People v. Clarke

52 V.I. 874, 2009 WL 2843352, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 76158

Opinion

GÓMEZ, Chief Judge

MEMORANDUM OPINION

(August 26, 2009)

Before the Court is the motion of William G. Clarke (“Clarke”) for reconsideration of this Court’s June 25, 2009, Order granting the motion of the People of the Virgin Islands (the “Government”) to remand the above-captioned matter to the Superior Court of the Virgin Islands, Division of St. Thomas and St. John (the “Superior Court”).

I. FACTS

On the morning of September 7, 2008, Defendant William G. Clarke (“Clarke”), a special agent with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, witnessed a dispute between Marcus Sukow (“Sukow”) and Marguerite Duncan (“Duncan”) outside of Clarke’s condominium at the Mahogany Run Condominium complex, in St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. Clarke eventually intervened in the dispute and shot and killed Sukow. It is undisputed that Clarke was not working at the time of the shooting.

On January 13, 2009, the Government filed a four-count information against Clarke in the Superior Court. Count One of the information charges Clarke with second degree murder, in violation of title 14, sections 921 and 922 of the Virgin Islands Code (“Section 921” and “Section 922”). Count Two charges Clarke with using a dangerous weapon during the commission of a second degree murder, in violation of title 14, section 2251(a)(2)(B) of the Virgin Islands Code (“Section 2251(a)(2)(B)”). Count Three charges Clarke with committing voluntary manslaughter, in violation of title 14, section 924 of the Virgin Islands Code (“Section 924”). Count Four charges Clarke with using a dangerous weapon during the commission of a voluntary manslaughter, in violation of Section 2251(a)(2)(B).

On January 15, 2009, Clarke was arraigned on the charges in the information in the Superior Court.

On February 13, 2009, Clarke filed a notice of removal of the matter to this Court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1) (“Section 1442(a)(1)”). On March 13, 2009, the Government filed an opposition to the notice of removal, along with a motion to remand the matter to the Superior Court. An evidentiary hearing on the motion to remand was conducted on April 1, 2009.

On June 25, 2009, the Court granted the Government’s motion to remand after determining that Clarke had failed to meet his burden of proving that removal was appropriate.

Clarke timely filed a motion for reconsideration of the June 25, 2009, Order. A hearing on the motion for reconsideration was conducted on August 20, 2009.

II. ANALYSIS

Local Rule of Civil Procedure 7.3 (“Local Rule 7.3”) provides:

A party may file a motion asking the court to reconsider its order or decision.... A motion to reconsider shall be based on:

1. Intervening change in controlling law;

2. Availability of new evidence, or;

3. The need to correct clear error or prevent manifest injustice

LRCl 7.3 (2008). The purpose of a motion for reconsideration “is to correct manifest errors of law or fact or to present newly discovered evidence.” Harsco Corp. v. Zlotnicki, 779 F.2d 906, 909 (3d Cir. 1985). Such motions are not substitutes for appeals, and are not to be used as “a vehicle for registering disagreement with the court’s initial decision, for rearguing matters already addressed by the court, or for raising arguments that could have been raised before but were not.” Bostic v. AT&T of the V.I., 45 V.I. 553, 312 F. Supp. 2d 731, 733 (D.V.I. 2004).

Here, Clarke argues that reconsideration is appropriate in order to correct clear error or prevent manifest injustice. Clarke identifies several reasons why, in his view, the Court erred by granting the motion to remand.

