NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
2022 IL App (3d) 200420-U
Order filed November 17, 2022 ____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ILLINOIS, ) of the 21st Judicial Circuit, ) Kankakee County, Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) Appeal No. 3-20-0420 v. ) Circuit No. 18-CF-492 ) THEO CHESTER, ) Honorable ) Clark E. Erickson, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. ____________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE PETERSON delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Daugherity and Holdridge concurred in the judgment. ____________________________________________________________________________
ORDER
¶1 Held: (1) Defendant’s statutory speedy trial rights were not violated; (2) defendant’s constitutional speedy trial rights were not violated; (3) defense counsel was not ineffective; and (4) the circuit court did not err when it did not appoint independent counsel to represent defendant during a preliminary Krankel hearing.
¶2 Defendant, Theo Chester, appeals following his conviction for second degree murder. He
argues his statutory and constitutional speedy trial rights were violated, he received ineffective
assistance of trial counsel, and the Kankakee County circuit court failed to conduct a proper
Krankel hearing. We affirm. ¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 Police arrested defendant on August 20, 2018, for the murder of his brother, George
Chester. 720 ILCS 5/9-2 (West 2018). Defendant appeared in court on August 22, 2018, and the
matter was continued to September 11, 2018, for arraignment. Defendant remained in custody.
The court docket attributes the continuance to defendant.
¶5 At arraignment, the court continued the case to October 18, 2018. The State also stated
that discovery would be available to defense counsel within 21 days, and the court asked defense
counsel if he would like a status hearing on discovery 30 to 40 days from then, which counsel
stated would be fine. The court stated the continuance would be on defendant’s motion. The case
was later continued to November 15, 2018, by agreement, and then to January 10, 2019, on
defendant’s motion.
¶6 On January 10, 2019, the court noted that there was a speedy trial demand and set the
case for trial on March 4, 2019. On March 1, 2019, defendant appeared in court for final pretrial.
On that date, the State filed a motion for a continuance. The State noted that defendant was ready
to proceed, but defense counsel would agree to a 60-day continuance. Defendant objected to the
continuance, stating that he wanted to proceed to trial and that he did not understand why the
case should be continued. The court granted the State’s motion for a continuance over
defendant’s objection. The court docket noted that the continuance was by agreement.
¶7 The next court date was on May 7, 2019. The State tendered further discovery to the
defense, and the court set the case for trial for August 26, 2019. While the court transcripts are
silent as to who the continuance is attributable to, the clerk’s docket shows that the continuance
was on defendant’s motion.
2 ¶8 The parties returned to court for a status hearing on July 8, 2019. Defense counsel stated
that he had not yet complied with Rule 413 disclosures but would within the next 14 days. The
case returned to court on August 23, 2019, for final pretrial. Defense counsel filed his Rule 413
disclosures instanter. On the date of trial, August 26, 2019, the State filed a motion to continue
because of the late disclosure of three witnesses it wished to investigate. Over defendant’s
objection, the court granted the State’s motion. The court continued the case for trial on
October 28, 2019. On that date, defendant had been in custody for a total of 434 days.
¶9 At trial, testimony established that defendant, George, and George’s girlfriend lived
together. Defendant and George engaged in an argument the night George died. Defendant left
the house after the fight, and George’s girlfriend found him on the kitchen floor with a stab
wound. George died from his injuries.
¶ 10 Police later found defendant with two individuals walking away from the house. Officers
found and collected the knife used to stab George, a bloodstain on the pant leg of Anthony
Romano-Boyd, and blood on defendant.
¶ 11 Dr. Michael Humilier testified as the State’s expert in forensic pathology. Humilier
testified regarding his examination of George, as well as the autopsy and toxicology reports. He
reported that George died of a stab wound to his chest. Based on the toxicology report, George
had signs of PCP and marijuana in his blood. The reference comments in the toxicology report
indicated that George was not within the range of phencyclidine (PCP) where a user would
experience agitation and combativeness. Defense counsel objected to the admittance of the
autopsy and toxicology reports into evidence. The court overruled the objection and admitted the
reports pursuant to section 115-5.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Code) (725 ILCS
5/115-5.1 (West 2018)).
3 ¶ 12 On cross examination, defense counsel questioned Humilier regarding his knowledge of
the drugs listed on the toxicology report. Humilier testified that he did not perform the testing,
and he did not have any further knowledge of the drugs other than what was in the report. The
court found that Humilier was not an expert qualified to provide opinions on the effects of drugs,
and this line of questioning ended. Defendant did not present an expert to the jury to contradict
or otherwise discredit Humilier’s testimony.
