Filed 2/11/13 P. v. Christopher CA4/2 Received from the court on 12/26/13 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E053885
v. (Super.Ct.No. INC082845)
JEFFERSON BRUCE CHRISTOPHER, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Robert E. Law, Judge.
(Retired judge of the Mun. Ct. for the Central Orange Jud. Dist. assigned by the Chief
Justice pursuant to art. VI, § 6 of the Cal. Const.) Affirmed.
Ronald R. Boyer, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Senior Assistant Attorney General, and Alana Cohen Butler
and James D. Dutton, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
1 Defendant Jefferson Bruce Christopher suffers from schizoaffective disorder. In
2004, after serving his time on a conviction for aggravated assault, he was committed for
treatment as a mentally disordered offender (MDO). In 2011, he was recommitted for an
additional one-year term; the trial court refused to place him on outpatient status.
Defendant challenges the refusal to place him on outpatient status, arguing:
1. The trial court erred by ruling that it did not have the authority to place
defendant on outpatient status.
2. The trial court did not apply the correct legal standard, which required it to
place defendant on outpatient status if there was reasonable cause to believe that he could
be safely and effectively treated as an outpatient.
3. Because there was insufficient evidence that defendant would be dangerous
even if treated as an outpatient, the trial court’s refusal to place defendant on outpatient
status violated due process.
We find no error. Hence, we will affirm.
I
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
A. The People’s Evidence.
Defendant had a history of mental illness dating back to 1976, when he was
diagnosed as having schizophrenia. He had repeatedly been involuntarily detained for
psychiatric evaluation under Welfare and Institutions Code section 5150.
2 In 1987, defendant was charged with attempted murder. He was found to be
incompetent to stand trial and committed to Patton State Hospital (Patton). Thereafter, he
was found not guilty by reason of insanity. Thus, he remained at Patton until 1992.
In 2000, the manager of a McDonald’s asked defendant to leave; because
defendant believed the manager was following him, he threatened to “blow [the
manager’s] brains out.” As a result of this incident, defendant was convicted of making a
criminal threat. (Pen. Code, § 422.)
In 2001, defendant accused a friend of his mother of stealing his Social Security
checks; he punched her in the face six or seven times. As a result, in 2002, defendant
was convicted of aggravated assault (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)(1)) and sentenced to
prison. In 2004, at the end of his sentence, he was found to be an MDO and committed
to Patton.
Defendant’s current diagnosis was schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type. His
symptoms included delusional beliefs. For example, he believed that every time he got
arrested, there was a hurricane on the eastern seaboard. He also believed that there were
holes in the north and south poles and civilizations that lived under them, all of which
was related to a secret federal government project. He claimed to have lost $300 million.
Some of his delusions were persecutory or paranoid.
At the time of trial, defendant was taking two antipsychotic medications, Seroquel
and Abilify. He took the medication willingly.
3 In the opinion of defendant’s treating psychiatrist at Patton, Dr. Mubashir Farooqi,
defendant’s mental illness was not in remission, because he continued to have delusional
beliefs. Also, his insight regarding his illness was “questionable.” While he would tell
Dr. Farooqi that he had a mental illness, he told other staffers that he did not.
However, also in Dr. Farooqi’s opinion, defendant’s mental illness was under
control, meaning that his behavior had improved significantly. He followed the rules.
He was not at risk of committing homicide or suicide. He had not been violent or
threatened anyone with violence. He was not using drugs or alcohol. He attended
Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous meetings regularly. His hygiene and
grooming were good. He worked at Patton as a janitor.
Finally — and again, in Dr. Farooqi’s opinion — defendant still presented a
substantial danger of physical harm to others. Dr. Farooqi explained that “the biggest
predictor of future violence is . . . past violence.” He also explained that, because
defendant lacked insight regarding his mental illness, if “left to his own accord,” he
would not take his medication. Defendant had a history of not taking his medication, and
he had committed “almost all his offenses” when he was not taking any medication.
Dr. Farooqi concluded, “We just want to make sure . . . that he’ll keep taking his
medication and he will not resort to street drugs. If those two factors can be controlled,
then I would . . . feel that he would be safe.”
Dr. Farooqi testified regarding CONREP, which stands for “conditional release
program.” It is a “step down” program, meaning that patients are gradually granted more
4 freedom as they improve. A patient could go into CONREP only if the authorities at
Patton recommended this, and then only if CONREP accepted the patient.
Previously, in 2007, defendant had been discharged into CONREP. However,
when asked for a urine sample, he stated that he had smoked marijuana. As a result, his
CONREP status was revoked within three hours after his discharge, which Dr. Farooqi
described as “the record in our unit for now.” Ultimately, defendant’s drug test was
actually negative. Dr. Farooqi believed that defendant “got panicky during the intake
interview . . . .”