A. Relevant Case Law

Clarke argues that the Court erred by failing to consider relevant case law in addressing whether Clarke was acting under color of federal office when he shot Sukow. As support for this argument, Clarke points to United States v. Hoy, 137 F.3d 726 (2d Cir. 1998) and United States v. Reid, 517 F.2d 953 (2d Cir. 1975), among other cases. Clarke asserts that, because those cases were not mentioned in the Court’s June 25, 2009, Memorandum Opinion, the Court failed to consider them. The merits of that argument are so illusory that little ink is required to address it. The fact that certain cases submitted by Clarke were not cited in the Court’s opinion does not mean that the Court did not consider those cases. Indeed, pushed to its logical extreme, that suggestion would mean that unless a court referred to every item in the docket prior to disposing of a case, the court did not consider all matters prior to disposition. The Court undertook its obligations in a manner consistent with the law, which requires consideration of all relevant materials.

Moreover, none of the cases Clarke cites address the issue of whether a defendant was acting under color of federal office for purposes of removal under Section 1442(a)(1). The cases relied on by Clarke stand for the proposition that, in a variety of contexts, a federal officer may be considered to be acting in accordance with his official authority even though he is not technically on duty at the time of the conduct in question. Nothing in the Court’s June 25, 2009, Opinion is inconsistent with that proposition. Indeed, the Court recognized that ATF policies permit special agents to intervene if they witness an exigent state offense while not on their tour of duty. The Court also left open the possibility that Clarke could have been acting under color of federal office if his conduct fell within the scope of those policies. The Court held, however, that the facts presented by Clarke in this case were insufficient to show that Clarke was in fact acting within the scope of those ATF policies when he shot Sukow. None of the cases cited by Clarke suggest otherwise.

B. Legal Standard for Removal

Clarke next argues that the Court erred by applying a more rigorous standard for removal in the criminal context than would be appropriate in the civil context. He claims that the Court inappropriately relied on dicta in footnote four of Willingham v. Morgan, 395 U.S. 402, 89 S. Ct. 1813, 1817, 23 L. Ed. 2d 396 (1969) in arriving at that holding. However, the Court’s ruling was not based on any statement in Willingham. Rather, it was based on the principle outlined in Maryland v. Soper, (No. 1), 270 U.S. 9, 46 S. Ct. 185, 189, 70 L. Ed. 449 (1926), and Colorado v. Symes, 286 U.S. 510, 52 S. Ct. 635, 76 L. Ed. 1253 (1932) that a criminal defendant must present sufficient facts in support of removal to enable the Court to determine whether the charged conduct arises from acts done under color of federal office.

Clarke points out that in the subsequent criminal removal case of Mesa v. California, 489 U.S. 121, 109 S. Ct. 959, 103 L. Ed. 2d 99 (1989), the Supreme Court did not mention the statement in Willingham that, “[w]ere this a criminal case, a more detailed showing might be necessary because of the more compelling interest in conducting criminal trials in the state courts.” Willingham, 395 U.S. at 409 n.4. However, that fact is of little consequence because Mesa did not address the issue of the factual showing required to establish that the charged conduct was done under color of federal office. Rather, Mesa focused on the legal issue of whether a defendant must raise a colorable federal defense in order to be entitled to removal under Section 1442(a).

Clarke also calls the Court’s attention to the decision of the United State Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in Commonwealth of Pa. v. Newcomer, 618 F.2d 246 (3d Cir. 1980). In Clarke’s view, that case is significant because it involved removal of a criminal prosecution, yet the Third Circuit did not mention footnote four of Willingham. However, the facts of Newcomer were very different from the facts at issue in this case.

In that case, the defendant, a truck driver for the United States Postal Service, struck and killed a pedestrian while he was driving on his mail route. The defendant was charged by the state with vehicular homicide. Thereafter, he removed the case to district court. Based on those facts, the Third Circuit held that

the defendant has satisfactorily demonstrated in his petition and the accompanying papers, the necessary causal connection in this case between his federal authority to drive a postal truck and the acts involved in the accident which are the basis for the instant prosecution, acts which occurred while he was acting as an employee of the postal service, while driving a postal truck, within the scope of his office.

