2025 IL App (1st) 231940-U No. 1-23-1940 Order filed June 23, 2025. First Division
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). _____________________________________________________________________________ IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT _____________________________________________________________________________ THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. ) v. ) No. 22 CR 4387 ) KEVIN CHILDS, ) The Honorable ) James Bryan Novy, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
JUSTICE LAVIN delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Pucinski and Cobbs concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: Defendant’s convictions for aggravated criminal sexual assault are affirmed, where the evidence was sufficient to prove defendant’s identity as the offender beyond a reasonable doubt. No error occurred in admitting a witness’ other-crimes testimony and in-court identification of defendant, or in limiting the scope of that witness’ cross-examination.
¶2 Following a bench trial, defendant Kevin Childs was found guilty of three counts of
aggravated criminal sexual assault and sentenced to a total of 18 years in prison. As part of his
sentence, the court ordered him to register as a lifetime sex offender. On appeal, he argues that the No. 1-23-1940
evidence presented at trial didn’t support the trial court’s factual findings, that the court improperly
admitted a witness’ other-crimes testimony and in-court identification of him, and that the court
improperly limited his cross-examination of that witness. We affirm.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 A. Pretrial
¶5 Defendant worked as a patient care technician (PCT) at St. Anthony Hospital (St.
Anthony), located in the Lawndale area in Chicago. He was charged by indictment with six counts
of aggravated criminal sexual assault (720 ILCS 5/11-1.30(a)(4) (West 2022)) and one count of
aggravated criminal sexual abuse (720 ILCS 5/11-1.60(a)(6) (West 2022)), premised on an
incident on January 25, 2022, in which he sexually assaulted a patient, M.B., at St. Anthony.
Defendant’s case was originally set for a jury trial.
¶6 Prior to trial, the State filed a motion to admit other-crimes evidence that, on January 18,
2022, defendant sexually assaulted D.C., another patient at St. Anthony on the same floor as M.B. 1
After hearing arguments, the trial court granted the motion, finding the other-crimes evidence was
admissible under section 115-7.3 of the Code of Criminal Procedures of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/115-
7.3 (West 2022)). The court found the two incidents occurred within a close proximity of time and
were factually similar, as they both involved the sexual assault of two middle-aged, white Hispanic
women on the same hospital floor and in vulnerable positions. Both acts were also committed
under the pretext of cleaning the victims. Further, the court found relevant that the incidents
weren’t isolated, that defendant didn’t know the victims, and that they didn’t know each other.
1 A separate case was pending regarding the incident (22 CR 4388), in which defendant was charged with aggravated criminal sexual assault and aggravated criminal sexual abuse.
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¶7 The State also filed a motion in limine requesting in part that defendant be prohibited from
cross-examining D.C. regarding her possible substance abuse, mental health, or psychiatric
history. In court, defendant argued the subject matter would be relevant to D.C.’s credibility, as
she had a history of heroin addiction, experienced withdrawals in the hospital, and was off her
psychiatric medication “at the time.” The court granted the State’s motion.
¶8 Defendant filed a motion in limine to bar D.C.’s in-court identification of him. Defendant
asserted the identification would be highly prejudicial with little probative value, as D.C.
previously identified another individual as the offender. The court denied the motion, finding
D.C.’s misidentification went toward the weight of her in-court identification, not its admissibility.
¶9 Prior to trial, the case was assigned to a new trial judge. Defendant waived his right to a
jury trial and proceeded by bench trial.
¶ 10 B. Trial
¶ 11 1. The State’s Witnesses
¶ 12 M.B. testified she was taken to St. Anthony on January 18, 2022, due to respiratory issues
and chest pain. She was placed in a room on the hospital’s third floor and, due to her condition,
couldn’t go to the bathroom or bathe herself. Nurse Sonja Sorensen cared for M.B. on admission,
and multiple PCTs cared for her throughout her stay. On January 25, 2022, M.B. felt “[t]errible”
and her room was “burning hot.” She was hooked up to an IV and received oxygen through tubes.
Defendant, whom M.B. identified in court, entered her room three times that day.
¶ 13 On the first occasion, around 1 p.m., defendant entered her room wearing blue hospital
scrubs and a mask. He introduced himself as Kevin, gave M.B. a “dirty look,” jerked her arm, and
took her blood pressure. On the second occasion, M.B. had urinated and defecated in bed. M.B.
