Opinion
KRUGER, J.
Under the “Three Strikes” law as originally enacted in 1994, an individual convicted of any felony offense following two prior convictions for serious or violent felonies was subject to an indeterminate term of life imprisonment with a minimum term of no less than 25 years. (Pen. Code, former §§ 667, subds. (b)-(i), 1170.12, subd. (c)(2).) In 2012, the electorate passed the Three Strikes Reform Act of 2012 (Reform Act or Act) (Prop. 36, as approved by voters, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 6, 2012)), which amended the law to reduce the punishment prescribed for certain third strike defendants. The electorate also authorized persons “presently serving” an indeterminate term of life imprisonment imposed under the prior version of the law to seek resentencing under the amended penalty scheme by filing a petition for recall of sentence. (Pen. Code, § 1170.126, subd. (a).) Under the Act, a court must [652]*652grant a recall petition unless it determines that resentencing the petitioner “would pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety.” (§ 1170.126, subd. (1).)
The Reform Act took effect on November 7, 2012. The question in this case is whether third strike defendants who were sentenced under the Three Strikes law before November 7, 2012, but whose judgments were not yet final as of that date, are entitled to automatic resentencing under the revised penalty provisions of the Reform Act. We conclude that these defendants are not entitled to automatic resentencing, but instead may seek resentencing by petitioning for recall of sentence under section 1170.126.
I.
A.
Enacted “to ensure longer prison sentences and greater punishment for those who commit a felony and have been previously convicted of serious and/or violent felony offenses” (Pen. Code, former § 667, subd. (b), as amended by Stats. 1994, ch. 12, § 1, pp. 71, 72), the Three Strikes law “consists of two, nearly identical statutory schemes.” (People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497, 504 [53 Cal.Rptr.2d 789, 917 P.2d 628] (Romero).) The first of these schemes was enacted by the Legislature in March 1994. (Pen. Code, former § 667, subds. (b)-(i).) The second was enacted by ballot initiative in November of the same year. (Pen. Code, former § 1170.12, added by Prop. 184, as approved by voters, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 8, 1994) (Proposition 184).) The two statutes differ only in minor respects not relevant here. (Accord, Romero, at p. 505.)1
Under the Three Strikes law as originally enacted, a felony defendant who had been convicted of a single prior serious or violent felony (a second strike defendant) was to be sentenced to a term equal to “twice the term otherwise provided as punishment for the current felony conviction.” (Pen. Code, former § 1170.12, subd. (c)(1).) By contrast, a defendant who had been convicted of two or more prior serious or violent felonies (a third strike defendant) was to be sentenced to “an indeterminate term of life imprisonment with a minimum term of’ at least 25 years. (Pen. Code, former § 1170.12, subd. (c)(2).)
The Reform Act changed the sentence prescribed for a third strike defendant whose current offense is not a serious or violent felony. (See Teal v. Superior Court (2014) 60 Cal.4th 595, 596-597 [179 Cal.Rptr.3d 365, [653]*653336 P.3d 686].) Under the Reform Act’s revised penalty provisions, many third strike defendants are excepted from the provision imposing an indeterminate life sentence (see Pen. Code, § 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(A)) and are instead sentenced in the same way as second strike defendants (see id., subd. (c)(2)(C)): that is, they receive a term equal to “twice the term otherwise provided as punishment for the current felony conviction” (id., subd. (c)(1)). A defendant does not qualify for this ameliorative change, however, if his current offense is a controlled substance charge involving large quantities (id., subd. (c)(2)(C)(i)), one of various enumerated sex offenses (id., subd. (c)(2)(C)(ii)), or one in which he used a firearm, was armed with a firearm or deadly weapon, or intended to cause great bodily injury (id., subd. (c)(2)(C)(iii)). The ameliorative provisions of the Reform Act also do not apply in cases in which the defendant was previously convicted of certain enumerated offenses, including those involving sexual violence, child sexual abuse, homicide or attempted homicide, solicitation to commit murder, assault with a machine gun on a peace officer or firefighter, possession of a weapon of mass destruction, or any serious or violent felony punishable by life imprisonment or death. (§ 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C)(iv)(I)—(VIII).) The Act provides that these disqualifying factors must be pleaded and proved by the prosecution. (§ 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C).)