¶ 13 Defendant testified that he stabbed George in self-defense. He explained that George was
on top of him, and defendant reached for a knife and “poked” George with it so he would move.
On cross-examination, the State played clips of defendant’s videorecorded interview with the
police to highlight the contradiction between defendant’s testimony and statement to the police
on the night of the incident.
¶ 14 During the jury instruction conference, defense counsel submitted a jury instruction for
self-defense, but did not tender Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 4.13 (approved
July 18, 2014) (hereinafter IPI Criminal No. 4.13) regarding the definition of reasonable belief.
Additionally, the court asked whether the parties wanted the jury to be sent back with any
exhibits, and defense counsel stated they could wait to see what the jury wanted before sending
anything to them.
¶ 15 During closing arguments, trial counsel argued that defendant acted in self-defense. He
argued that George had “stuff” in his system that made his behavior “a little off.” Counsel argued
that the “stuff” found in George’s body at the time of his death caused him to act a little more
violently that night, creating a situation that required defendant to defend himself. Counsel also
stressed that none of the State’s witnesses saw defendant and George fighting, and therefore, no
one knew exactly what happened and how defendant came to stab George.
4 ¶ 16 The jury found defendant guilty of second degree murder. At the sentencing hearing,
defendant stated defense counsel was ineffective. The court asked defendant to write down his
complaints and set the matter for a Krankel hearing. See generally People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d
181 (1984).
¶ 17 During the Krankel hearing, defendant argued that counsel did not visit him, did not tell
him about the blood evidence on Romano-Boyd’s pant leg, did not interview witnesses regarding
the events leading up to his fight with George and of his self-defense theory, and did not bring up
the drugs found in George’s body during closing arguments. The court asked defense counsel to
respond to the allegations against him. Defense counsel stated that he did speak to the necessary
witnesses and that he told defendant about the State’s evidence prior to trial. The court found that
there was no basis for appointing new counsel to pursue any claims against defense counsel and
that he was not ineffective. The court subsequently sentenced defendant to 12 years’
imprisonment. Defendant appeals.
¶ 18 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 19 A. Speedy Trial
¶ 20 Defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move for a statutory or
constitutional speedy trial dismissal. In support, defendant contends the circuit court erred in
attributing delays to defendant for speedy trial purposes and that trial counsel was ineffective for
failing to object to continuances that created a speedy trial violation.
¶ 21 To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, defendant must show that:
(1) counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) but for counsel’s deficiency, the result of the
proceeding would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984).
Defendant’s ineffective assistance claim derives from an alleged speedy trial violation. Counsel’s
5 failure to assert a speedy trial violation cannot establish either prong of an ineffective assistance
claim if there is no basis for raising a speedy trial objection. People v. Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d 380,
385 (2006). Accordingly, we must first determine whether defendant’s right to a speedy trial was
violated. The circuit court’s determination of whether a constitutional or statutory speedy trial
right has been violated is reviewed de novo. People v. Crane, 195 Ill. 2d 42, 52 (2001).
¶ 22 1. Statutory Right to a Speedy Trial
¶ 23 A defendant has a statutory right to a speedy trial. U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill.
Const. 1970, art. I, § 8; 725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2018). Section 103-5(a) of the Code states, in
pertinent part,
“Every person in custody in this State for an alleged offense shall be tried by the
court having jurisdiction within 120 days from the date he or she was taken into
custody unless delay is occasioned by the defendant. *** Delay shall be
considered to be agreed to by the defendant unless he or she objects to the delay
by making a written demand for trial or an oral demand for trial on the record.”
725 ILCS 5/103-5(a) (West 2018).
“[S]ection 103-5(a) places the onus on a defendant to take affirmative action when he becomes
aware that his trial is being delayed.” Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d at 391. If a defendant does not object to
the delay of his trial, the delay is considered agreed to by defendant. Id. To invoke speedy trial
rights, defendant must make a clear objection and demand for trial. Id. Any delays where
defendant’s act caused or contributed to the delay will be calculated against defendant, and the
speedy trial time will be tolled. People v. Mayo, 198 Ill. 2d 530, 537 (2002). The court’s decision
as to the accountability for a delay will be upheld absent an abuse of discretion. People v.