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pushed a call button, and defendant entered two hours later, around 3 p.m. Defendant wore his
scrubs, a cap, gloves, and a yellow protective gown. He rolled M.B. over, pulled the blankets off
her bed, wiped her down with washcloths, and then washed her “parts” with his gloved hands.
M.B. felt defendant’s erect penis against her butt through defendant’s clothes three times.
¶ 14 On the third occasion, M.B. had defecated in bed again. She pressed the call button and
waited about an hour until defendant arrived wearing the same hospital apparel with gloves and a
mask. Defendant pulled M.B. to the side of the bed, took off his protective gown and mask, and
cleaned M.B.’s vagina and anus with his gloved hands. M.B. felt uncomfortable. Defendant then
inserted his erect penis into her anus and inserted three fingers in her vagina. M.B. pulled away,
but defendant pulled her back toward him. His penis contacted her vaginal opening and almost
entered her vagina. M.B. pulled away again. Defendant then moved toward the end of the bed,
masturbated within a foot of her head, ejaculated into his gloved hand, and left. Throughout the
incident, M.B. had been pressing the call button but no one responded.
¶ 15 M.B. didn’t report the incident that day because she was in shock and couldn’t talk. The
next day, on January 26, 2022, Sorensen saw her crying and asked what happened. M.B. told her
what happened and described defendant as a “large black male” wearing scrubs. She then reported
the incident to police. She was found to have a bacterial infection in her vagina that she didn’t have
prior to her hospital admission.
¶ 16 Sorensen testified that she had worked with defendant at St. Anthony for a few months,
and defendant was assigned to her unit. Typically, a room at St. Anthony was assigned one nurse
and one PCT, and a unit would have two PCTs on any given shift. Torres was the PCT assigned
to M.B.’s room, and defendant and Torres were the two PCTs working the unit on that shift. On
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January 26, 2022, M.B. described the offender to Sorensen as a “large black male” wearing gray
scrubs, although M.B. had denied during her testimony that she specified his scrubs were gray.
Sorensen testified that defendant matched M.B.’s description because he was the only man
working the unit and PCTs wore light gray scrubs.
¶ 17 Megan Madden, who worked as St. Anthony Hospital’s risk manager, testified that on
January 26, 2022, a patient experience manager reported a conversation she had with M.B. Madden
received a description of a “heavyset African-American man wearing glasses.” After an
investigation, they determined defendant was working on M.B.’s floor and matched the
description.
¶ 18 On January 27, 2022, Chicago police detective Michelle Krofta had a phone conversation
with M.B. and then gave Madden the description of a “male black, heavyset, around 300 pounds,
and wear[ing] glasses.” On cross, Krofta confirmed that, on January 27 and February 1, M.B. told
Krofta that she pressed the call button to summon the nurse after the incident, and the offender left
the room. M.B. stated that Sorensen arrived, and M.B. told her what happened. During another
interview between Krofta and M.B. on February 8, 2022, M.B. stated she reported the incident to
Sorensen on January 26.
¶ 19 On February 1, 2022, Chicago police detective Daniel Fava administered the photo array
for M.B. When M.B. saw the array, she began to cry and her hands shook. “Not long” after, she
identified defendant as the offender in a “very direct” manner. M.B. had testified that she circled
defendant’s picture “right away.”
¶ 20 Before the State called D.C., defense counsel asked the court to reconsider its ruling
regarding his cross-examination of D.C. about her opioid addiction. The State acknowledged
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evidence that D.C. had used heroin two days prior to her hospital admission but asserted there was
no evidence it affected her during the incident. The court modified its ruling and stated counsel
could ask whether D.C. was “under the influence of any kind of narcotic or alcohol at the time of
the incident,” and whether D.C. was “being treated for any addiction at that time.” If D.C.
responded “no,” that would be “the end of the inquiry,” but if the answers were “yes,” counsel
could inquire further because it would impact D.C.’s credibility.
