Filed 8/18/15 P. v. Cruz CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E060552
v. (Super.Ct.No. FWV1301546)
DANIEL CRUZ, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Jon D. Ferguson,
Judge. Reversed.
John E. Edwards, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General,
Charles C. Ragland and Scott C. Taylor, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
Defendant Daniel Cruz is serving nine years and four months in prison after a jury
convicted him of evading a police officer (Veh. Code, § 2800.2, subd. (a)) and
1 transporting a controlled substance, methamphetamine (Health & Saf. Code, § 11379).1
Defendant argues, the People concede and we agree that the drug transportation
conviction is invalid because it required proof that the drugs in his possession were for
the purpose of sale. However, defendant argues for a complete reversal of that
conviction, whereas the People argue this court should modify the conviction to simple
possession. For the reasons discussed below, we reverse the conviction and remand to
the trial court for resentencing. Double jeopardy does not bar the People from retrying
defendant on the transportation charge.
FACTS AND PROCEDURE
On May 4, 2013, defendant ran a stop sign and then fled on his motorcycle from
the officer who attempted to conduct a traffic stop. Defendant hit speeds up to 70 miles
per hour before crashing into a guardrail. The doctor who examined defendant at the
hospital pulled out of defendant’s rectum a plastic bag the size of a golf ball. Lab tests
determined the bag contained 2.89 grams of methamphetamine.
On October 21, 2013, the People filed a second amended information charging
defendant in count 1with evading an officer with willful disregard for the safety of others
and in count 2 with transporting a controlled substance, methamphetamine. The People
also alleged defendant had a prior strike conviction (Pen. Code, § 1170, subds. (a)–(d)).
On October 3, 2013, Governor Brown signed Assembly Bill No. 721 (AB 721).
Effective January 1, 2014, AB 721 (2013-2014 Reg. Sess.) amended subdivisions (a) and
1 All section references are to the Health and Safety Code unless otherwise indicated.
2 (c) of section 11379 to add the requirement that the transportation be “for sale.” “(a)
[E]very person who transports . . . any controlled substance . . . shall be punished by
imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 of the Penal Code for a period
of two, three, or four years. [¶] . . . [¶] (c) For purposes of this section, ‘transports’
means to transport for sale.” (§ 11379, subds. (a) & (c).)
On October 21, 2013, the trial court instructed the jury with the then-current
version of Judicial Council of California Criminal Jury Instructions, CALCRIM No.
2300, which listed as one of the elements of the crime that “The defendant transported a
controlled substance.” There was no mention in either the written or verbal instructions
that the crime required the drugs be “transported for sale.”
On October 22, 2013, a jury found defendant guilty of both charges.
On November 12, 2013, the trial court found true the strike prior allegation. On
January 1, 2014, AB 721 went into effect. On January 24, 2014, the court sentenced
defendant to the aggravated term of four years for the drug transportation, doubled to
eight years for the strike prior, plus sixteen months for the evasion count, to be served
consecutively.
This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
1. Defendant Could Not be Convicted of Transporting Methamphetamine
All concerned agree that defendant benefits retroactively from the changes to
section 11379, added by the Legislature via AB 721.
3 In People v. Vinson (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 1190 (Vinson), the Court of Appeal
considered whether an amendment to the petty theft statute, Penal Code section 666,
requiring three qualifying prior convictions rather than just one to be eligible for felony
treatment, should be applied retroactively to cases not yet final at the time of the
amendment. The general rule is that statutory amendments are not retroactive, unless
expressly so stated by the Legislature. An exception exists, however, under In re Estrada
(1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, 744-745, when an amendment has the effect of mitigating the
punishment. When the amendment has such an ameliorative effect, then it is applied
retroactively to all convictions not yet final on the effective date of the amendment.
Here, as in Vinson, the parties agree that defendant’s conviction was not yet final at the
effective date of the amendment to section 11379. (See Vinson, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1194.)
2. The Appropriate Remedy is to Reverse the Transportation Conviction
The issue on which defendant and the People part ways is the appropriate remedy.
Both ask this court to remand to the trial court for resentencing. Before remand,
defendant asks this court to reverse his conviction on count 2, transportation of
methamphetamine. The People contend the more appropriate remedy is to modify the
conviction from transportation of methamphetamine under section 11379 to simple
possession under section 11377.
Penal Code section 1181, subdivision (6), allows a trial court or “any court to
which the cause may be appealed” to modify a verdict in limited circumstances “if the
evidence shows the defendant to be not guilty of the degree of the crime of which he was
4 convicted, but guilty of a lesser degree thereof, or of a lesser crime included
therein . . . .” (§ 1181, subd. (6), italics added.) However, a court exceeds its authority
under this subdivision if it reduces a conviction to any offense other than a lesser
included offense, including a lesser related offense. (People v. Lagunas (1994) 8 Cal.4th
1030, 1039-1040.)
We must then determine whether simple possession under section 11377 is a lesser
included offense of transportation under section 11379. If it is, then this court may
modify the transportation conviction to simple possession before remanding to the trial
court for resentencing. If not, then this court has no such authority and must simply
reverse the transportation conviction and remand for resentencing.