In the Reform Act, the voters also established a procedure for “persons presently serving an indeterminate term of imprisonment” under the prior version of the Three Strikes law to seek resentencing under the Reform Act’s revised penalty structure. (Pen. Code, § 1170.126, subd. (a).) Under section 1170.126, “within two years after the effective date of the act . . . or at a later date upon a showing of good cause,” such persons can file a petition for a recall of sentence before the trial court that entered the judgment of conviction. (Id., subd. (b).) If the petitioner would have qualified for a shorter sentence under the Reform Act version of the law, taking into consideration the disqualifying factors (§ 1170.126, subds. (e), (1)), section 1170.126 provides that he “shall be resentenced pursuant to [the Reform Act] unless the court, in its discretion, determines that resentencing the petitioner would pose an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety” (id., subd. (1)). In exercising this discretion, the court may consider the defendant’s criminal conviction history, the defendant’s disciplinary record and record of rehabilitation while incarcerated, and “[a]ny other evidence the court . . . determines to be relevant.” (Id., subd. (g).)
[654]*654B.
In October 2010, a California Highway Patrol officer observed defendant Patrick Lee Conley retrieving tools from the middle of a county road.2 Defendant’s pickup truck was parked nearby, partially blocking a lane of the road. Defendant appeared to be intoxicated and smelled of alcohol. At first, defendant claimed that his son had been driving the truck and had gone to get gas, but later defendant admitted that he had been the driver. Defendant also admitted that he had consumed a few cans of malt liquor at his son’s house. After defendant failed a series of field sobriety tests, the highway patrol officer arrested him. Defendant’s blood was drawn at a hospital approximately an hour after he was first stopped. Testing showed defendant’s blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) was 0.19 percent.
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol (Veh. Code, § 23152, subd. (a)) and driving with a BAC of 0.08 percent or more (id., § 23152, subd. (b)), with enhancements for refusing to take a chemical test (id., § 23578).3 The jury also found true allegations that defendant had four prior convictions for driving under the influence of alcohol (see Veh. Code, § 23550), that he had served three prior prison terms (Pen. Code, § 667.5), and that he had two prior convictions that qualified as strikes under the Three Strikes law (Pen. Code, § 1170.12). The first prior strike conviction was for a residential burglary in which defendant—then on parole for a different first degree burglary that he committed as a juvenile—entered a home, while armed and wearing a stocking over his face, and assaulted and bound the occupant. The second prior strike conviction was for a physical altercation in which defendant stabbed his opponent multiple times. On January 23, 2012, the trial court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss one or both strike allegations (see Romero, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 504), citing the details of defendant’s prior offenses, his poor parole record, and his attempt to evade responsibility for his current offense by shifting the blame to his son. The court sentenced defendant under the Three Strikes law to an indeterminate term of 25 years to life (Pen. Code, former § 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)), plus three consecutive one-year terms for his three prior prison terms (Pen. Code, § 667.5).
Defendant appealed, raising no issues but asking the Court of Appeal to independently review the record under People v. Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d 436 [158 Cal.Rptr. 839, 600 P.2d 1071], While defendant’s appeal was pending, [655]*655the voters enacted the Reform Act on November 6, 2012. Two days later, the Court of Appeal issued an opinion affirming defendant’s conviction.
Defendant petitioned for rehearing, asking the Court of Appeal to vacate his sentence and remand the matter to the trial court for resentencing under the new sentencing provisions of the Three Strikes law. Although the Court of Appeal initially denied the petition, it later granted rehearing on its own motion to more fully explain its reasoning. The court noted that, under In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740 [48 Cal.Rptr. 172, 408 P.2d 948] (Estrada), courts ordinarily presume that newly enacted legislation lessening a criminal punishment is intended to apply “to all cases not yet reduced to final judgment on the statute’s effective date.” The court concluded, however, that the Estrada presumption is inapplicable here because the Reform Act includes a procedure whereby “persons presently serving an indeterminate term of imprisonment [under the Three Strikes law]” (Pen. Code, § 1170.126, subd. (a)) may file a petition for recall of sentence. Observing that this provision does not distinguish between persons serving final sentences and those serving nonfinal sentences, the court concluded that “[t]hose already sentenced and serving an indeterminate term of imprisonment must petition the trial court for a recall of sentence regardless of whether or not their judgment is final.”
