2023 IL App (1st) 220044-U
No. 1-22-0044
Order filed August 7, 2023.
First Division
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). ______________________________________________________________________________ IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________ THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. ) v. ) No. 19 CR 16478 ) TYRONE CAVITT, ) The Honorable ) Angela M. Petrone, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.
PRESIDING JUSTICE LAVIN delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Pucinski and Coghlan concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: We find no plain error where the trial court viewed video of the alleged offense and defendant’s statement only in chambers, outside defendant’s presence. Defendant failed to show that he was deprived of the opportunity to defend himself or of the knowledge needed to decide whether to testify by the court’s action because the videos concerned matters of which defendant had firsthand or direct knowledge. The evidence of defendant’s guilt of aggravated unlawful use of a weapon was not closely balanced, where he gave a statement admitting the object he held was a loaded firearm. No. 1-22-0044
¶2 Following a bench trial, defendant Tyrone Cavitt was convicted of aggravated unlawful
use of a weapon (AUUW) and sentenced to three years’ imprisonment. On appeal, defendant
contends that the court deprived him of his right to be present at all critical stages of the
proceedings when it viewed key video evidence – a security video and defendant’s statement –
outside his presence. For the reasons stated below, we affirm.
¶3 Defendant was charged with AUUW for knowingly possessing a firearm, not on his own
land, in his own home or business, or on another’s land by permission, on or about October 28,
2018, when he had not been issued a valid firearm owner’s identification card (FOID card). 720
ILCS 24-1.6(a)(1), (a)(3)(C) (West 2018).
¶4 At the October 2021 trial, the parties entered into four stipulations. First, if called, police
officer Maria Delatorre would testify that she and another officer responded at about 2:15 a.m. on
October 28, 2018, to a report of shots fired at a particular location, where she saw two wounded
men (one of whom died later). The officer learned the men were leaving a party when an altercation
broke out. She saw multiple shell casings and live rounds in the gangway aside and the alley behind
the scene. Second, if called, the owner of property near the scene would testify that he had a
working security camera aimed at the alley, and that it recorded events in the alley on the early
morning of October 28, 2018. A detective would testify that he made an accurate copy of that
video recording.
¶5 The third stipulation was that, if called, Detectives Kristi Battalini and Chana Aubert would
testify that they investigated the shooting and learned from several witnesses that defendant was
at the scene around the time of the shooting. One witness had viewed the security video and
identified defendant as a man fleeing the scene. The detectives would also testify that they
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questioned defendant after his arrest in January 2019. In the interview, defendant waived his
Miranda rights and identified himself, from a still photograph from the security video, as one of
the men fleeing the scene. He admitted that he possessed a gun that night but denied involvement
in the shooting. No firearm was recovered. The parties stipulated that the detectives’ interview of
defendant was electronically recorded, and a copy of the recording truly and accurately depicted
the interview.
¶6 The parties’ fourth stipulation was that, on October 28th, 2018, defendant was 20 years old
and had not been issued a valid FOID card.
¶7 Without objection, the security and interview videos were admitted into evidence, as was
the still photograph from the security video that Detectives Battalini and Aubert showed defendant
during his interview.
¶8 The State rested, the court ascertained from defendant that he chose not to testify, and the
defense rested. The State and the court then discussed the sections of the video the court should
review. The court confirmed with the parties that they had agreed the court would view the security
and interview videos after hearing closing arguments. Defense counsel agreed. Following closing
arguments, during which both the State and defense counsel discussed the content of the videos in
detail, the court stated that it would view the videos and consider the stipulations and arguments,
then adjourned for several days.
¶9 The security video, which is included in the record on appeal, is marked as being from the
early morning of October 28, 2018. The video shows, in relevant part, a group of persons running
down an alley past the camera, including a person passing a dark object behind him or her to
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another person as they ran. The still photograph from the video also shows a person in the process
of passing or handing something to another person.