¶ 21 D.C. testified that on January 10, 2022, she was taken to St. Anthony due to respiratory
problems. On the morning of January 18, she was in her hospital bed and needed to be changed
and cleaned. Defendant entered the room. D.C. hadn’t encountered him before and didn’t then
know his name but identified him in court. His hair was short, and he wore glasses, a mask, an
Apple watch, light gray scrubs, and a yellow gown. Defendant removed D.C.’s gown and diaper
and told her to turn over and not look at him. He forced D.C.’s body toward him, inserted his
fingers into her vagina, and “twirl[ed]” his fingers inside. He then pressed against D.C. so that she
felt his penis against her butt through his scrubs. D.C. climaxed and said “that’s enough.”
Defendant rubbed lotion on her buttocks before leaving.
¶ 22 D.C. pressed the call button. Defendant returned to the room and saw her crying. When
D.C. said she wanted to go home, defendant walked back out. Eventually, D.C. signed herself out
against medical advice. Outside her room, she saw defendant and a transportation person.
Defendant repeatedly said he’d take D.C. downstairs, but D.C. insisted that the transportation
person do it. Once downstairs, D.C. waited until her husband picked her up. On January 19, 2022,
D.C. reported the incident to a nurse over the phone and went to the University of Illinois Chicago
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emergency room, where she described the offender to a nurse as “light skin, black male,
approximately 21 to 30, 5’6” at 170 pounds.”
¶ 23 On February 1, 2022, detectives showed D.C. a photo array. She told them she couldn’t
identify the offender because none of the depicted individuals wore glasses, and “a lot” of them
looked older. She repeatedly told the detectives that one person looked like the offender but didn’t
have glasses. D.C. didn’t think the actual offender was in the array but ultimately circled someone,
whom she told the detectives was skinnier and didn’t have a beard, unlike defendant.
¶ 24 On cross, D.C. confirmed she couldn’t breathe or walk and was dizzy when admitted to the
hospital, but she wasn’t “completely out of it.” She didn’t receive her “depression pills” at the
hospital but was given medication through an IV. She didn’t know the medication she received,
but it didn’t make her dizzy or faint. Defense counsel asked D.C. if she was treated for heroin
withdrawal and then confirmed with the court he was asking about treatment on January 10, the
date of D.C.’s admission. The court sustained the objection “as to on January 10th” but allowed
counsel to rephrase the question. Counsel then asked D.C. if she was treated for heroin withdrawal
at the hospital, and she stated, “No.” He asked if D.C. used heroin prior to admission, and the court
sustained the State’s objection to the question.
¶ 25 2. Defendant’s Witnesses
¶ 26 Defendant testified that he started working at St. Anthony on October 24, 2021. He denied
that he was assigned to or entered M.B.’s room on January 25, 2022, and denied that he committed
the alleged acts of sexual assault against M.B. He also denied contacting M.B. that day, taking her
vitals, or cleaning her backside and vaginal area, as “she wasn’t [his] patient.” He acknowledged
being assigned to D.C.’s room on January 18, 2022, and taking her vitals, but denied cleaning her
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because she was “very capable of doing everything on her own.” He also denied inserting his
fingers in D.C.’s vagina.
¶ 27 On cross, defendant confirmed he was the only male PCT working on January 18 and 25,
and that he wore glasses and light gray scrubs working there. When working with COVID-19-
positive patients, he had to wear a mask, hair covering, and gown. He gave patients baths as
needed, which included “cleaning private areas.” On January 28, 2022, he participated in an
internal investigation regarding the allegations in M.B.’s case and gave his account in a phone
interview with Madden and two others. He didn’t recall saying he was assigned to M.B.’s room.
Defendant spoke to detectives on March 21, 2022, after his arrest. He told them M.B.’s room was
hot on January 25 but denied telling them he entered M.B.’s room three times or cared for a patient
in that room. He also told the detectives he was aware of D.C.’s allegations, but not M.B.’s.
Defendant recognized D.C. in court but denied having ever seen M.B. before. He also confirmed
that a photograph of him showed him wearing an Apple watch.
¶ 28 Alicia Torres testified that she and defendant were the two PCTs assigned to the third floor
on January 25, 2022. Defendant was the only male PCT assigned there. Torres was the PCT
assigned to M.B.’s room that day, and defendant was assigned to the room across the hall. That
day, M.B. was “up and moving” and “doing very well.” Torres checked on her every hour and
responded to M.B.’s calls within a few minutes. The temperature in M.B.’s room was “maybe 72.”