Reimolds, 92 Ill. 2d 101, 107 (1982).
6 ¶ 24 Here, defendant was taken into custody on August 20, 2018. The speedy trial clock began
on August 21, 2018. See People v. Pettis, 2017 IL App (4th) 151006, ¶ 20 (in calculating the
speedy trial period, we exclude the first day and include the last day). Defendant next appeared
in court on August 22, 2018. These two days are attributable to the State. See Mayo, 198 Ill. 2d
at 536 (holding that the statutory period begins to run automatically from the day defendant is
taken into custody, even without a formal demand).
¶ 25 Defendant argues the time frame of August 22 to September 11, 2018, as being
attributable to the State instead of defendant, but provides no argument as to why we should
attribute it to the State. From our review of the record, this delay is attributable to the defendant,
as defendant did not object to the continuance.
¶ 26 The main delay at issue in this case is the continuance on March 1 to May 7, 2019. On
March 1, when defense counsel did not object to the State’s motion to continue the trial,
defendant affirmatively objected and stated that he did not agree to continuing his case.
Defendant further stated on the record that he wanted to go to trial. “[W]here a defendant does
not promptly repudiate an attorney’s unauthorized act upon receiving knowledge of the same, the
defendant effectively ratifies the act.” People v. Hall, 194 Ill. 2d 305, 328-29 (2000).
Defendant’s objection caused the 63-day continuance to the next court date to be attributable to
the State, which is not properly accounted for in the circuit court docket.
¶ 27 The continuances from May 7 to August 26, 2019, are shown by the court docket to be
attributable to defendant, and there is nothing in the record to contradict this designation.
Moreover, even if we accept defendant’s argument that he did not ask for a continuance, we note
that the Cordell court held that if a defendant does not object or affirmatively assert a speedy
trial demand on the record after a delay is proposed, such defendant acquiesces to the delay and
7 the speedy trial period tolls. See Cordell, 223 Ill. 2d at 391-92. Defendant did not object or
affirmatively assert his speedy trial demand on the record during the status hearings during this
time. Therefore, the delay was at the very least by agreement, and the speedy trial period tolled.
¶ 28 Defendant also raises the time frame between August 26 and October 28, 2019. The State
asked for a continuance on August 26, 2019, due to the need to investigate defendant’s witnesses
that had been disclosed three days prior to the trial date. Even when defendant does not request
or agree to a continuance, the court may still attribute a delay to defendant if he or she is the
cause of the delay. See People v. Cross, 2021 IL App (4th) 190114, ¶ 99. In this instance, the
delay was caused by defendant when certain witnesses were disclosed only three days prior to
trial, giving the State little time to properly investigate. It is not an abuse of discretion for the
court to attribute the delay to defendant here, because of his late disclosure of discovery. See id.
¶ 29 In sum, though 434 days passed from the time defendant was arrested and he proceeded
to trial, only 89 days may be attributable to the State, well under the 120-day statutory speedy
trial limit. Defense counsel was not ineffective for failing to move for a statutory speedy trial
dismissal because no violation occurred.
¶ 30 2. Constitutional Right to a Speedy Trial
¶ 31 A criminal defendant also has a constitutional right to a speedy trial. U.S. Const., amends.
VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 8. In determining whether the constitutional right has been
violated, no specific time period is used. Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 523 (1972). There are
four factors to consider when evaluating a constitutional speedy trial claim: (1) the length of
delay; (2) the reason for the delay; (3) defendant’s assertion to the right to a speedy trial; and
(4) the prejudice caused. People v. Campa, 217 Ill. 2d 243, 250 (2005). All factors must be
8 considered together to determine whether the right to a speedy trial has been violated. Barker,
407 U.S. at 533.
¶ 32 We find that while defendant clearly asserted his right to a speedy trial, that assertion
does not result in a violation of his constitutional right to a speedy trial when the other three
factors clearly do not support defendant’s arguments. First, defendant was tried and convicted of
second degree murder, and only 434 days passed between the date of arrest and the
commencement of trial. Considering the seriousness of the charge and the complexity of the
evidence, we find that a less than two-year delay is not unreasonable. See id. at 530-31 (finding
that longer delays may be tolerated for a serious and complex charge rather than an ordinary
charge with less preparation required).
¶ 33 The State’s reasons for requesting delays are also reasonable in this case. The State had
two primary requests for continuances, to finalize forensic testing and to investigate witnesses
that defendant had disclosed only three days prior to trial. These were not attempts to delay a
trial to hamper the defense, but valid reasons that justify the delays. See id.