Id. at 250. Thus, in Newcomer, there was no question as to whether the defendant was acting pursuant to his federal authority when he committed the acts in question, as he was on duty, driving his postal vehicle at the time of the accident. Thus, there was no reason for the Newcomer court to address the level of specificity required for a defendant to show that he was acting within the scope of his federal authority.

In the face of clear Supreme Court precedent laying out the legal standard with respect to the degree of specificity required to show that a criminal defendant is entitled to removal, the Court is reluctant to rely on cases that do not articulate that standard. Accordingly, Clarke’s argument that Willingham, Mesa, and Newcomer undermine the validity of the standard outlined in Soper and Symes must fail.

C. Soper and Symes

Clarke contends that the Court erred by relying on Soper and Symes in ruling that a criminal defendant seeking removal must present facts sufficient to enable the Court to determine whether he was acting under color of federal office when he committed the acts in question.

In Clarke’s view, the Supreme Court in Mesa expressly limited the standard outlined in Soper to cases in which the defendant pleaded by traverse while seeking removal. However, the Court in Mesa did no such thing. Rather, the Mesa Court’s discussion of Soper was in response to the Government’s argument that Soper did away with the requirement that a defendant assert a colorable federal defense in order to be entitled to removal. Indeed, the Court in Mesa stated: “Unlike the Government, we do not understand the causal connection test of Soper (No. 1) to have eliminated the general requirement that federal officer removal be predicated on the existence of a federal defense.” Mesa, 489 U.S. at 132. The Mesa Court also noted that “Soper (No. 1) presented a unique criminal prosecution . . . where a federal officer pleaded by traverse and sought removal,” and that “the decision assumed that a situation could arise in which a petition that pleaded by traverse might warrant removal.” Id. The Court in Mesa expressly declined to decide whether a defendant who pleaded by traverse could be entitled to removal. Thus, the purpose of the discussion of Soper in Mesa was to reject the government’s contention that a defendant need not articulate a colorable federal defense to be entitled to removal. That discussion did not touch upon the aspect of Soper dealing with the sufficiency of the facts presented in support of removal.

Clarke further argues that this Court erred in relying on Soper and Symes because the version of the federal officer removal statute in effect when those cases were decided was different than the version in effect today. As Clarke correctly points out, the version of the statute in effect at the time of Soper and Symes required the defendant’s removal petition to “set forth the nature of the ... prosecution and be verified by affidavit,” Judicial Code of 1911, section 33, 36 Stat. 1097, as amended by 39 Stat. 532 (Aug. 23, 1916) (“Section 33”), whereas the current version of the statute contains no such requirement. Contrary to Clarke’s contention, however, the amendments to the removal statute did not do away with the requirement that the defendant present a sufficient evidentiary basis in support of his removal petition. Rather, Congress simply altered the means for presenting such evidence. Indeed, as the Court explained in its June 25, 2008, Opinion, “today [28 U.S.C. §] 1446(c)(5) contemplates that such facts will be adduced at an evidentiary hearing.” (Mem. Op. 21 n.8, June 25, 2009.); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1446(c)(5) (providing that if the district court does not order summary remand of a criminal prosecution, “it shall order an evidentiary hearing to be held promptly and after such hearing shall make such disposition of the prosecution as justice shall require”). Thus, while the statute has evolved in some respects, the requirement that a sufficient evidentiary showing must be made to support removal has not been eliminated.

D. Legislative History of 28 U.S.C. § 1446

Clarke next argues that when Congress amended 28 U.S.C. § 1446 (“Section 1446”) in 1988, it did so with the intention of conforming Section 1446 to the pleading standards outlined in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(1). By that argument, Clarke invites the Court to engage in a debate regarding the statute’s legislative history. However, legislative history is only relevant to the extent a statute is unclear. See In re Harvard Industries, Inc., 568 F.3d 444, 451 (3d Cir. 2009) (“[W]e rely on the legislative history only where the text itself is ambiguous.”). Because the text of Section 1446 clearly requires that an evidentiary hearing be conducted in a criminal removal case, the Court declines Clarke’s invitation to delve into the statute’s legislative history.