¶ 10 Defendant’s videotaped statement is also included in the record on appeal. Therein,
defendant, after being informed of his rights, states that he and his cousin Arturo were attending a
party on October 28, 2018, where gang members were present. In defendant’s experience as a
party promoter, attendees at some “but not most parties” were patted down. A fight broke out, and
the party ended. In the alley afterwards, defendant saw someone in a black shirt and black cap pull
out an object and “cock it back,” making a sound. Defendant agreed with the detective that the
person racked a gun. Shooting began, and defendant fled. He denied having a gun, and specifically
denied having been passed a gun, that night.
¶ 11 However, when the detective showed defendant a still photograph from the security video,
he identified himself and Arturo in the photograph. A gang member called Joker brought the gun
to the party and gave it to Arturo, and defendant took it from Arturo as he was only 16 years old.
Defendant later passed the gun back to Arturo to return to Joker. When the detective asked what
kind of gun it was, defendant shrugged, said he was “not very good with guns,” and denied the
gun was a revolver, agreeing with the detective that it was a semiautomatic. When the detective
asked if the gun was loaded, defendant replied “Yeah, it was, it felt heavy.” He denied owning a
gun or “often” carrying a gun but admitted he could get one if he wanted one.
¶ 12 At the next court session, the trial court found defendant guilty of AUUW. The court noted
that:
“defendant is shown on surveillance video, running in a group of people, immediately after
two persons were shot, one fatally. Defendant was seen holding a black object that was in
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the shape of a handgun. He was seen handing that object off to another person who was
running in the same direction as he and who was physically close to him. On police audio
and visual recording, defendant identified himself in a still photo taken from that
surveillance video as the person who was running and who was holding a gun and who
passed the gun to Arturo.”
The court found that:
“Defendant showed his familiarity with guns by stating that: 1) he attends and promotes
parties where people are sometime patted down for guns before entering; 2) he does not
own a gun but can get a gun if he wants one, from his friends; 3) he saw a person wearing
black with a gun and heard the person rack the slide of the gun before telling people to get
back; 4) a person named Joker brought a gun to the party and gave the gun to defendant's
cousin, Arturo, who wanted to hold it because he thinks it's cool; 5) defendant took the gun
from Arturo because he did not want Arturo to have it; 6) defendant was holding the gun
and knew it was loaded because it felt heavy; 7) defendant described the gun as not a
revolver and resembling a semi-automatic; and 8) defendant gave the gun back to Arturo
as he and Arturo were fleeing from the scene of the shootings.”
The court found the object was a firearm at least in part because of defendant’s statement that he
believed the gun to be loaded because it felt heavy.
¶ 13 Defendant’s posttrial motion challenged the sufficiency of the trial evidence. It did not
challenge the court’s viewing of the security video or statement outside of his presence. Defense
counsel stood on the written posttrial motion and the court denied it. Following a sentencing
hearing, the court sentenced defendant to three years’ imprisonment. This appeal timely followed.
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¶ 14 On appeal, defendant contends that the court erred by viewing key evidence – video
recordings of the incident and his statement – outside his presence. He contends that the court
violated his right to be present at critical stages of the proceedings by viewing the videos outside
his presence without obtaining his knowing and intelligent waiver of his right to be present.
¶ 15 As a threshold matter, defendant acknowledges that trial counsel did not object to the court
viewing the videos outside defendant’s presence. Defendant also did not claim in his posttrial
motion that this constituted error. A claim not raised by objection and preserved in a posttrial
motion is forfeited. People v. Mudd, 2022 IL 126830, ¶ 21. Defendant requests we review the issue
under the plain error doctrine, contending the trial court’s error meets both prongs of the doctrine.
¶ 16 This court will consider a forfeited error if it is plain error; that is, if a clear or obvious
error occurred and either (1) the evidence was so closely balanced that the error alone threatened
to tip the scales of justice, or (2) the error was so serious that it alone affected the fairness of the
proceedings. Id. ¶¶ 21-22. Here, we find neither prong of plain error. We shall first address the
second prong of plain error as it applies particularly to the issue of a defendant’s presence in court.
¶ 17 A criminal defendant has the right to be personally present at critical stages of the
proceedings against him or her if his or her presence would contribute to the fairness of the
procedure. People v. Lofton, 194 Ill. 2d 40, 67 (2000). A defendant has the right to be present
whenever his or her presence bears a reasonably substantial relationship to having a full
opportunity to defend against the charges, even where the defendant is not actually confronting
witnesses or evidence against him. Id. at 66. Where the right to be present exists, a defendant must
waive that right knowingly and voluntarily. Id. at 73.