¶ 34 Finally, while a defendant is certainly prejudiced by delays when he is incarcerated while
awaiting trial, the prejudice in this case was minimal. The record does not indicate that there was
any evidence lost due to the delay, nor were there any witnesses who could no longer testify due
to death or lapses in memory. The delay did not affect defendant’s ability to present his defense
at trial. We therefore find, after weighing all factors, that defendant’s constitutional speedy trial
right was not violated, and defense counsel was not ineffective for his decision not to raise the
issue.
9 ¶ 35 B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
¶ 36 Defendant raises several other ineffective assistance of counsel claims, including that
defense counsel failed to: (1) file a motion in limine, (2) object to the State’s questioning of
certain witnesses, (3) engage in meaningful cross-examination against Humilier or to retain an
expert for the defense regarding the effects of the drugs found in George’s body, (5) tender a jury
instruction regarding the definition of reasonableness, and (6) address George’s drug use in
closing arguments. As set forth above, to prevail on an ineffective assistance claim, a defendant
must show that counsel rendered deficient performance and that the deficient performance
prejudiced the defendant. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Prejudice is demonstrated where a
defendant shows that a reasonable probability exists that, but for the deficient performance, the
result of the trial would have been different. People v. Enis, 194 Ill. 2d 361, 376 (2000). “A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.”
Strickland, 466 U.S. at 669. Both prongs of the Strickland analysis must be proven; if a claim
fails under either prong, we need not determine whether the claim also fails under the other.
People v. Graham, 206 Ill. 2d 465, 476 (2003). Claims of ineffectiveness of counsel may be
rejected on prejudice grounds alone, “for lack of prejudice renders irrelevant the issue of
counsel’s performance.” People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 397-98 (1998).
¶ 37 Actions that are considered matters of trial strategy are accorded great deference by the
court and “are generally immune from claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v.
West, 187 Ill. 2d 418, 432 (1999). A defendant is entitled to competent representation, not perfect
representation. People v. Tucker, 2017 IL App (5th) 130576, ¶ 26. “[E]ven if defense counsel
makes a mistake in trial strategy or tactics or an error in judgment, this will not render
representation constitutionally defective.” People v. Perry, 224 Ill. 2d 312, 355 (2007). In such
10 cases where a defendant argues ineffective assistance due to mistakes in trial strategy, he must
overcome the strong presumption that counsel’s action constituted reasonable strategy. People v.
Clendenin, 238 Ill. 2d 302, 317 (2010). A reviewing court evaluates counsel’s conduct under the
totality of the circumstances. Tucker, 2017 IL App (5th) 130576, ¶ 54.
¶ 38 Defendant challenges several specific instances of counsel’s alleged failures. We evaluate
each claim in turn.
¶ 39 First, defendant claims counsel was deficient for failing to file a motion in limine or to
otherwise object to the admission of hearsay comments during Humilier’s testimony regarding
the effects of PCP in the reference comments of the toxicology report. However, section 115-5.1
of the Code provides that “pathologist’s protocol, autopsy reports and toxicological reports, shall
be public documents and thereby may be admissible as prima facie evidence of the facts,
findings, opinions, diagnoses and conditions stated therein.” 725 ILCS 5/115-5.1 (West 2018).
The extent of Humilier’s testimony outlined the drugs listed in the toxicology report and how
this information aided him in performing George’s autopsy. This information is clearly
admissible under section 115-5.1. Further, defense counsel could not have provided deficient
performance here, because he did in fact object to the admission of the report, and it was
admitted over his objection. Defendant also cannot prove he was prejudiced by defense counsel’s
decision not to argue further or to file a motion in limine to argue the issue, because any further
arguments would have failed.
¶ 40 Defendant next claims counsel should have retained an independent expert for trial to
testify to the effects of the drugs found in George’s body at the time of his death to further his
argument that George was aggressive, and defendant was acting in self-defense. The decision of
whether to call a witness is a matter of trial strategy that is left up to trial counsel. West, 187 Ill.
11 2d at 432. While another attorney may have retained an expert, defense counsel is not deficient
simply because he chose not to do so. See People v. Young, 341 Ill. App. 3d 379, 383 (2003)
(finding that another attorney’s hindsight is not sufficient to show deficient performance).