E. Focus of the Court’s Inquiry

Clarke urges that the Court erred by focusing on the wrong factual issue in conducting the color of office analysis. More specifically, Clarke asserts that the following passage demonstrates that the Court inappropriately focused on whether Clarke was justified in using deadly force, instead of focusing on whether he was acting under color of federal office:

the facts presented by Clarke in support of removal merely describe the events that led up to the crucial occurrence in this case — the shooting of Sukow. However, the evidence presented by Clarke does not give the Court a full picture of what happened on the morning in question. Indeed, the Court is unable to discern from the evidence in the record whether Clarke shot Sukow because he believed Sukow posed a threat to Clarke or Duncan, or because Clarke was angry that Sukow struck Clarke’s vehicle with a flashlight.

(Mem. Op. 22, June 25, 2009.) Contrary to Clarke’s assertion, the Court made no attempt to determine whether Clarke’s actions were ultimately justified. Rather, the above-quoted passage inquires into Clarke’s motives for shooting Sukow in order to assess whether the shooting occurred because Clarke was responding to an exigent state offense, and therefore was acting within the scope of ATF policies when he shot Sukow. Clarke claims that such inquiry was unnecessary in the analysis of whether Clarke was acting under color of federal office when he shot Sukow. Pushed to its logical extreme, Clarke’s argument in this respect suggests that everything a federal officer does should be considered to be done under color of federal office. Were that the standard, the “color of . . . office” language in Section 1442(a)(1) would be rendered meaningless.

F. Consideration of Evidence

Clarke asserts that the Court unjustifiably rejected Clarke’s offer to present additional evidence supporting removal at the April 1, 209, hearing, and that it should consider additional evidence at this stage of the proceedings. In support of his argument that the Court refused to let him put on evidence at the April 1, 2009, hearing, Clarke refers to an off-the-record discussion that took place at the conclusion of the hearing. In his motion for reconsideration, Clarke states that during such discussion,

Clark proffered that he was prepared to present testimony of a witness who conducted a comprehensive investigation of the events of September 7,2008 on behalf of ATF, which would have provided a fuller picture of how S A Clark’s decision to intervene to protect Ms. Duncan from the violence of Mr. Sukow was pursuant to his authority as a federal law enforcement officer. The witness would have also presented ATF’s position that SA Clark acted in compliance with the established policies of the United States Department of Justice. But the Court, in unrecorded comments, did not permit SA Clark to present such testimony.

(Mot. for Reconsideration 4, July 8, 2009.)

Additionally, during the August 20, 2009, hearing, Clarke reiterated his position that the Court precluded him from presenting evidence at the April 1, 2009, hearing. In fact, the Court questioned Clarke’s attorney at least three times regarding their position on this issue. Each time, the attorney reiterated his view that the Court prevented Clarke from presenting relevant evidence at the April 1, 2009, hearing.

However, the transcript of the April 1, 2009, hearing, together with a verbatim transcription of the discussion to which Clarke refers (attached hereto as Appendix A), reveals nothing about what is suggested by Clarke. At the conclusion of the April 1, 2009, hearing, while still on the record, Clarke’s attorney, Adam Hoffinger, Esquire, engaged in the following exchange with the Court:

MR. HOFFINGER: Your Honor,... we’re prepared to supplement the record —

THE COURT: All right. How would you like to do that?

MR. HOFFINGER: — with an additional submission.

What I would like to do, with the Court’s permission, I think, is submit an affidavit. And I think Your Honor may understand. I’ll be frank with the Court. My client is here today. I don’t want to put my client on the witness stand to establish, you know, if I don’t have to—

But I would prefer, since we have proceeded before by affidavit, to give Your Honor an affidavit....