After that, defendant had “adamantly declined” CONREP, because he felt the
rules were too strict. Hence, in his written report, Dr. Farooqi had recommended that
defendant should not be placed on outpatient status.
By the time of trial, defendant had changed his mind and agreed to go to
CONREP. Accordingly, Dr. Farooqi had changed his recommendation; he believed that
defendant should be discharged to CONREP. Dr. Farooqi, however, had “heard . . . that
CONREP did not accept him at this time.”
B. Defendant’s Evidence.
Defendant testified that, in the commitment offense, the victim had stolen his
Social Security check. When he asked her for his money, she spit in his face and
punched him, so he punched her back. He did not feel any remorse or regret, but he
would not do it again.
5 Defendant testified that there had, in fact, been a hurricane “each time they booked
me on 5150s,” but it was only a coincidence; he denied any causal connection.
Defendant wanted to go into CONREP. He did not feel that he had a mental
illness, but he agreed that he needed medication, and he was willing to take it. In 2007,
his CONREP status had been revoked because he truthfully admitted smoking marijuana
at Patton in the past; he had not meant that he had smoked it recently. The CONREP
authorities told him they would reevaluate him in six months, but they never did.
II
MOOTNESS
An MDO commitment lasts for one year; after that, the defendant must be either
released or recommitted. (Pen. Code, §§ 2970, 2981, subd. (c).) Thus, the trial court
recommitted defendant for a period ending April 21, 2012.
In a footnote, the People note that if, during the appellate process, defendant was
recommitted and placed on outpatient status, this appeal would be moot. (People v.
Gregerson (2011) 202 Cal.App.4th 306, 321.) However, they have not filed a motion to
dismiss the appeal as moot. They have not shown (or even claimed) that defendant has,
in fact, been placed on outpatient status. Because there is no evidence before us that the
appeal is moot, we may proceed to decide it.
6 III
FAILURE TO APPLY THE CORRECT LEGAL STANDARD
Defendant contends that the trial court erred by refusing to place him on outpatient
status without ever deciding whether there was reasonable cause to believe that he could
A. Additional Factual and Procedural Background.
After the jury returned its verdict, there was this exchange:
“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: . . . [¶] . . . I’m asking if the Court would order that
Mr. Christopher may go into the CONREP program . . . .
“THE COURT: I appreciate your request. And I listened to it and I’ve heard it,
but I don’t think the Court has the authority actually to do it.
“[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Well, I’m informed that the Court does, but at the
same time CONREP may accept or reject him.
“THE COURT: CONREP can determine if they want to accept him. And I’m not
prepared to make such an order. If I had the authority, I would deny it.”
Accordingly, the trial court ordered defendant returned to Patton.
B. Analysis.
Penal Code section 2972, subdivision (d) provides: “A person shall be released on
outpatient status if the committing court finds that there is reasonable cause to believe
that the committed person can be safely and effectively treated on an outpatient basis.”
7 The defendant has the burden of showing that he or she is suitable for outpatient
treatment. (People v. Gregerson, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at p. 316.) “[T]o obtain
outpatient treatment, the patient must raise a strong suspicion in a person of ordinary
prudence that outpatient treatment would be safe and effective.” (Id. at p. 319, fn.
omitted.)
It is not entirely clear whether the applicable standard of review is substantial
evidence or abuse of discretion. (See People v. Gregerson, supra, 202 Cal.App.4th at
p. 319, and cases cited.) In practice, however, there is little difference between the two.
(Id. at pp. 319-320.) “[W]e look to whether the court relied on proper factors and
whether those factors are supported by the record. [Citation.]” (People v. McDonough
(2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 1472, 1489 [denial of outpatient status to defendant found not
guilty by reason of insanity].)
The People concede that under Penal Code section 2972, subdivision (d), the trial
court had the authority to place defendant in CONREP, and hence, its ruling that it lacked
such authority was “mistaken.” They note, however, that the trial court also ruled that,
even if it did have the authority to place defendant in CONREP, it would not. They
argue that its refusal to place defendant in CONREP should be affirmed on this
alternative ground.
Defendant responds that, because the trial court apparently was unaware of its
authority under Penal Code section 2972, subdivision (d), it must also have been unaware
of the fact that that subdivision required it to determine whether “there is reasonable
8 cause to believe that the committed person can be safely and effectively treated on an
outpatient basis.” He concludes that it must have used an erroneous legal standard.
Preliminarily, it appears to be undisputed that placing an MDO on outpatient
status and placing an MDO in CONREP are one and the same thing; in other words,
CONREP is the only outpatient program there is. (See Welf. & Inst. Code, § 4360
[statutory authorization for CONREP].) Thus, as the People concede, Penal Code section
2972, subdivision (d) did give the trial court the authority to place defendant in
CONREP.