We granted defendant’s petition for review to resolve a conflict in the Courts of Appeal about the application of the Reform Act to defendants who had been sentenced to indeterminate life terms under the previous version of the Three Strikes law but whose sentences were not yet final when the Act took effect.
II.
In answering the question presented, we begin by identifying common ground. Defendant is a “person[] presently serving an indeterminate term of imprisonment” under the prior version of the Three Strikes law. (Pen. Code, § 1170.126, subd. (a); see, e.g., People v. Buckhalter (2001) 26 Cal.4th 20, 30-31 [108 Cal.Rptr.2d 625, 25 P.3d 1103] [a defendant’s sentence of imprisonment begins to run upon the delivery of the defendant to the custody of the Director of Corrections], citing Pen. Code, § 2900, subds. (a), (c).) Therefore, under the plain language of the Reform Act, defendant is entitled to seek the benefit of the Act’s reduced penalties by filing a petition to recall his sentence and requesting resentencing under the new law. (Pen. Code, § 1170.126, subd. (b).)
Defendant argues, however, that he and others whose judgments were not yet final as of the effective date of the Reform Act are entitled to automatic [656]*656resentencing under the revised penalty provisions of the Act, without the need to file a recall petition under Penal Code section 1170.126, and thus without regard to whether the trial court determines that resentencing the defendant would pose “an unreasonable risk of danger to public safety.” (Id., subd. (f).) He relies for his argument on this court’s decision in Estrada, supra, 63 Cal.2d 740, which held that new laws that reduce the punishment for a crime are presumptively to be applied to defendants whose judgments are not yet final.
In Estrada, we considered the retroactive application of a statutory amendment that reduced the punishment prescribed for the offense of escape without force or violence. “The problem,” we explained, “is one of trying to ascertain the legislative intent—did the Legislature intend the old or new statute to apply? Had the Legislature expressly stated which statute should apply, its determination, either way, would have been legal and constitutional.” (Estrada, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 744.) But in the absence of any textual indication of the Legislature’s intent, we inferred that the Legislature must have intended for the new penalties, rather than the old, to apply. (Id. at pp. 744-745.) We reasoned that when the Legislature determines that a lesser punishment suffices for a criminal act, there is ordinarily no reason to continue imposing the more severe penalty, beyond simply “ ‘satisfying] a desire for vengeance.’ ” (Id. at p. 745, quoting People v. Oliver (1956) 1 N.Y.2d 152, 160 [151 N.Y.S.2d 367, 134 N.E.2d 197].) Thus, we concluded, “[i]t is an inevitable inference that the Legislature must have intended that the new statute imposing the new lighter penalty now deemed to be sufficient should apply to every case to which it constitutionally could apply,” including “to acts committed before its passaged] provided the judgment convicting the defendant of the act is not final.” (Estrada, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 745.) “
Because the Estrada rule reflects a presumption about legislative intent, rather than a constitutional command, the Legislature (or here, the electorate) may choose to modify, limit, or entirely forbid the retroactive application of ameliorative criminal law amendments if it so chooses. Thus, as we explained in Estrada, the presumption does not govern when the statute at issue includes a “saving clause” providing that the amendment should be applied only prospectively. (Estrada, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 747; see People v. Floyd (2003) 31 Cal.4th 179, 184-188 [1 Cal.Rptr.3d 885, 72 P.3d 820].) And we have since made clear that, while such express statements unquestionably suffice to override the Estrada presumption, the “absence of an express saving clause . . . does not end ‘our quest for legislative intent.’ ” (People v. Nasalga (1996) 12 Cal.4th 784, 793 [50 Cal.Rptr.2d 88, 910 P.2d 1380], quoting In re Pedro T. (1994) 8 Cal.4th 1041, 1049 [36 Cal.Rptr.2d 74, 884 P.2d 1022] (Pedro T.).) Our cases do not “dictate to legislative drafters the forms in which laws must be written” to express an intent to modify or limit the retroactive effect of an ameliorative change; rather, they require [657]*657“that the Legislature demonstrate its intention with sufficient clarity that a reviewing court can discern and effectuate it.” (Pedro T., supra, 8 Cal.4th at pp. 1048-1049; accord, Nasalga, supra, 12 Cal.4th at p. 793.)