¶ 41 Defendant also argues counsel did not engage in a meaningful cross-examination of
Humilier. Specifically, defendant contends counsel should have questioned Humilier regarding
the effects PCP, marijuana, and cocaine could have had on George’s behavior. Defendant
challenges the scope and manner of counsel’s cross-examination, an area that falls under trial
strategy and cannot sustain an ineffectiveness claim. See People v. Munson, 206 Ill. 2d 104, 139-
40 (2002) (decisions regarding what witnesses and evidence to present and the extent of cross-
examination are matters of trial strategy that is generally unchallengeable); People v. Williams,
246 Ill. App. 3d 1025, 1035 (1993) (“any allegations of incompetency of counsel in regards to
cross-examination are questions of trial strategy *** and, as such, are not subject to review by a
reviewing court”).
¶ 42 A review of the record shows that trial counsel effectively handled Humilier’s cross-
examination, and we cannot say that counsel’s approach was objectively unreasonable. Extensive
cross-examination could cause undue attention to unwanted aspects of a witness’s testimony, and
counsel is given substantial deference to exercise his professional judgment not to create
negative attention to defendant’s case. People v. Holman, 132 Ill. 2d 128, 163 (1989). Defense
counsel questioned Humilier as to his knowledge of the drugs listed on the toxicology report, and
Humilier testified that he did not perform the testing and was merely stating what was listed in
the report. He repeatedly stated that he did not have any further knowledge of the drugs than
what was in the report and that he only used the information to aid in the performance of the
autopsy. Further, the court already determined that Humilier was not an expert qualified to
12 provide opinions on the effects of drugs on a person’s behavior, making any questioning
regarding that topic meaningless. While, in hindsight, defendant may contend that certain
questions should have been asked or other tactics employed, we cannot say that counsel failed to
conduct any meaningful questioning that rises to the level of ineffective assistance of counsel.
¶ 43 Moreover, even if we were to find deficient performance based on counsel’s choice not to
impeach Humilier or to retain an independent expert witness, defendant suffered no prejudice
from that choice. In order to establish prejudice, defendant must show that there is a reasonable
probability that the result of the trial would have differed if not for trial counsel’s error. Perry,
224 Ill. 2d at 342. Defendant has not and cannot establish that failure to question Humilier
regarding the effects of PCP in a person’s blood would have resulted in a different outcome at
trial when Humilier was not qualified to give such an opinion.
¶ 44 Next, defendant argues ineffective assistance where defense counsel did not object to the
State’s manner of cross-examination of defendant. Decisions regarding what to object to and
when to do so are also matters of trial strategy and thus entitled to great deference. People v.
Pecoraro, 175 Ill. 2d 294, 327 (1997). Because counsel may only be ineffective when his
performance falls below the standards of reasonableness, counsel is not deficient for failing to
object when an objection would be improper. People v. Johnson, 218 Ill. 2d 125, 139 (2005). We
find that defense counsel’s decision not to object to the manner of cross-examination was a
matter of trial strategy and did not rise to the level of constitutionally deficient performance. It is
arguable that such an objection may result in the State reexamining defendant and drawing more
attention to the inconsistencies in his statements. Though counsel’s strategy was ultimately
unsuccessful, a trial strategy that is unsuccessful does not constitute deficient performance. See
Perry, 224 Ill. 2d at 355.
13 ¶ 45 Defendant’s argument that counsel was ineffective for failing to tender IPI Criminal No.
4.13, on the definition of reasonable belief, when it is an element of his self-defense claim also
fails. The decision to omit the jury instruction is not so fundamental as to result in an unfair trial
or prejudice when the jury is properly instructed on everything else. See People v. Underwood,
72 Ill. 2d 124, 130-31 (1978). The jury received all other instructions relating to the elements of
self-defense, therefore, there was no error in not providing an instruction defining “reasonable
belief.”
¶ 46 Defendant’s last ineffective assistance claim is that counsel should have more clearly
argued at closing that the drugs found in George’s body made him aggressive and necessitated
defendant stabbing him in self-defense. Counsel argued that defendant acted in self-defense, but
not solely because of the drugs George used. It is not unreasonable for an attorney to only attack
one element of the State’s case. People v. Milton, 354 Ill. App. 3d 283, 290 (2004). “[T]he
choice of defense theory is ordinarily a matter of trial strategy, and counsel has the ultimate
authority to decide this trial strategy.” People v. Guest, 166 Ill. 2d 381, 394 (1995). In his closing
argument, defense counsel chose to focus on the fact that the State’s witnesses were not present
during the fight and did not know how George was stabbed. Discussing the drugs found in
George’s body in detail was clearly a part of a defense theory that trial counsel decided not to
pursue, and the failure to discuss it does not amount to deficient performance.