As the trial court’s comments demonstrate, however, the real question, in its mind,
was whether it had the authority to place defendant in CONREP if CONREP had already
rejected him. Dr. Farooqi testified that he had recommended defendant for CONREP;
however, he had “heard” that CONREP had rejected defendant. Although this was
arguably hearsay, defense counsel did not object; accordingly, it was substantial
evidence. (People v. Panah (2005) 35 Cal.4th 395, 476.)
Dr. Farooqi had also testified that a patient can be placed in CONREP only if
CONREP accepts him or her. However, this was a legal conclusion. Even though
defense counsel did not object, it simply was not substantial evidence. (Downer v.
Bramet (1984) 152 Cal.App.3d 837, 841 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two].)
Penal Code section 1600 et seq. sets forth the procedures governing outpatient
placement and treatment for various types of forensic committees, including persons
found incompetent to stand trial (Pen. Code, § 1367 et seq.), persons found not guilty by
9 reason of insanity (Pen. Code, § 1026), mentally disordered sex offenders (Welf. & Inst.
Code, former § 6300 et seq.), and sexually violent predators (Welf. & Inst. Code, § 6600
et seq.). (Pen. Code, § 1600.) Under these procedures, a person cannot be placed in
CONREP unless and until CONREP accepts the person and prepares a treatment plan.
(Pen. Code, § 1602, subd. (a)(2).)
However, Penal Code section 2972, subdivision (d) expressly allows a trial court
to place an MDO in CONREP. Moreover, it provides, “Except as provided in this
subdivision, the provisions of [Penal Code section 1600 et seq.] shall apply to persons
placed on outpatient status pursuant to this paragraph.” (Italics added.) One court has
therefore concluded that “the Legislature intended separate rules to apply to outpatient
treatment of civilly committed MDO’s . . . .” (People v. May (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th
350, 362; see also id. at pp. 359-363.) Moreover, the May court indicated that MDO’s
are not subject to the “require[ment of] consultation with local programs and the
development of a treatment plan before . . . subjects may be placed on outpatient status
. . . .” (Id. at p. 361.) It concluded that Penal Code section 2972, subdivision (d)
provided “a more streamlined process for MDO’s held by a civil commitment only, as
compared with other offenders.” (May, at p. 362.)
May, however, was a decision of the Court of Appeal for the First District,
Division Three. As far as our research has revealed, it stands alone; no other case has
decided, one way or the other, whether a court can place a recommitted MDO in
10 CONREP, even if CONREP does not want to accept him or her. In theory, at least, this
court could disagree with May.
The trial court therefore proceeded cautiously but properly. First, it assumed that
it lacked the authority to place defendant in CONREP without CONREP’s consent.
Alternatively, however, it assumed that it did have the authority to place defendant in
CONREP without CONREP’s consent; it concluded, however, that such a placement was
unwarranted.
Nothing in the record suggests that, in making the latter decision, the trial court
failed to apply the correct statutory standard. “‘On appeal, we presume that a judgment
or order of the trial court is correct, “‘[a]ll intendments and presumptions are indulged to
support it on matters as to which the record is silent, and error must be affirmatively
shown.’” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. Labora (2010) 190 Cal.App.4th 907, 913-
914 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two].) Moreover, “[i]n the absence of evidence to the contrary,
we presume that the court ‘knows and applies the correct statutory and case law.’
[Citations.]” (People v. Thomas (2011) 52 Cal.4th 336, 361.)
We therefore conclude that defendant cannot show that the trial court failed to
apply the correct statutory standard.
11 IV
VIOLATION OF SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS
Defendant contends that the trial court’s refusal to place him on outpatient status
violated due process because there was insufficient evidence that, if placed on outpatient
status, he would be dangerous.
The People respond that defendant is essentially challenging the jury’s finding
that, by reason of his mental disorder, he represented a substantial danger of physical
harm to others. Hence, we begin by determining precisely what defendant is actually
arguing.
Some confusion is understandable, because dangerousness crops up again and
again in a recommitment proceeding.
First, as an overarching principle of substantive due process, an involuntary civil
commitment requires proof that the committee “[is] unable to control [his or her]
behavior and . . . thereby pose[s] a danger to the public health and safety.” (Kansas v.