In Pedro T, for example, we concluded that the Estrada presumption did not govern the interpretation of a “ ‘sunset’ ” provision attached to legislation increasing the maximum punishment for vehicle theft. (Pedro T., supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 1045.) Although the legislation contained no express saving clause, we concluded that the presumption did not control where the overarching purpose of the legislation was to temporarily increase, rather than to decrease, the penalties for the offense. We reaffirmed that, “[ojrdinarily when an amendment lessens the punishment for a crime, one may reasonably infer the Legislature has determined imposition of a lesser punishment on offenders thereafter will sufficiently serve the public interest.” (Ibid.) But we concluded that “[i]n the case of a ‘sunset’ provision attached to a temporary enhancement of penalty, the same inference cannot so readily be drawn.” (Ibid.; see id. at pp. 1045-1046.) We further reasoned that giving controlling weight to the Estrada presumption would have “practical effect[s]” the Legislature could not have intended: It would both undermine “[t]he utility of a three-year legislative experiment in enhanced penalties” and “provide a motive for delay and manipulation in criminal proceedings.” (Pedro T., at pp. 1046-1047.)
Here, a similar set of interpretive considerations persuades us that the voters who passed the Reform Act did not intend to authorize automatic resentencing for third strike defendants serving nonfinal sentences imposed under the former version of the Three Strikes law. First, unlike the statute at issue in Estrada, supra, 63 Cal.2d 740, the Reform Act is not silent on the question of retroactivity. Rather, the Act expressly addresses the question in section 1170.126, the sole purpose of which is to extend the benefits of the Act retroactively. Section 1170.126 creates a special mechanism that entitles all persons “presently serving” indeterminate fife terms imposed under the prior law to seek resentencing under the new law. By its terms, the provision draws no distinction between persons serving final sentences and those serving nonfinal sentences, entitling both categories of prisoners to petition courts for recall of sentence under the Act.
The Estrada rule rests on an inference that, in the absence of contrary indications, a legislative body ordinarily intends for ameliorative changes to the criminal law to extend as broadly as possible, distinguishing only as necessary between sentences that are final and sentences that are not. (See Estrada, supra, 63 Cal.2d at p. 745.) In enacting the recall provision, the voters adopted a different approach. They took the extraordinary step of extending the retroactive benefits of the Act beyond the bounds contemplated [658]*658by Estrada—including even prisoners serving final sentences within the Act’s ameliorative reach—but subject to a special procedural mechanism for the recall of sentences already imposed. In prescribing the scope and manner of the Act’s retroactive application, the voters did not distinguish between final and nonfinal sentences, as Estrada would presume, but instead drew the relevant line between prisoners “presently serving” indeterminate life terms— whether final or not—and defendants yet to be sentenced.
Second, the nature of the recall mechanism and the substantive limitations it contains call into question the central premise underlying the Estrada presumption: that when an amendment lessens the punishment for a crime, it is reasonable to infer that the enacting legislative body has categorically determined that “imposition of a lesser punishment” will in all cases “sufficiently serve the public interest.” (Pedro T., supra, 8 Cal.4th at p. 1045.)
There can be no doubt that the Reform Act was motivated in large measure by a determination that sentences under the prior version of the Three Strikes law were excessive. As the ballot materials argued, “[pjeople convicted of shoplifting a pair of socks, stealing bread or baby formula don’t deserve life sentences.” (Voter Information Guide, Gen. Elec. (Nov. 6, 2012) rebuttal to argument against Prop. 36, p. 53.) But voters were motivated by other purposes as well, including the protection of public safety. The ballot materials explained that “dangerous criminals are being released early from prison because jails are overcrowded with nonviolent offenders who pose no risk to the public.” (Ibid.) Voters were told that the Reform Act would protect public safety by “preventing] dangerous criminals from being released early” (ibid.) and would have no effect on “truly dangerous criminals” (id., argument in favor of Prop. 36, p. 52).