The authorities we have reviewed indicate that possession of a controlled
substance under section 11377 is not a lesser included offense of transportation of a
controlled substance under section 11379. “An offense is necessarily included in another
if . . . the greater statutory offense cannot be committed without committing the lesser
because all of the elements of the lesser offense are included in the greater.” (People v.
Hughes (2002) 27 Cal.4th 287, 365-366 (Hughes).) In making this determination, the
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Filed 8/18/15 P. v. Cruz CA4/2
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E060552
v. (Super.Ct.No. FWV1301546)
DANIEL CRUZ, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Jon D. Ferguson,
Judge. Reversed.
John E. Edwards, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General,
Charles C. Ragland and Scott C. Taylor, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and
Respondent.
Defendant Daniel Cruz is serving nine years and four months in prison after a jury
convicted him of evading a police officer (Veh. Code, § 2800.2, subd. (a)) and
1 transporting a controlled substance, methamphetamine (Health & Saf. Code, § 11379).1
Defendant argues, the People concede and we agree that the drug transportation
conviction is invalid because it required proof that the drugs in his possession were for
the purpose of sale. However, defendant argues for a complete reversal of that
conviction, whereas the People argue this court should modify the conviction to simple
possession. For the reasons discussed below, we reverse the conviction and remand to
the trial court for resentencing. Double jeopardy does not bar the People from retrying
defendant on the transportation charge.
FACTS AND PROCEDURE
On May 4, 2013, defendant ran a stop sign and then fled on his motorcycle from
the officer who attempted to conduct a traffic stop. Defendant hit speeds up to 70 miles
per hour before crashing into a guardrail. The doctor who examined defendant at the
hospital pulled out of defendant’s rectum a plastic bag the size of a golf ball. Lab tests
determined the bag contained 2.89 grams of methamphetamine.
On October 21, 2013, the People filed a second amended information charging
defendant in count 1with evading an officer with willful disregard for the safety of others
and in count 2 with transporting a controlled substance, methamphetamine. The People
also alleged defendant had a prior strike conviction (Pen. Code, § 1170, subds. (a)–(d)).
On October 3, 2013, Governor Brown signed Assembly Bill No. 721 (AB 721).
Effective January 1, 2014, AB 721 (2013-2014 Reg. Sess.) amended subdivisions (a) and
1 All section references are to the Health and Safety Code unless otherwise indicated.
2 (c) of section 11379 to add the requirement that the transportation be “for sale.” “(a)
[E]very person who transports . . . any controlled substance . . . shall be punished by
imprisonment pursuant to subdivision (h) of Section 1170 of the Penal Code for a period
of two, three, or four years. [¶] . . . [¶] (c) For purposes of this section, ‘transports’
means to transport for sale.” (§ 11379, subds. (a) & (c).)
On October 21, 2013, the trial court instructed the jury with the then-current
version of Judicial Council of California Criminal Jury Instructions, CALCRIM No.
2300, which listed as one of the elements of the crime that “The defendant transported a
controlled substance.” There was no mention in either the written or verbal instructions
that the crime required the drugs be “transported for sale.”
On October 22, 2013, a jury found defendant guilty of both charges.
On November 12, 2013, the trial court found true the strike prior allegation. On
January 1, 2014, AB 721 went into effect. On January 24, 2014, the court sentenced
defendant to the aggravated term of four years for the drug transportation, doubled to
eight years for the strike prior, plus sixteen months for the evasion count, to be served
consecutively.
This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
1. Defendant Could Not be Convicted of Transporting Methamphetamine
All concerned agree that defendant benefits retroactively from the changes to
section 11379, added by the Legislature via AB 721.
3 In People v. Vinson (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 1190 (Vinson), the Court of Appeal
considered whether an amendment to the petty theft statute, Penal Code section 666,
requiring three qualifying prior convictions rather than just one to be eligible for felony
treatment, should be applied retroactively to cases not yet final at the time of the
amendment. The general rule is that statutory amendments are not retroactive, unless
expressly so stated by the Legislature. An exception exists, however, under In re Estrada
(1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, 744-745, when an amendment has the effect of mitigating the
punishment. When the amendment has such an ameliorative effect, then it is applied
retroactively to all convictions not yet final on the effective date of the amendment.
Here, as in Vinson, the parties agree that defendant’s conviction was not yet final at the
effective date of the amendment to section 11379. (See Vinson, supra, 193 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1194.)
2. The Appropriate Remedy is to Reverse the Transportation Conviction
The issue on which defendant and the People part ways is the appropriate remedy.
Both ask this court to remand to the trial court for resentencing. Before remand,
defendant asks this court to reverse his conviction on count 2, transportation of
methamphetamine. The People contend the more appropriate remedy is to modify the
conviction from transportation of methamphetamine under section 11379 to simple
possession under section 11377.