At one point, Torres took a break and told Sorensen, but not defendant. She generally took the
same breaks every day at 9:30 a.m. and 1:30 p.m., and other PCTs helped her patients when she
was unavailable. She didn’t see defendant enter M.B.’s room, but acknowledged she didn’t watch
the door to M.B.’s room for a “good part of the day.”
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¶ 29 Nurse Graciela Castanon testified that she didn’t see M.B. at St. Anthony on January 25.
On cross, she stated she spoke with M.B. on January 26, who was crying and gave the description
of “a young African-American male in light blue scrubs weighing about 300 pounds with glasses.”
Nurse Josefina Garcia testified that she was assigned to M.B.’s room at St. Anthony during a night
shift on January 25. M.B. could walk and use the bathroom, didn’t appear upset, and didn’t mention
being assaulted.
¶ 30 3. State’s Rebuttal
¶ 31 The State called in rebuttal Chicago police detective Jacqueline Kinsella, who testified that
she and Detective Krofta interviewed defendant on March 21, 2022. D.C.’s name never came up
during the interview.
¶ 32 C. Conviction
¶ 33 The trial court found defendant guilty of three counts of aggravated criminal sexual assault
(counts II, IV, and V of the indictment). The court found M.B. credible and “largely unimpeached”
despite “substantial cross-examination.” The court also found defendant not credible, as defendant
knew M.B. was the complainant, lied to hospital personnel and police, and made inconsistent
statements regarding whether he was assigned to M.B.’s room. The court stated it was “not
considering the testimony from [D.C.] as it pertains to propensity.”
¶ 34 Defendant filed a posttrial motion, which alleged in part that the court erred in granting the
State’s motion to admit other-crimes evidence, allowing D.C. to identify him in court, and
prohibiting him from cross-examining D.C. regarding her opioid withdrawal and mental health
history. The court denied the motion, stating in part, “I want to be clear that the Court did not
consider the testimony of [D.C.] as I mentioned in my ruling on February 8th.”
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¶ 35 The court sentenced defendant to three consecutive sentences of six years in prison for each
count of aggravated criminal sexual assault, and ordered defendant to register as a lifetime sex
offender.
¶ 36 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 37 A. Sufficiency of the Evidence
¶ 38 Defendant appears to raise a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial. 2
He asserts that the evidence was not sufficient to prove him guilty of aggravated criminal sexual
assault beyond a reasonable doubt because the State relied “almost entirely on the inconsistent and
uncorroborated testimony of M.B., whose account was contradicted by multiple hospital staff
members on key points.”
¶ 39 When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, our question is “ ‘whether,
after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” (Emphasis in
original.) People v. McLaurin, 2020 IL 124563, ¶ 22 (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,
319 (1979)). It’s the responsibility of the trier of fact to “resolve conflicts in the testimony, weigh
the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from the facts.” People v. Sauls, 2022 IL
127732, ¶ 52. We will not substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact on issues involving
the weight of the evidence or credibility of witnesses. People v. Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d 213,
2 Defendant’s opening brief contains a section titled “Manifest Weight of the Evidence,” which asserts that the “trial court’s guilty finding was against the manifest weight of the evidence” given the “serious doubts raised by the evidence as a whole.” Defendant essentially asserts that the State failed to satisfy the standard set forth in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979), as he contends that “even when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, no rational factfinder could have found the Defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” We interpret this argument to be a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, brought under the Jackson standard.
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224-25 (2009). “[C]ontradictory testimony does not necessarily destroy the credibility of a
witness,” and we won’t reverse a conviction simply because the evidence is contradictory or
because the defendant claims a witness wasn’t credible. People v. Gray, 2017 IL
120958, ¶¶ 36, 47.
¶ 40 Here, defendant was found guilty of three counts of aggravated criminal sexual assault. A
person commits criminal sexual assault by committing an act of sexual penetration and using force
or threat of force. 720 ILCS 5/11-1.20(a)(1) (West 2022). Section 11-1.30(a)(4) states that a person
commits aggravated criminal sexual assault by committing criminal sexual assault and, during the
commission of the offense, commits another felony. 720 ILCS 5/11-1.30(a)(4) (West 2022). In
this case, the other felony is another act of criminal sexual assault.