¶ 47 Finally, defendant claims that his trial counsel’s errors cumulatively deprived him of a
fair trial. To reverse for a new trial, the court must find that the errors are extreme in nature.
People v. Sims, 2019 IL App (3d) 170417, ¶ 55. However, we have already found that none of
the circuit court’s findings regarding trial counsel’s representation are manifestly erroneous.
14 Where, as here, the alleged errors do not amount to reversible error on any individual issues,
there is no cumulative error. People v. Howell, 358 Ill. App. 3d 512, 526 (2005).
¶ 48 C. Independent Counsel for Krankel Hearing
¶ 49 Defendant next argues that the circuit court erred by not appointing independent counsel
at the conclusion of the Krankel hearing. He contends that the trial court incorrectly rejected his
arguments that trial counsel was ineffective.
¶ 50 When a defendant raises, as a self-represented litigant, a posttrial ineffective assistance of
counsel claim, the circuit court must conduct a preliminary Krankel inquiry into the claim’s
factual basis. People v. Jolly, 2014 IL 117142, ¶ 29. The purpose of a preliminary Krankel
inquiry is to decide whether to appoint independent counsel to argue a defendant’s ineffective
assistance of counsel claims. People v. Ayres, 2017 IL 120071, ¶ 11. The procedure developed
from our supreme court decision in Krankel and its progeny. See Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d at 181.
When a defendant raises such a claim, the circuit court is to conduct an adequate inquiry into the
factual basis of the claim. People v. Jackson, 2020 IL 124112, ¶¶ 95-97. Our supreme court has
further clarified that newly appointed counsel is not automatically required in every case where a
defendant presents a posttrial motion as a self-represented litigant alleging ineffective assistance
of counsel. People v. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d 68, 77 (2003). If the court determines that the claim
“lacks merit or pertains only to matters of strategy,” it may dismiss defendant’s claims without
appointing new counsel. Jackson, 2020 IL 124112, ¶ 97. If the defendant’s allegations show
possible neglect of the case, new counsel should be appointed to represent the defendant in his or
her claims of ineffective assistance of counsel. Id.
¶ 51 We review de novo whether the court conducted a proper Krankel hearing to determine if
new counsel must be appointed. People v. Robinson, 2017 IL App (1st) 161595, ¶ 88. Where a
15 proper Krankel hearing was conducted, the court’s finding that it was not necessary to appoint
new counsel will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is manifestly erroneous. People v. Haynes,
331 Ill. App. 3d 482, 484 (2002).
¶ 52 We first note that defendant cites People v. Roddis, 2018 IL App (4th) 170605, ¶ 81, to
support his argument that the circuit court erred by deciding the merits of defendant’s ineffective
assistance of counsel claim at the initial Krankel hearing. However, in January 2020, our
supreme court reversed this decision, finding that, even during a preliminary Krankel hearing, it
is necessary for the trial court to consider the merits before determining whether new counsel
should be appointed. People v. Roddis, 2020 IL 124352, ¶ 61. Defendant’s reliance on this case
is therefore misplaced.
¶ 53 Here, the court held a hearing regarding defendant’s allegations. During the hearing, the
court provided defendant an opportunity to address his claims, heard defendant list each instance
of alleged ineffective assistance, and relied on its own trial observations. The court therefore
addressed the facts and circumstances surrounding defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance.
Consequently, we find the hearing constituted a proper preliminary inquiry under Krankel.
¶ 54 Having found that the court conducted a proper preliminary inquiry, the next question is
whether the inquiry demonstrated possible neglect such that the appointment of new counsel is
necessary. Defendant does not appear to have presented the court with any valid arguments on
the claims. As noted above, we find defendant’s claims against defense counsel lack merit, as
they raised issues of trial strategy that “ultimately rest with trial counsel” and are “generally
immune from claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v. Wilborn, 2011 IL App (1st)
092802, ¶ 79. As we have found defendant did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel, we
cannot say that the circuit court’s finding was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
16 ¶ 55 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 56 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Kankakee
County.
¶ 57 Affirmed.