard

of first stage postconviction proceedings. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35. Thus, once leave to file a

successive petition is granted, the petition advances to the portion of the three-stage process in

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which the State may seek dismissal of the petition on any grounds, including the defendant’s failure

to prove cause and prejudice for not having raised the claims in the initial postconviction petition

(second stage). 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2014); People v. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 26.

¶ 19 During second stage proceedings, the court must determine whether the petition and any

accompanying documents make a substantial showing of a constitutional violation. People v.

Cotto, 2016 IL 119006, ¶ 28; People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 246 (2001). If no such showing

is made the petition is dismissed. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d at 246. If, however, a substantial showing

of a constitutional violation is shown, the petition advances to the third stage, where the circuit

court conducts an evidentiary hearing. 725 ILCS 5/122-6 (West 2014).

¶ 20 Here, defendant’s successive postconviction petition was dismissed on the State’s motion

at the second stage. The second stage of postconviction review tests the legal sufficiency of the

petition and is reviewed de novo. People v. Lee, 2016 IL App (1st) 152425, ¶¶ 46, 50.

¶ 21 Because we find that defendant’s contention that our supreme court’s holding in Buffer

applies regardless of whether he is entitled to good time credit is dispositive of this appeal, we will

limit our discussion to that issue.

¶ 22 In Peacock, the juvenile defendant was sentenced to 80 years’ imprisonment. Because the

offense was committed in 1995, the defendant was entitled to day-for-day credit against his 80-

year sentence. On appeal from the denial of leave to file a successive postconviction petition, a

panel of the First District, Fourth Division, of this court held that because the defendant’s sentence

credit was dependent on his behavior while incarcerated, the defendant’s sentence was in actuality

80 years’ imprisonment “with the mere possibility of release after 40 years.” Peacock, 2019 IL

App (1st) 170308, ¶ 19. The court held that under the 40-year dividing line established in Buffer,

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the defendant’s 80-year sentence was a de facto life sentence. Id. ¶ 17; see Buffer, 2019 IL 122327,

¶ 42 (a sentence greater than 40 years constitutes a de facto life sentence).

¶ 23 Additionally, this court has recently rejected the State’s argument regarding the effect of

day-for-day credit on a de facto life sentence in Thornton, 2020 IL App (1st) 170677. In that case,

a juvenile defendant who was sentenced to 70 years’ imprisonment for murder filed a petition for

postconviction relief, raising sentencing issues under Miller, which was summarily dismissed by

the trial court. Id. ¶¶ 10-11. On appeal, defendant argued that his 70-year sentence was a de facto

life sentence, which triggered Miller and required a sentencing court to consider his youth and

attendant circumstances in fashioning a sentence, and the record from his sentencing hearing

demonstrated that the court did not consider such factors. Id. ¶ 17.

¶ 24 In rejecting the State’s argument, this court acknowledged that Miller and its progeny

focused on life sentences without the possibility of parole and that the defendant’s sentence did

include the possibility of release after 35 years served. Id. ¶ 22. However, relying on Peacock, we

noted that day-for-day credit is not guaranteed, and it is the Illinois Department of Corrections, not

the circuit court, that has the ultimate discretion as to whether a defendant will be awarded any

credit. Id. (citing Peacock, 2019 IL App (1st) 170308, ¶ 19). Additionally, we noted that defendant

would not serve a sentence shorter than a 40-year de facto life sentence unless he receives a

substantial portion of the good conduct credit for which he is eligible. Id. We concluded that “the

State’s assurances are not enough for us to consider the defendant’s sentence as anything other

than a 70-year term.” Id. We held that regardless of the defendant’s eligibility for day-for-day

credit, his extended term of 70 years’ imprisonment was a de facto life sentence that required a

sentencing court to consider his youth and attendant circumstances. Id.

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¶ 25 The same conclusion is warranted here.

¶ 26 Defendant, who was a 16-year-old juvenile at the time he committed the offenses, received

a 70-year term of imprisonment, which is a de facto life sentence under our supreme court’s

decision in Buffer. This is true, even though he is eligible for day-for-day credit that would likely

reduce his time served to 35 years. Furthermore, the trial court likely relied on People v. Evans,

2017 IL App (1st) 143562, a decision of this court that has since been abrogated by Buffer, to

support its determination that defendant’s 70-year sentence with day-for-day credit was not a

de facto life sentence. This change in the law for sentencing of juvenile defendants since

defendant’s sentencing hearing necessitates that defendant receive a new sentencing hearing.

¶ 27 Additionally, we further conclude that the trial court failed to fully consider defendant’s

youth and its attendant circumstances in imposing the 70-year sentence.

¶ 28 As our supreme court has stated, a juvenile defendant may be sentenced to life or de facto

life imprisonment, but before doing so, the trial court must consider the defendant’s youth and

attendant factors as noted in Miller. Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 19. In the case at bar, the record

indicates that the trial court focused on the severity of the crime and the age of the victim. The

court also mentioned defendant’s youth. We find nothing in the record to show that the trial court

specifically considered defendant’s youth and attendant circumstances before sentencing him to a

de facto life sentence. Nor does the record show that the trial court considered defendant’s

rehabilitative potential at all.

¶ 29 Accordingly, we must conclude that defendant’s 70-year sentence violates the eighth

amendment, and we vacate that sentence as unconstitutional. See Peacock, 2019 IL App (1st)

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170308, ¶ 24; Thornton, 2020 IL App (1st) 170677, ¶ 25. As such, we find that the trial court erred

in dismissing defendant’s successive postconviction petition on the State’s motion.

¶ 30 However, in the interest of judicial economy, we will not remand this case for further

proceedings under the Act but instead use our powers under the Illinois Supreme Court rules to

vacate defendant’s sentence and remand for resentencing. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(b)(1) (eff. Jan. 1,

1967); Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 47.

¶ 31 We therefore remand this matter for a new sentencing hearing, and defendant shall be

entitled on remand to be sentenced under the scheme prescribed by section 5-4.5-105 of the Unified

Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-105 (West 2016)). See Buffer, 2019 IL 122327, ¶ 47;

Thornton, 2020 IL App (1st) 170677, ¶ 26.

¶ 32 CONCLUSION

¶ 33 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm defendant’s conviction, we vacate defendant’s 70-

year sentence, and the cause is remanded for resentencing consistent with this decision.

¶ 34 Affirmed in part and vacated in part; cause remanded with directions.

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No. 1-17-2267

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 90-CR-16142; the Hon. James B. Linn, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys James E. Chadd, Patricia Mysza, and Heidi Linn Lambros, of State for Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant. Appellant:

Attorneys Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. for Spellberg, Matthew Connors, and Noah Montague, Assistant Appellee: State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

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