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¶ 18 Conversely, the right to be present is not absolute, and a defendant’s absence from even a
critical stage of the proceedings will not constitute second prong plain error unless it caused the
proceeding to be unfair or resulted in a denial of an underlying substantial right such as the right
to confront witnesses, present a defense, or be tried by an impartial jury. People v. Brown, 2023
IL 126852, ¶ 15; People v. Lindsey, 201 Ill. 2d 45, 57 (2002). A defendant cannot rely on broad
principles not applicable to the specifics of his or her case but must establish in light of the entire
record that the fairness of his or her proceedings was affected by his or her absence. Lindsey, 201
Ill. 2d at 57-58. That said, we recount caselaw that guides our analysis in applying these principles
to the specifics of the instant case.
¶ 19 In Lofton, where the defendant was not present for a hearing on the substantive admission
of out-of-court statements by the alleged child victim of physical or sexual abuse (id. at 64, 71)
(citing 725 ILCS 5/115-10 (West 1996)), our supreme court stated:
“In light of the entire record, we cannot say that there is nothing defendant could have done
had he been present at the section 115-10 hearing and nothing he could have gained
[citation]. Numerous details, possibly disadvantageous to the State’s position, about
precisely how [the child] came to accuse the defendant were elicited at trial at which
defendant was present, whereas virtually none were elicited at the section 115-10 hearing
the day before from which he had been absent. *** The record suggests that defendant’s
presence at the section 115-10 hearing would have contributed to his ability to defend
himself against the charges.” Id. at 71-72.
The Lofton court therefore found that,
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“Because the record indicates that defendant’s presence at the section 115-10 hearing
would have contributed to the fairness of the criminal proceeding against him and that a
fair and just hearing was thwarted by his absence, we conclude that the section 115-10
hearing was a stage critical to the outcome of the criminal proceeding at which defendant
had a right to be present.” Id. at 72-73.
¶ 20 In People v. Lucas, 2019 IL App (1st) 160501, ¶¶ 4-7, where a defendant was convicted in
relevant part of driving under the influence, the trial court viewed video of her traffic stop in
chambers with counsel but not the defendant present, and stated that it relied at least in part on the
video in finding the defendant guilty. This court found second-prong plain error (id. ¶ 21), finding
that the defendant’s “absence from the video viewing affected the trial’s fairness because she was
unable to view the evidence against her and aid in her own defense.” Id. ¶ 14. “The presentation
of evidence at trial is undoubtedly a critical stage of the proceeding, and here, the video of the
traffic stop involved a significant portion of the evidence against” the defendant. Id. ¶ 15. Not only
did the defendant not see the video during trial, “no evidence, let alone affirmative evidence,
indicates that she viewed the video before trial.” Id. ¶ 16. The defendant needed to know what was
on the video, not just that it existed, to decide whether to testify. Id. ¶¶ 19-20. While “counsel
could provide a summary of the contents of the video,” for purposes of the defendant’s “decision
to testify or not, counsel’s gloss on the evidence is no substitute for her own knowledge.” Id. ¶ 20.
¶ 21 In People v. Groebe, 2019 IL App (1st) 180503, ¶ 31, a defendant convicted of aggravated
driving under the influence similarly contended that “her right to a public trial was violated when
the trial court viewed the video recording of the traffic stop and field sobriety tests in chambers
during a break in the trial.” Counsel had not objected to the court doing so. Id. ¶ 19. Acknowledging
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that counsel cannot waive a defendant's right to be present, the Groebe court addressed the
defendant’s right to be present and found that she did not establish that her absence from the video
viewing caused the proceedings to be unfair or deprived her of an underlying substantial right. Id.
¶¶ 50-52. Unlike Lucas, the Groebe “defendant has pointed to no statements by the trial court,
referencing what was depicted in the video as forming an independent basis for its judgment,” and
factors other than the video were determinative in the court’s decision, so that there was nothing
to “suggest the trial court’s procedure prejudiced defendant's ability to aid in her defense or to
decide whether to testify.” Id. ¶ 52.