So with the Court’s permission, if you give me a short deadline, I will give you an affidavit, or series of affidavits, that will — that I think will answer your, Your Honor’s question and complete the record on this issue of whether it was, you know, just a mild agreement, a disagreement, or whether it was — there was some threat of violence.

THE COURT: All right.

What’s the government’s position on how we should proceed?

Is there — do you want to continue presenting evidence, Attorney Hoffinger?

Is there no one else that you can call besides your client, who can present that evidence before the Court?

MR. HOFFINGER: I think we can put on a witness, Your Honor. But I have to ask the Court’s indulgence. Could we take a short break so that we can prepare that witness and to make sure all this is ready —

(Hr’g Tr. 89-91, April 1, 2009.)

As revealed in the above quotation, Clarke made clear that he did not wish to present a witness. Rather, he indicated that he preferred to present testimony by way of affidavit. The Court did not preclude that approach. Clarke also made clear that he wanted to avoid taking the stand to testify on his own behalf. The Court inquired whether the parties could call another witness who could present testimony regarding the events that occurred on September 7, 2008. Because of Clarke’s apparent uncertainty on what evidence to present, or how to present it, the Court then called the parties aside and engaged in the following discussion at sidebar, which was not part of the proceedings in open court.

THE COURT: All right. What is it that you want to do, Attorney Hoffinger?

MR. HOFFINGER: If Your Honor gives us ten minutes, we’ll have a witness on the stand.

THE COURT: Okay.

THE COURT: What do you want to put on?

MR. HOFFINGER: Well, we think it’s going to be a supervisory ATF agent that will be able to testify about, about what the report say, about the violence.

[PROSECUTOR]: Your Honor, we object to that —

THE COURT: Hold on. We’re not on the record. I’m just trying to — it’s just a procedural —

THE COURT: — status matter here.

Are there other, any other witnesses? I mean, because it seems we’re talking about a specific factual incident and whether or not —

THE COURT: — it sounds like your — the question is on the continuum. ...

Where on the continuum is this? And it sounds like you’re suggesting you’re going to put on someone who didn’t witness this.

MR. HOFFINGER: It would be hearsay testimony Your Honor, I agree.

Now, Your Honor ■ — ■

THE COURT: Okay.

MR. HOFFINGER:----If Your Honor wants firsthand, firsthand witness — firsthand evidence —

THE COURT: Well, I’m not going to tell you how to put it on because there are any number of hearsay exceptions that may or may not be applicable. I have no idea who or what it is that you would put on, but it seems to me if you’re trying to inform the Court on where on the continuum something falls, and your intention is to put on someone who was not there, you know, I don’t know if that’s going to necessarily be helpful. It may be, but I don’t know.

MS. DRUE: Is Your Honor objecting to —

THE COURT: I’m not objecting. I’m just saying that there’s a hearing that it seems the statute requires and the hearing, I suspect, is one that would allow each side to cross examine, or at least question the evidence that’s proffered. An affidavit, unless this system is drawn out, it would be a battle of affidavits when we have the hearing right here and now.

(Sidebar Tr. 3-5, April 1, 2009.)

As the above quotations make clear, the Court did not deny any request by Clarke to put on evidence. To the contrary, the Court explicitly declined to instruct Clarke as to how to put on his case. Indeed, the Court offered that any number of hearsay exceptions might allow hearsay testimony. Thus, Clarke’s assertion that the Court unjustifiably refused to allow Clarke to present evidence at the April 1, 2009, hearing is wholly without merit.

Moreover, during the remainder of the sidebar discussion the Court gave the parties every opportunity to supplement the record with whatever evidence they wished to present. Attorney Hoffinger expressed concern that, if he were to call a witness, it might result in a mini-trial. The Court assured Attorney Hoffinger that it does not conduct mini-trials, and then engaged in the following exchange with Attorney Hoffinger:

THE COURT: — you know, it seems to me if this is a thing that you’re trying to inform and place on the record where on the continuum something falls, it seems it would be useful to put on something that can be presented without objection. And maybe, you know, there’s some way that can be done with the person that you are contemplating. I don’t know.