¶ 41 Defendant argues that the State failed to prove his identity and challenges the reliability of
the identifications made by M.B. and D.C. We note that the trial court expressly stated it didn’t
consider D.C.’s testimony. Nonetheless, M.B.’s identification alone was sufficient to sustain
defendant’s conviction, as she testified competently and was corroborated by other testimony.
¶ 42 It is well-settled that a valid conviction may be based on a positive identification by a single
eyewitness who had ample opportunity to observe. People v. Macklin, 2019 IL App (1st)
161165, ¶ 22. When assessing the reliability of identification testimony, Illinois courts apply the
factors set forth in Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188, 199-200 (1972): (1) the opportunity of the witness
to view the criminal at the time of the crime, (2) the witness’ degree of attention, (3) the accuracy
of the witness’ prior description of the criminal, (4) the level of certainty demonstrated by the
witness at the confrontation, and (5) the length of time between the crime and the confrontation.
People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 567 (2007). We apply the Biggers factors where, as here, a
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defendant asserts the evidence was not sufficient to prove his identity. See, e.g., People v. Slim,
127 Ill. 2d 302, 307-08 (1989). We find each factor weighs in favor of M.B.’s identification being
sufficient and reliable to sustain defendant’s conviction.
¶ 43 First, M.B. had ample time to view defendant, as he entered her room three times and spoke
with her. He came within close proximity to M.B. each time and, on the third occasion, had
removed his mask before masturbating within a foot of her head. M.B.’s close proximity in an
enclosed hospital room on multiple occasions weighs in favor of her identification being
sufficiently reliable. See People v. Tomei, 2013 IL App (1st) 112632, ¶ 40 (inquiry is whether the
witness was close enough to the accused for a sufficient period of time under conditions adequate
for observation); see also People v. Wehrwein, 190 Ill. App. 3d 35, 39 (1989) (adequate opportunity
to view the offender is the most important factor).
¶ 44 Second, there’s no indication that M.B.’s degree of attention was compromised or that she
wasn’t fully conscious during the incident. Rather, M.B. gave a detailed account of the incident,
as well as defendant’s physical features and clothing. See People v. Blankenship, 2019 IL App
(1st) 171494, ¶ 29 (witness’ “detailed account” of the incident indicated attentiveness). As to the
third factor, M.B. consistently described defendant as male, black, heavyset, and wearing glasses
and scrubs. According to a nurse called by defendant, M.B. even estimated defendant weighed
about 300 pounds, consistent with indications in the record that defendant weighed 260 pounds.
See People v. Davila, 2022 IL App (1st) 190882, ¶ 40 (identification reliable where a victim
accurately described several specific characteristics of the defendant).
¶ 45 As to the fourth and fifth Biggers factors, M.B. displayed a high degree of certainty in
identifying defendant from a photo array only one week after the incident. When detectives
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presented M.B. with a photo array, M.B. began crying and “[n]ot long after” circled defendant’s
picture in a “very direct” manner. See People v. Johnson, 2024 IL App (1st) 220494, ¶ 53
(“Though the continued validity of [the degree of certainty factor] has been challenged, it remains
relevant.”); see also People v. Macklin, 2019 IL App (1st) 161165, ¶ 32 (“recent research” has
concluded that “expressions of certainty at the time of initial identification are a relevant indicator
of accuracy”). Moreover, M.B.’s identification of defendant took place on February 1, 2022, just
one week after the January 25, 2022, incident. Courts have found significantly longer lengths of
time did not render identifications unreliable. See, e.g., People v. Green, 2017 IL App (1st)
152513, ¶ 113 (three months between the crime and the identification); People v. Malone, 2012 IL
App (1st) 110517, ¶ 36 (one year and four months).
¶ 46 We further note that M.B.’s identification was also corroborated by other witnesses’
testimony. The multiple hospital staff members called by both parties testified in agreement that
defendant was the only male PCT working on M.B.’s floor at that time. St. Anthony risk manager
Madden also testified that defendant matched M.B.’s description of the offender. Defendant
himself even acknowledged he was the only male PCT working on the date of the incident.
¶ 47 Defendant, however, argues on appeal that M.B.’s identification was unreliable because
she was contradicted by other witnesses as to whether she was completely immobile during the
incident and whether her room was hot. He also asserts that M.B. gave inconsistent accounts
regarding when she first made her outcry to hospital staff about the assault. Yet none of these
minor discrepancies necessarily create a reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt. See People v.