¶ 22 This court has considered various cases where a defendant claimed that the right to be
present at critical stages and the right to a public trial were violated by the defendant’s absence as
the trial court viewed videos of victim-sensitive interviews (VSIs) under section 115-10; we
considered these cases under plain error as the claims were not preserved by objection. People v.
Rodriguez, 2022 IL App (1st) 200315, ¶¶ 98-110; People v. Martinez, 2021 IL App (1st) 172097,
¶¶ 60-69; People v. Myles, 2020 IL App (4th) 180652, ¶¶ 56-65. In these cases, we found no error
because the record affirmatively established that the defendants had seen the videos, and thus were
aware of all the State’s evidence when the decision came whether to testify.
¶ 23 Defendant cites People v. Flagg, 2021 IL App (1st) 191692-U, as persuasive authority. See
Ill. S. Ct. R. 23(e)(1) (eff. Feb. 1, 2023). In Flagg, a defendant contended that the court violated
his right to be present when it viewed video of a VSI in chambers during trial, while the State
responded that the defendant forfeited the claim and that viewing the video was not a critical stage.
Flagg, 2021 IL App (1st) 191692-U, ¶ 44. “The record shows that the trial court did not view the
video during the section 115-10 hearing, where defendant was present, and then viewed the video
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in chambers at trial.” Id. ¶ 49. This court found that the record did not establish that the defendant
saw the video outside of court, where his pretrial statement that his attorneys “sped through” a
video did not specify which video, defense requests to bring a laptop into prison to review video
evidence did not establish that the visits actually occurred, and the provision of a summary of the
VSI to the defense did not establish that the defendant read it. Id. “Based on these facts, we find
that the court erred by viewing the VSI video in chambers rather than playing it in open court in
defendant’s presence, and this error constituted second-prong plain error because it denied
defendant his constitutional right to be present at all critical stages of proceedings.” Id. ¶ 51.
¶ 24 The Flagg court rejected the State’s argument that in-chambers viewing of the video was
not a critical stage because the other evidence of the defendant’s guilt was strong, stating that “the
strength of the other evidence does not impact our analysis here” and is not part of the analysis of
a second-prong plain error claim. Id. ¶ 55. The Flagg court also distinguished Groebe, where “we
emphasized that there was no indication the trial court gave the video any weight in making its
findings,” while in Flagg “the court considered the video in its credibility determinations and
guilty finding.” Id. ¶ 53.
¶ 25 The Fourth District of this court rejected the logic of Flagg in People v. Aquisto, 2022 IL
App (4th) 200081, ¶ 72, where a defendant contended “that by viewing outside his presence ***
the postarrest video of his interrogation, the circuit court violated his due-process right to a public
trial.” The contention was considered under plain error because counsel did not object to the court
viewing the video in chambers. Id. The Aquisto court distinguished Lucas on the basis that, in
Lucas, “the circuit court viewed the video before admitting the video in evidence” while in the
case before it, “it appears that the circuit court viewed the video after admitting the video in
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evidence.” (Emphases in original.) Id. ¶ 73. In Flagg, by contrast, the court viewed the video at
issue after it was admitted into evidence. Id. ¶ 74.
¶ 26 Considering Flagg, the Aquisto court cited favorably its earlier unpublished decisions that
the trial court’s consideration of already-admitted evidence is not itself a proceeding. Id. ¶ 81
(citing People v. Maniwa, 2021 IL App (4th) 190796-U, and People v. Duckworth, 2021 IL App
(4th) 180740-U). An “admitted video was comparable to admitted documentary evidence and ***
the defendant’s presence in chambers as the judge reviewed an admitted video would not have
contributed to the defendant's ability to mount a defense any more than if the defendant were
present in chambers as the judge reviewed documentary evidence.” Id. Acknowledging the
reasoning in Flagg that “the defendant could have made a better-informed decision of whether to
take the stand and testify on his own behalf” (id. ¶ 82) had he seen the video, the Aquisto court
found that Flagg leads to “an implausible conclusion: a judge would be forbidden to read, in the
privacy of chambers, a document admitted in evidence unless the record affirmatively disclosed
that the defendant personally had read the document first.” Id. ¶ 83.