MR. HOFFINGER: May I — let me —

THE COURT: Let me, let me also put this out for the parties and, you know, again, the hearing is only required if, when — where the Court considers evidence if there is a disagreement, a dispute on material facts.

Now it seems that, I think, that both parties agree that it seems that this would be a material consideration for the Court.

Is there a dispute on what happened? Can — is there any way that that can just be placed on the record? Or is there some dispute?

(Id. at 5-6.)

The Court then attempted to ascertain what facts, if any, the parties agreed on. The Court asked the parties:

THE COURT: — is there a report that sort of outlines what happened that we can go through, and maybe the parties can agree on certain points?

(Id. at 8.) The parties began referring to different documents and speaking simultaneously. The Court interjected:

THE COURT: No, my question is, you know, whatever happened on the day in question, is there some document —

THE COURT: — that both parties would say “this outlines what happened and we have no dispute on this.”

(Id. at 8-9.)

The parties were unable to come to a consensus as to an existing document which they could agree was an accurate representation of the events in question. The Court then stated:

THE COURT: All right. Well, let me, let me suggest this: I think there’s a way to resolve this.

At least, there are certain things I think that you can agree on, you know.

(Id. at 9.) The Court then continued its inquiry to determine whether there were any facts on which the parties agreed. Thereafter, Attorney Hoffinger stated:

MR. HOFFINGER: We’ 11 try to work — that’s — and that’s what I, by the way — I wasn’t — when I asked for stipulation. I apologize for doing that on the record. I was sort of just inviting the possibility of us trying to work this out.

(Id. at 10.)

To that end, Attorney Hoffinger suggested that the parties might rely on the Government’s brief. That suggestion provoked a dispute between the parties. Nonetheless, in light of Attorney Hoffinger’s efforts to obtain a stipulation and his efforts to “work this out,” the Court then stated:

THE COURT: All right. I mean, we’re talking about the potential of a stipulation here —

MR. HOFFINGER: Yeah.

THE COURT: — I presume —

MR. HOFFINGER: That’s what I was talking about.

THE COURT: — so if that’s the case — yes.

MR. HOFFINGER: Thank you.

THE COURT: All right. Well, I don’t need to be involved in that. I think you all can, I think you get the idea. And it’s up to the parties. I can’t impose a stipulation. ...

{Id. at 11.) The parties then took a long recess, after which they returned with a single-paragraph stipulation. That stipulation formed the basis for the facts relied upon in the Court’s June 25,2009, Opinion. Significantly, at no time was Clarke precluded by this Court from presenting evidence. Indeed, to the extent Clarke did not present testimony, whether live or by way of affidavit, that was a decision of his own choosing.

Finally, Clarke contends that the Court should consider additional evidence, which he has submitted in conjunction with his motion for reconsideration. Specifically, Clarke has submitted a declaration, in which he describes in detail the events that occurred on September 7, 2008, from his own perspective. Clarke has also submitted declarations of Alexander Rankin (“Rankin”) and his wife, Martha Hale (“Hale”), who were eyewitnesses to the events in question. However, to the extent Clarke attempts to rely on these new declarations in support of his removal petition, such reliance is misplaced.

While Local Rule 7.3 does not define the term, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has characterized newly available evidence as “evidence known but unavailable.” See United States v. Jasin, 280 F.3d 355, 362-63 (3d Cir. 2002) (holding that “ ‘newly available evidence’ is not synonymous with ‘newly discovered evidence’ ” because the former term encompasses evidence of which the party was previously aware). The term “available” means “readily obtainable; accessible.” Random House Dictionary of the English Language 102 (Unabridged ed. 1973).