Hendricks (1997) 521 U.S. 346, 357 [117 S.Ct. 2072, 138 L.Ed.2d 501]; see generally
id., at pp. 357-358; see also Foucha v. Louisiana (1992) 504 U.S. 71, 78 [112 S.Ct. 1780,
118 L.Ed.2d 437].)
Second, as a statutory matter, in an MDO recommitment proceeding, the trier of
fact must find, among other things, that “by reason of his or her severe mental disorder,
the patient represents a substantial danger of physical harm to others . . . .” (Pen. Code,
12 § 2972, subd. (c).) We note that, while this requirement is statutory, it is necessary in
order to make the statute conform with the federal Constitution.
Third — and again as a statutory matter — the trial court must determine whether
“there is reasonable cause to believe that the committed person can be safely and
effectively treated on an outpatient basis.” (Pen. Code, § 2972, subd. (d).) If, so, the
person must be released on outpatient status. (Ibid.) The question of whether the person
can be treated “safely” necessarily involves a determination of dangerousness.
This third finding, however, differs from the first and second findings. The first
two inquiries basically ask whether the person would be dangerous if not recommitted
and not treated. By contrast, the third inquiry asks whether the person would be
dangerous even if recommitted and treated as an outpatient.
Defendant, citing authorities such as Foucha, asserts that this requirement, too, is
constitutionally mandated. However, this does not logically follow. Even though the
statute refers to being “released on outpatient status” (Pen. Code, § 2972, subd. (d),
italics added), an outpatient is, nevertheless, recommitted (see id., subds. (c), (d)).
CONREP entails significant restrictions on a committee’s freedom. As Dr. Farooqi
testified, an outpatient starts out “kind of in a locked facility, but then gradually, as they
improve, get more accommodated into . . . society . . . .”
Thus, defendant’s position is not simply that a civil commitment requires proof
that the committee is dangerous; rather, he is necessarily arguing that a more restrictive
13 civil commitment requires proof that the committee would be dangerous in a less
restrictive civil commitment.
In support of this view, he cites People v. Rasmuson (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th
1487. Rasmuson stated that Welfare and Institutions Code section 6608, subdivision (a),
which allows a sexually violent predator to petition for conditional release, “satisfies, in
part, th[e] constitutional mandate” of Foucha. (Rasmuson, at p. 1505.) It is not at all
clear that by using the words “satisfies, in part,” the court meant that Welfare and
Institutions Code section 6608, subdivision (a) is in itself constitutionally mandated. In
any event, no such constitutional issue was presented in Rasmuson. Thus, this language
is dictum.
In our view, dangerousness is a factor in deciding whether a person can be civilly
committed at all. It is not necessarily a factor in deciding whether the conditions of
confinement comply with due process. “[D]ue process requires that the conditions and
duration of confinement . . . bear some reasonable relation to the purpose for which
persons are committed. [Citations.]” (Seling v. Young (2001) 531 U.S. 250, 265 [121
S.Ct. 727, 148 L.Ed.2d 734], and cases cited.) While dangerousness may play some part
in this analysis, it is hardly the constitutional touchstone that defendant suggests.
We therefore reject defendant’s constitutional challenge. We repeat, however, that
as a statutory matter the trial court must determine whether the defendant can be safely
treated on an outpatient basis. Moreover, as already discussed in part III, ante, the trial
court’s finding on this issue must be supported by evidence in the record. Defendant
14 does not argue — separate and apart from his constitutional challenge — that there was
insufficient evidence that he could not be safely and effectively treated as an outpatient.1
Nevertheless, if only out of an excess of caution, we examine this issue briefly.
Dr. Farooqi emphasized that the two biggest factors in whether defendant was
dangerous were whether he was taking his medication and whether he was using street
drugs. There was no evidence that CONREP would effectively ensure that defendant
took his medication and stayed off street drugs. As noted in part III.B, ante, the burden
of proof was on defendant. For this reason alone, the record supports the trial court’s
ruling.
Defendant points to Dr. Farooqi’s recommendation, as of the time of trial, that he
be placed in CONREP. One possible inference would be that CONREP could effectively
control defendant’s drug use and abuse. However, this was not the only possible
inference. For years, defendant had resisted going into CONREP, because he felt the
rules were too strict. Thus, it was inferable that he would try to get around any
restrictions it imposed. Also, CONREP would allow defendant more and more freedom
over time. He had a history of not taking his medication and, because he did not believe
he had a mental illness, he lacked the motivation to keep taking his medication. And
presumably at some point he would be able to obtain street drugs, if he so desired.
Finally, even though Dr. Farooqi had recommended defendant for CONREP, CONREP
1 In his reply brief, he explicitly states: “This argument was not based upon statute . . . .”
15 itself had apparently rejected him. Thus, it was fairly inferable that defendant could not
be safely and effectively treated in CONREP.
V
DISPOSITION
The order appealed from is affirmed.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RICHLI J. We concur:
HOLLENHORST Acting P. J.
McKINSTER J.