Corral, 2019 IL App (1st) 171501, ¶ 85 (“Minor inconsistencies in the testimony between
witnesses or within one witness’s testimony may affect the weight of the evidence but do not
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automatically create a reasonable doubt of guilt.”). It was the role of the trier of fact to evaluate
M.B.’s credibility, and we will not substitute our judgment for the trial court’s, as defendant asks
us to do. Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d at 224-25. Viewing the evidence as a whole, and in the light
most favorable to the State, we cannot find the evidence was “so unreasonable, improbable, or
unsatisfactory that it justifies a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt.” People v. Bradford,
2016 IL 118674, ¶ 12.
¶ 48 We also note that defendant argues the trial court couldn’t have found him guilty based on
the alleged unreliability of D.C.’s identification of him as the offender. Yet the court expressly
stated, two times on the record, that it did not consider D.C.’s testimony. Regardless of the
reliability of D.C.’s testimony as to a separate incident of sexual assault, as we have stated, M.B.’s
identification of defendant alone was sufficient to sustain the finding that defendant committed the
sexual assault against M.B. See Macklin, 2019 IL App (1st) 161165, ¶ 22.
¶ 49 B. Admissibility of D.C.’s In-Court Identification
¶ 50 Defendant also argues the trial court abused its discretion in admitting D.C.’s in-court
identification of him. Citing the Biggers factors, he asserts the identification was inadmissible
because it was unreliable, as D.C. identified another person as the offender prior to trial.
¶ 51 We again turn to the Biggers factors. See Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 567; see also People v.
Thompson, 2020 IL App (1st) 171265, ¶ 89 (applying Biggers factors in other crimes context). In
doing so, we will not reverse the trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence absent an
abuse of discretion. People v. Calderon, 369 Ill. App. 3d 221, 231 (2006).
¶ 52 We find the first three Biggers factors favor the State, namely, D.C.’s opportunity to
observe defendant, her degree of attention, and the accuracy of her description. As was the case
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with M.B.’s testimony, D.C.’s testimony showed D.C. had ample opportunity to observe
defendant, not only while being in close quarters with defendant during the assault but also when
he confronted her outside her hospital room. Tomei, 2013 IL App (1st) 112632, ¶ 40 (supra ¶ 43).
Also like M.B.’s testimony, D.C. provided a detailed account of defendant’s appearance and what
he was wearing, recalling that he wore glasses and an Apple watch, which was corroborated by
photographs of defendant entered into evidence. See Blankenship, 2019 IL App (1st) 171494, ¶ 29
(supra ¶ 44). While D.C.’s numerical estimation of defendant’s weight was inaccurate, she also
described him as having a “very heavy build,” and her description of defendant was mostly
accurate and consistent with the remainder of the record. 3 See In re N.A., 2018 IL App (1st)
181332, ¶ 28 (victim not required to describe the offender “with pinpoint accuracy”).
¶ 53 Defendant emphasizes that D.C. identified another person as the offender prior to trial,
which would be relevant to the last two Biggers factors, i.e., time between the incident and the
confrontation, and the degree of certainty. Yet D.C. testified that she told detectives she couldn’t
identify defendant because she didn’t see him wearing glasses in the array as he did during the
incident. D.C. even told the detectives that she didn’t believe the person she identified was actually
the offender. In other words, D.C.’s misidentification was apparently based on her expressed
concern that the photos in the array didn’t exactly match her (essentially accurate) description of
defendant. Given that D.C. stated she knew she wasn’t identifying the correct person and otherwise
accurately described defendant, we cannot find D.C.’s pretrial misidentification renders D.C.’s in-
court identification so unreliable that it was inadmissible. Rather, her inability to identify defendant
3 As we have stated, D.C. described defendant to a nurse as “light skin, black male, approximately 21 to 30, 5’6” at 170 pounds.” The record reflects that defendant was black, male, about 30 years old at the time of the incident, 5 feet 9 inches, and weighed 260 pounds.
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would go toward the weight to give her identification. See Calderon, 369 Ill. App. 3d at 232
(witness’ inability to identify a defendant prior to trial does not render incompetent and
inadmissible the witness’ later identification at trial); see also People v. Maloney, 201 Ill. App. 3d
599, 609 (1990) (same). Thus, we cannot find the court abused its discretion in allowing D.C. to
identify defendant in court.