Here, Clarke fails to show how the evidence contained in the declarations attached to his motion for reconsideration was previously known but not available. In fact, the Court notes that Clarke was present at the April 1, 2009, hearing, but simply declined to testify on his own behalf. Additionally, Clarke was provided with the statement Rankin made to the police well before the April 1, 2009, hearing. While Clarke did not receive any discovery referring to Hale by name, Rankin’s statement made numerous references to his wife. Indeed, Rankin stated that his wife was in Rankin’s apartment with Rankin at the time of the shooting. Rankin also stated that it was his wife who called 911 after the shooting. Furthermore, Rankin’s statement included his name, address, phone number, and place of employment, such that Clarke could have easily contacted Rankin to inquire about his wife’s knowledge of the events that transpired on September 7, 2008. Under these circumstances, the Court finds that the testimony of Clarke, Rankin and Hale was accessible to Clarke prior to the April 1, 2009, hearing. As such, the proffered declarations cannot be considered to be newly available evidence within the meaning of Rule 7.3.

It is well-settled that a motion for reconsideration cannot be used to introduce for the first time evidence that was previously available, thus giving the party seeking to present such evidence a second bite at the apple. See Prusky v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 44 Fed. Appx. 545, 548 n.1 (3d Cir. 2002) (explaining that the purpose of a reconsideration motion “is not to allow a party to simply change[ ] theories and [try] again, thus giving them a second bite at the apple” (quotation omitted)) (unpublished); Mincey v. Head, 206 F.3d 1106, 1137 n.69 (11th Cir. 2000) (“The function of a motion to alter or amend a judgment is not to serve as a vehicle to relitigate old matters or present the case under a new legal theory . . . [or] to give the moving party another ‘bite at the apple’ by permitting the arguing of issues and procedures that could and should have been raised prior to judgment.”); see also, e.g., Publishers Resource, Inc. v. Walker-Davis Publications, Inc., 762 F.2d 557, 561 (7th Cir. 1985) (affirming the denial of a reconsideration motion because “all of the evidence on which [the defendant’s] new arguments rest was available to it at the time it responded to plaintiff’s summary judgment motion and [the defendant] was obligated to make these arguments at that time”).

The Court recognizes that, after finding that the facts in Soper and Symes were insufficient to support removal, the Supreme Court left open the possibility that the trial judges in those cases may find it appropriate to allow the presentation of additional evidence to support removal. See Soper, 270 U.S. at 36 (stating that, “[s]hould the District Judge deem it proper to allow another amendment to the petition for removal, by which the averments necessary to bring the case within section 33 are supplied, he will be at liberty to do so”); Symes, 286 U.S. at 521 (noting that “[t]he district judge, should he deem it proper so to do, may permit the accused by amendment to his petition and additional evidence or otherwise to show that he is entitled to removal authorized by section 33”). The Court finds that Rule 7.3 and the relevant jurisprudence on reconsideration motions provide the appropriate standard for consideration of new evidence after a matter has been decided. Indeed, to consider previously available evidence after the issuance of the ruling in question would undermine the judicial system by giving the parties a roadmap of the Court’s reasoning and then allowing them to tailor their arguments accordingly.

Accordingly, because Clarke fails to demonstrate that the evidence submitted in connection with his motion for reconsideration is newly available, the Court finds it inappropriate to consider such evidence at this stage in the proceedings.

III. CONCLUSION

Understandably, this case evinces strong and diametrically opposed positions. On the one hand, the Government seeks to embrace the well-established position that states have a “compelling interest in conducting criminal trials in the state courts.” Willingham, 395 U.S. at 409 n.4. The prosecution of this case is just such a matter. On the other hand, Clarke espouses the well-established legal position that “the policy favoring removal ‘should not be frustrated by a narrow, grudging interpretation of [Section] 1442(a)(1).’ ” Arizona v. Manypenny, 451 U.S. 232, 242, 101 S. Ct. 1657, 68 L. Ed. 2d 58 (1981) (quoting Willingham, 395 U.S. at 409). This case presents an intersection of these seemingly disharmonious positions. That discord is easily dispelled, however.