The recall procedures in Penal Code section 1170.126 were designed to strike a balance between these objectives of mitigating punishment and protecting public safety by creating a resentencing mechanism for persons serving indeterminate life terms under the former Three Strikes law, but making resentencing subject to the trial court’s evaluation of whether, based on their criminal history, their record of incarceration, and other relevant considerations, their early release would pose an “unreasonable risk of danger to public safety.” (Id., subd. (f).)
Where, as here, the enacting body creates a special mechanism for application of the new lesser punishment to persons who have previously been sentenced, and where the body expressly makes retroactive application of the lesser punishment contingent on a court’s evaluation of the defendant’s dangerousness, we can no longer say with confidence, as we did in Estrada, that the enacting body lacked any discernible reason to limit application of [659]*659the law with respect to cases pending on direct review. On the contrary, to confer an automatic entitlement to resentencing under these circumstances would undermine the apparent intent of the electorate that approved section 1170.126: to create broad access to resentencing for prisoners previously sentenced to indeterminate life terms, but subject to judicial evaluation of the impact of resentencing on public safety, based on the prisoner’s criminal history, record of incarceration, and other factors. This public safety requirement must be applied realistically, with careful consideration of the Reform Act’s purposes of mitigating excessive punishment and reducing prison overcrowding. But given that section 1170.126, by its terms, applies to all prisoners “presently serving” indeterminate life terms, we can discern no basis to conclude that the electorate would have intended for courts to bypass the public safety inquiry altogether in the case of defendants serving sentences that are not yet final.
Finally, unlike in Estrada, the revised sentencing provisions at issue in this case do more than merely reduce previously prescribed criminal penalties. They also establish a new set of disqualifying factors that preclude a third strike defendant from receiving a second strike sentence. (See Pen. Code, § 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C).) The sentencing provisions further require that these factors be “plead[ed] and prove[d]” by the prosecution. (Ibid.)
These provisions add an additional layer of complexity to defendant’s request for automatic resentencing under the revised penalty scheme. In cases arising after the Reform Act’s effective date, operation of the pleading-and-proof requirements is straightforward enough. But for defendants who have already been tried and sentenced, the matter would be considerably more complicated. Before the Reform Act, prosecutors may have had no reason to plead and prove the new disqualifying factors in a particular case. Take, for example, the application of the “armed with a firearm” disqualifying factor (Pen. Code, § 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C)(iii)) in the case of a prisoner serving an indeterminate life term for possessing a firearm as a felon. (Pen. Code, §29800, subd. (a); cf. People v. White (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 512 [167 Cal.Rptr.3d 328].) Case law holds that possession of a firearm does not necessarily imply being armed; “a convicted felon may be found to be a felon in possession of a firearm if he or she knowingly kept a firearm in a locked offsite storage unit even though he or she had no ready access to the firearm and, thus, was not armed with it.” (White, at p. 524.) Before the Reform Act, the prosecution ordinarily would have had no reason to plead and prove that the defendant was actually armed with, not merely in possession of, the firearm; arming is not an element of the offense, and case law suggests that the armed-with-a-firearm enhancement (Pen. Code, § 12022, subd. (a)) does not apply to the offense of felon in possession of a firearm (see People v. Hicks (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 275, 283-284 [179 Cal.Rptr.3d 703]). Thus, if the Reform Act version of the Three Strikes law applied retroactively to a [660]*660defendant who was appealing a felon-in-possession conviction, then the defendant might receive a second strike sentence without the prosecution ever having had occasion to plead and prove that the defendant was disqualified from receiving that sentence on account of being armed with, not just in possession of, the firearm.
Similar difficulties would arise in applying the “inten[t] to cause great bodily injury” disqualifying factor. (Pen. Code, § 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C)(iii).) Before the Reform Act became law, the prosecution ordinarily would have had no reason to plead and prove a defendant’s intent to cause great bodily injury. (Cf. Pen. Code, § 12022.7 [creating an enhancement for inflicting great bodily injury].)4 Thus, much as in the case of the ‘“armed with a firearm” factor, if the Reform Act version of the Three Strikes law applied retroactively to a defendant who was appealing a conviction involving the infliction of great bodily injury, the defendant might receive a second strike sentence without the prosecution ever having had occasion to plead and prove that the defendant was actually disqualified from receiving that sentence under section 1170.12, subdivision (c)(2)(C).