¶ 54 C. Admissibility of D.C.’s Testimony as Other-Crimes Evidence
¶ 55 Defendant also asserts the trial court erred in admitting D.C.’s testimony as other-crimes
evidence. Specifically, he argues there was little evidence connecting him to the crime committed
against D.C., and the court couldn’t have admitted the other-crimes evidence without first making
a finding regarding D.C.’s identification of defendant. Defendant also argues that, because there
was no pretrial identification of defendant as the offender in D.C.’s case, the two sets of allegations
were too dissimilar for the other-crimes evidence to be admitted.
¶ 56 Evidence of other crimes is generally inadmissible “if it is relevant only to show the
defendant’s propensity to engage in criminal activity.” People v. Rios, 2022 IL App (1st)
171509, ¶ 64. Section 115-7.3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/115-7.3
(West 2022)), however, allows the use of other-crimes evidence where the defendant is accused of
sex offenses, including, as here, aggravated criminal sexual assault. Id. § 115-7.3(a), (b); People
v. Kline, 2024 IL App (1st) 221595, ¶ 79 (115-7.3 allows other-crimes evidence to demonstrate
propensity to commit sex offenses). In such an instance, evidence that the defendant committed
another offense, here the aggravated criminal sexual assault of D.C., is admissible and “may be
considered for its bearing on any matter to which it is relevant,” including propensity. Id. § 115-
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7.3(b). Other-crimes evidence is also admissible when it is relevant to show identity or bolster a
victim’s identification of the perpetrator. People v. Johnson, 368 Ill. App. 3d 1146, 1158 (2006).
¶ 57 Prior to admitting other-crimes evidence under section 115-7.3, the trial court must weigh
the probative value of the evidence against the undue prejudice to the defendant. Kline, 2024 IL
App (1st) 221595, ¶ 79. This involves an inquiry codified in section 115-7.3(c), which provides
that the court must consider (1) “the proximity in time to the charged or predicate offense”; (2)
“the degree of factual similarity to the charged or predicate offense”; or (3) “other relevant facts
and circumstances.” 725 ILCS 5/115-7.3(c) (West 2022). For other-crimes evidence to be
admissible, the State’s proof of the other crime “need not be beyond a reasonable doubt but must
be more than a mere suspicion.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Rosado, 2017 IL
App (1st) 143741, ¶ 22. We review this issue for abuse of discretion. Id. ¶ 19.
¶ 58 We find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of the aggravated
criminal sexual assault of D.C. First, the “other crime” in question was exceptionally close in time
to the instant crime, as the two occurred within a week of each other. See Johnson, 2020 IL App
(1st) 162332, ¶ 42 (proximity factor “clearly satisfied” where two incidents occurred within 12
days of each other). Second, the two crimes were undeniably similar, as they both involved
defendant sexually assaulting a female patient in a vulnerable state, on the same floor of the same
hospital, under the pretext of cleaning them. People v. Ramsey, 2017 IL App (1st) 160977, ¶ 32
(“As factual similarities increase, so does the relevance, or probative value, of the other-crimes
evidence.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)). As to the third 115-7.3(c) factor, the court
additionally found relevant that defendant didn’t know both victims. See Kline, 2024 IL App (1st)
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221595, ¶ 80 (victim’s relationship to the defendant relevant to 115-7.3(c) inquiry, where one
victim was a sex worker and the other was in a long-term relationship with the defendant).
¶ 59 Nonetheless, defendant asserts that, prior to conducting a 115-7.3(c) inquiry, the court was
required to first find that D.C.’s identification of defendant as the offender was reliable. He
contends that the failure to do so “switch[ed]” the burden of proof onto him, forcing him to prove
the other crime was committed by someone else. Yet defendant’s argument assumes that the State
had the initial burden to prove defendant committed the other crime for the other-crimes evidence
to be admissible. This court has made clear that the State need only show more than a “mere
suspicion” for other-crimes evidence to be admissible. Rosado, 2017 IL App (1st) 143741, ¶ 22.