Indeed, the statutory framework and relevant case law indicate that those two positions address different circumstances. The difficulty that Clarke has is that he seems to perceive that his status as a law enforcement officer transcends all situations, including the legal evidentiary requirements to avoid remand. It does not. That is precisely why a hearing is required to determine the circumstances surrounding, and the nature of, his conduct. For whatever reason, Clarke was reluctant to present evidence at his hearing, notwithstanding the Court’s repeated invitations. It is unclear whether a transcendent view of law enforcement officer status informed his position. What is quite clear, however, is that Clarke utterly failed to carry his burden to avoid remand.

The reconsideration that Clarke now urges is problematic for several reasons. First, Clarke has failed to demonstrate clear error, newly available evidence, or an intervening change in controlling law. Indeed, the authority cited by Clarke offers little or no support for his position. Rather, Clarke merely recites authority previously considered by the Court.

Clarke’s arguments similarly want for legal relevance. Indeed, in the absence of any clear authority, Clarke remarkably has declared that Supreme Court precedent that specifically addresses removal has been overturned. That approach confounds logic, particularly because a decision of the Supreme Court remains the law of the land until the Court chooses to overturn it. See United States v. Ordaz, 398 F.3d 236, 241 (3d Cir. 2005) (explaining that Supreme Court decisions are binding until overturned). Furthermore, the Supreme Court “does not normally overturn, or . . . dramatically limit, earlier authority sub silentio.” Shalala v. Illinois Council on Long Term Care, Inc., 529 U.S. 1, 18, 120 S. Ct. 1084, 146 L. Ed. 2d 1 (2000). Rather, “a break [in the rule of law] has been recognized only when a [Supreme Court] decision explicitly overrules a past precedent of [the] Court.” United States v. Johnson, 457 U.S. 537, 551, 102 S. Ct. 2579, 73 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1982). There has been no such explicit overruling of the Supreme Court decisions with which Clarke takes issue.

Finally, given the record in this matter, Clarke’s claims that he was precluded from presenting evidence and that he has newly available evidence, not only lack support in the record, but they also seem to fall in line with an effort to rewrite history to one’s advantage. Just as a Monday morning quarterback calling plays after a game cannot change the outcome of the game, Clarke’s position cannot now be improved. While post hoc amendments may be permitted in certain circumstances, Clarke has not met his burden for such dispensation. In sum, he has presented insufficient support to elevate his position above that of a Monday morning quarterback.

As the opportunity for review is limited, see 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d) (“An order remanding a case to the State court from which it was removed is not reviewable on appeal or otherwise . . . Feidt v. Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp., 153 F.3d 124 (3d Cir. 1998) (holding that an order remanding a case that had been removed under Section 1442(a)(1) was not appealable), the Court does not reach this decision lightly. Nonetheless, because Clarke has failed to show that reconsideration is warranted to correct clear error, prevent manifest injustice,¹ or in light of newly available evidence, the Court will deny Clarke’s motion. An appropriate Order follows.

1 In the context of a motion to reconsider, manifest injustice “[gjenerally, [] means that the Court overlooked some dispositive factual or legal matter that was presented to it.” In re Rose, No. 06-1818, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 64622, at *3 (D.N.J. Aug. 30, 2007) (unpublished). Manifest injustice has also been defined as “ ‘an error in the trial court that is direct, obvious, and observable.’ ” Tenn. Prot. & Advocacy, Inc. v. Wells, 371 F.3d 342, 348 (6th Cir. 2004) (quoting BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 974 (7th ed. 1999)). “[M]ost cases ... use the term ‘manifest injustice’ to describe the result of a plain error.” Douglass v. United Services Auto. Ass’n, 79 F.3d 1415, 1425 (5th Cir. 1996).