In short, application of the Reform Act’s revised sentencing scheme would not be so simple as mechanically substituting a second strike sentence for a previously imposed indeterminate life term. Unless defendants were to be resentenced solely based on the existing trial court record—leaving the prosecution without the opportunity to plead and prove the presence of disqualifying factors or offenses that have become newly relevant under the Act—trial courts presumably would have to permit prosecutors to hold mini-trials for the sole purpose of determining whether, for example, the defendant’s offense of conviction involved arming with a firearm or an intent to cause great bodily injury (see Pen. Code, § 1170.12, subd. (c)(2)(C)(iii)).
As defendant points out, such single-issue trials would not be unprecedented. (See People v. Figueroa (1993) 20 Cal.App.4th 65 [24 Cal.Rptr.2d 368] [setting aside the jury’s true finding on an enhancement after an amendment to the law narrowed the enhancement’s scope, but remanding to permit the prosecution to prove the enhancement as more narrowly defined].) But the question before us is not whether such trials are possible. The question is whether this is the system the voters intended to create, though no provision of the Act contains any affirmative indication to that effect. We find it difficult to escape the conclusion that the Act does not address the complexities involved in applying the pleading-and-proof requirements to previously sentenced defendants precisely because the electorate did not [661]*661contemplate that these provisions would apply. Rather, voters intended for previously sentenced defendants to seek relief under section 1170.126, which contains no comparable pleading-and-proof requirements. (See Pen. Code, § 1170.126, subd. (e)(2), (3).)
III.
Defendant objects that this analysis is inconsistent with Estrada, supra, 63 Cal.2d 740, which he reads to mean that “a defendant whose judgment is not final is entitled to the benefit of a lighter penalty in the absence of a clear indication to the contrary.” Defendant argues that in the absence of an express statement that section 1170.126 was meant to provide the exclusive means for defendants with nonfinal sentences to seek resentencing under the Act, section 1170.126 should be understood as supplementing, rather than supplanting, such defendants’ entitlement to automatic resentencing. He further argues that the recall provision expressly preserves this ‘“right” in subdivision (k), which states that ‘“[njothing in this section is intended to diminish or abrogate any rights or remedies otherwise available to the defendant.” (Pen. Code, § 1170.126, subd. (k).) Neither argument is persuasive.
As noted, our decision in Estrada, supra, 63 Cal.2d 740, recognizes that the retroactive application of ameliorative changes to the criminal laws is ultimately governed by the intent of the legislative body. And we have expressly rejected the notion that Estrada ‘“dictate[s] to legislative drafters the forms in which laws must be written to express the legislative intent.” (Pedro T., supra, 8 Cal.4th at pp. 1048-1049.) ‘“[Wjhat is required is that the Legislature demonstrate its intention with sufficient clarity that a reviewing court can discern and effectuate it.” (Id. at p. 1049.) As explained above, the text, structure, and purposes of the Act all lead to the conclusion that the electorate meant what it said when it approved section 1170.126: Prisoners presently serving indeterminate life terms imposed under the prior version of the Three Strikes law, including those with nonfinal judgments, may seek resentencing under the Act, but subject to judicial determination of whether resentencing would pose an unreasonable danger to the public.
That being the case, section 1170.126, subdivision (k) cannot help defendant’s argument. Subdivision (k) contains no indication that automatic resentencing—as opposed to, for example, habeas corpus relief—ranks among the ‘“rights” the electorate sought to preserve. A careful reading of the statute points to the opposite conclusion: The voters authorized defendant and others similarly situated to seek resentencing under the recall provisions of [662]*662section 1170.126, but they did not intend to confer a right to automatic resentencing under the amended penalty provisions of the Reform Act.5
IV.
We affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeal.
Cantil-Sakauye, C. J., Werdegar, J., Chin, J., Corrigan, J., Liu, J., and Cuéllar, J., concurred.