Penal Code section 1181, subdivision (6), allows a trial court or “any court to
which the cause may be appealed” to modify a verdict in limited circumstances “if the
evidence shows the defendant to be not guilty of the degree of the crime of which he was
4 convicted, but guilty of a lesser degree thereof, or of a lesser crime included
therein . . . .” (§ 1181, subd. (6), italics added.) However, a court exceeds its authority
under this subdivision if it reduces a conviction to any offense other than a lesser
included offense, including a lesser related offense. (People v. Lagunas (1994) 8 Cal.4th
1030, 1039-1040.)
We must then determine whether simple possession under section 11377 is a lesser
included offense of transportation under section 11379. If it is, then this court may
modify the transportation conviction to simple possession before remanding to the trial
court for resentencing. If not, then this court has no such authority and must simply
reverse the transportation conviction and remand for resentencing.
The authorities we have reviewed indicate that possession of a controlled
substance under section 11377 is not a lesser included offense of transportation of a
controlled substance under section 11379. “An offense is necessarily included in another
if . . . the greater statutory offense cannot be committed without committing the lesser
because all of the elements of the lesser offense are included in the greater.” (People v.
Hughes (2002) 27 Cal.4th 287, 365-366 (Hughes).) In making this determination, the
courts look to: (1) the statutory definition of the two offenses; and (2) the allegations in
the charging documents. (People v. Thomas (1991) 231 Cal.App.3d 299, 305 (Thomas).)
However, the courts do not look to the facts brought out at trial. (Hughes, supra, 27
Cal.4th at p. 306.) Thus, even though the evidence at trial shows that this defendant did
possess the methamphetamine, this does not factor into the ‘lesser included offense’
determination.
5 Here, the People chose not to charge defendant with simple possession. In
addition, the second amended complaint contains no allegations whatsoever that
defendant had possession of the methamphetamine, but rather, as defendant points out,
contains generic language regarding transportation. As for the statutory definitions of the
two crimes, numerous courts have already determined that one can be convicted of
transporting drugs without possessing them. (Thomas, supra, 231 Cal.App.3d at 305
[“By definition possession is not an essential element of transportation because the latter
offense can be committed without also committing possession.”]; People v. Watterson
(1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 942, 947 [Fourth Dist., Div. 2] [“[P]ossession of narcotics for sale
is not necessarily included in the offense of transportation of narcotics.”]; People v.
Rogers (1971) 5 Cal.3d 129, 134, fn. omitted [“Although possession is commonly a
circumstance tending to prove transportation, it is not an essential element of that offense
and one may ‘transport’ marijuana or other drugs even though they are in the exclusive
possession of another” as by aiding and abetting the transportation of drugs by others.].)
For these reasons, we are unable to modify defendant’s conviction from transportation to
simple possession. We reverse the conviction on count 2.
3. Defendant Can be Retried for Transportation But Cannot be Tried for Possession
The parties also disagree as to whether, on remand, defendant can be retried on the
transportation charge, or whether such prosecution would run afoul of the prohibition
against double jeopardy.
Although the People do not argue that they can after remand choose to try
defendant on simple possession, we wish to clarify that they cannot. Multiple
6 prosecutions for the same act are prohibited under Penal Code section 654.2
“When . . . the prosecution is or should be aware of more than one offense in which the
same act or course of conduct plays a significant part, all such offenses must be
prosecuted in a single proceeding unless joinder is prohibited or severance permitted for
good cause. Failure to unite all such offenses will result in a bar to subsequent
prosecution for any offense omitted if the initial proceedings culminate in either acquittal
or conviction and sentence.” (Kellett v. Superior Court (1966) 63 Cal.2d 822, 827.)
Although the trial court instructed the jury on the crime of simple possession of a
controlled substance under section 11377, this is because the court and attorneys
apparently believed it was a lesser included offense to the charged crime of transportation
of a controlled substance under section 11379. The jury did not attempt to arrive at a
verdict on simple possession because they had been instructed to do so only if they
acquitted defendant on the transportation charge. If the People had charged defendant
with the lesser related offense of simple possession, the jury would have been instructed
to arrive at verdicts on both the greater (transportation) and lesser (simple possession)
charges. Because the People did not do so, any new trial in this matter on simple
possession would constitute a new prosecution of defendant based on the same evidence
2 Section 654, subdivision (a), states, “An act or omission that is punishable in different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the provision that provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case shall the act or omission be punished under more than one provision. An acquittal or conviction and sentence under any one bars a prosecution for the same act or omission under any other.”
7 used to prosecute the original charge of transportation. This would violate Penal Code
section 654, subdivision (a).
Regarding retrial on the transportation charge, we will remand the matter for
further proceedings. “Where, as here, evidence is not introduced at trial because the law
at that time would have rendered it irrelevant, the remand to prove that element is proper
and the reviewing court does not treat the issue as one of sufficiency of the evidence.
[Citation.]” (People v. Figueroa (1993) 20 Cal.App.4th 65, 71-72, fn. 2)
DISPOSITION
The conviction on count 2 is reversed. The matter is remanded to the trial court
for resentencing. Double jeopardy does not bar the People from retrying defendant on
count 2.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
GAUT J.
We concur:
MILLER Acting P. J.
CODRINGTON J.
Retired Associate Justice of the Court of Appeal, Fourth Appellate District, Division Two, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section six of the California Constitution.