Here, the evidence far exceeded that standard, regardless of whether D.C. reliably identified
defendant, as both crimes here were committed within a week of each other, on the same floor of
the same hospital, and by a man with the same description. See Johnson, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 1152-
53, 1159 (evidence of multiple other crimes was admissible despite lack of identification in the
other crimes, where the same gun was used in both the crime at issue and one other crime, and the
defendant matched the description given in another one of the “other” crimes). Given that the
factors set forth in section 115-7.3(c) overwhelmingly favored the admissibility of the other-crimes
evidence, we cannot find the court erred in admitting D.C.’s testimony as other-crimes evidence.
See 725 ILCS 5/115-7.3(c) (West 2022).
¶ 60 D. Limitations on D.C.’s Cross-Examination
¶ 61 Finally, defendant asserts that the trial court erred in prohibiting defendant from cross-
examining D.C. regarding her substance abuse history and mental health condition at the time of
the offense.
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¶ 62 Criminal defendants have the right under the sixth amendment to cross-examine witnesses
against them. U.S. Const., amend VI. It is within the trial court’s sound discretion, however, to
limit the scope of cross-examination and determine the extent of cross-examination with respect
to an appropriate subject. People v. Sanders, 2019 IL App (1st) 160718, ¶¶ 22-23. A witness’ drug
use or mental health history can be proper subjects for cross-examination, as they may be relevant
as they relate to a witness’ credibility. See People v. Carter, 2022 IL App (1st) 210261, ¶ 96 (drug
use); People v. Johnson, 2023 IL App (2d) 210110, ¶ 30 (mental health). To introduce this
evidence, however, counsel must first establish the relevance of the topics to the witness’
credibility. Baldwin, 2014 IL App (1st) 121725, ¶ 52. We will not disturb the trial court’s decision
to limit the scope of cross-examination absent an abuse of discretion. Id. ¶ 22.
¶ 63 Here, defendant asked that the court permit him to cross-examine D.C. as to her mental
health and drug usage. The court ultimately allowed defendant to cross-examine D.C. as to her
state of mind and whether she was under the influence or withdrawing from an influence during
the incident, as it related to her ability to recall what occurred. Yet the court prohibited defendant
from cross-examining D.C. regarding her mental condition and drug usage generally. We find the
trial court exercised proper discretion in limiting the cross-examination, as inquiry regarding
D.C.’s general history of substance abuse and mental health would not have been relevant as to
whether D.C. was able to observe and recall the events she was testifying about. See Johnson,
2023 IL App (2d) 210110, ¶ 31 (trial court properly limited questioning of witness regarding her
mental health to which medications she was prescribed and whether she was diagnosed with a
mental illness “ ‘that would affect her ability to perceive the facts as they were occurring’ ”).
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¶ 64 We also note that D.C.’s testimony was only offered as other-crimes evidence. This court
has cautioned that other-crimes evidence “must not become the focal point of the trial,” and the
trial court “should prevent a mini-trial of a collateral offense.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)
Johnson, 2020 IL App (1st) 162332, ¶ 52. Allowing extensive cross-examination D.C.’s history
of substance abuse, medication, and mental health would have risked making the State’s other-
crimes evidence a focal point of the trial. We find no abuse of discretion occurred in limiting this
line of inquiry, where it would not have been relevant to the central issue at trial, i.e., whether
defendant committed the aggravated criminal sexual assault of M.B. See Ill. R. Evid. 401
(“ ‘Relevant evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that
is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would
be without the evidence.”).
¶ 65 E. Harmless Error and Cumulative Error
¶ 66 We find that the trial court committed no error in admitting D.C.’s testimony and in-court
identification of defendant, or in limiting defendant’s cross-examination of D.C. Nonetheless, even
had any errors occurred regarding D.C.’s testimony, they could not possibly merit reversal as they
would be harmless. As recounted, the trial court stated twice, both in announcing its finding of
guilt and in denying defendant’s posttrial motion, that it did not consider D.C.’s testimony. Thus,
the record clearly shows that any potential error during D.C.’s testimony could not have
contributed to defendant’s conviction. See People v. Cox, 2023 IL App (1st) 170761, ¶ 56 (The
critical question under harmless error analysis is “whether it appears beyond a reasonable doubt
that the error did not contribute to the verdict.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)). Having
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rejected defendant’s claims of error, we need not address his argument that cumulative error denied
him a fair trial. See People v. Peterson, 2017 IL 120331, ¶ 131.
¶ 67 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 68 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶ 69 Affirmed.
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