¶ 27 The Aquisto court also briefly addressed the right to be present, finding that the “defendant
offers no convincing explanation of how his presence in chambers during the viewing of the
postarrest video would have contributed to the fairness of the procedure.” Id. ¶ 84. The video was
disclosed in discovery, “[a]s far as we know, nothing prevented defendant from watching the video
himself,” and “[s]ince the video was of defendant’s being interviewed by the police, he must have
known what was in the video.” Id.
¶ 28 After carefully reviewing the record and applying the aforementioned principles to the
specifics of defendant’s case, we find no second-prong plain error. Even assuming the court erred
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in viewing the security and statement videos outside defendant’s presence, we find that the fairness
of defendant’s proceedings was not affected by his absence from that viewing.
¶ 29 It is true that the videos were admitted into evidence at trial and then viewed by the court
outside of open court or defendant’s presence. Unlike Myles, Martinez, and Rodriguez, the record
does not establish that defendant saw the videos outside court. Unlike Groebe, where we found no
indication that the court gave the video any weight, we cannot say that the videos were not a
significant factor in defendant’s conviction when the videos comprised much of the substantive
evidence against him.
¶ 30 However, like Aquisto “the video was of defendant’s being interviewed by the police,” so
that “he must have known what was in the video.” Aquisto, 2022 IL App (4th) 200081, ¶ 84. See
also Duckworth, where the recording was of the defendant’s own testimony in another proceeding,
“of which he had firsthand knowledge.” Duckworth, 2021 IL App (4th) 180740-U, ¶ 116.
Similarly, the security video provided a perspective on an event or occurrence in which defendant
participated. Defendant was aware of the evidence against him. He was fully informed that the
videos of his run through the alley and his interview existed. He in fact had made the star cameo
appearance in the videos. See Lucas, 2019 IL App (1st) 160501, ¶ 27 (Lavin, P.J., dissenting).
Conversely, the VSI in Flagg is highly distinguishable: a defendant would have absolutely no
firsthand or direct knowledge of what an alleged victim said in an interview and would have to
view the video (or read a transcript) to gain that knowledge. Under these circumstances, we
conclude that defendant has failed to show that he was deprived of the opportunity to defend
himself or the knowledge needed to decide whether to testify. Thus, he has not shown second-
prong plain error.
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¶ 31 Defendant also argues that the error here was first-prong plain error as the evidence as to
the object defendant carried was closely balanced. To be convicted of AUUW, defendant had to
possess a firearm, which is defined as “any device, by whatever name known, which is designed
to expel a projectile or projectiles by the action of an explosion, expansion of gas or escape of
gas,” with enumerated exceptions such as paint ball guns or certain BB guns. 430 ILCS 65/1.1
(West 2016); 720 ILCS 24-1.6(a)(1) (West 2018). Defendant argues there was conflicting evidence
as to whether he had knowledge of or familiarity with firearms sufficient to identify the object he
held as a firearm.
¶ 32 However, familiarity with firearms and the ability to distinguish among various types of
firearms is not necessary to find a witness’s testimony that a defendant possessed a firearm
sufficient. People v. Charles, 2018 IL App (1st) 153625, ¶ 29. Further, defendant admitted in his
statement that he could distinguish between a revolver and a semiautomatic gun (i.e., he had some
familiarity with firearms), held a gun, and believed the gun to be loaded because it was heavy.
Proof a brandished object constitutes a firearm can be established by the testimony of a single
witness who provides sufficient facts to support an objective conclusion that the object was a
firearm, even if the witness had no training, experience, or knowledge of firearms. People v.
Collins, 2021 IL App (1st) 180768, ¶ 52; People v. Clifton, 2019 IL App (1st) 151967, ¶ 33. Such
facts include physical properties like the weight of an object. Charles, 2018 IL App (1st) 153625,
¶ 29. Although defendant raises the possibility that the “gun” he held does not meet the technical
definition of “firearm,” we need not elevate all possible explanations consistent with innocence to
the level of reasonable doubt. Id. ¶ 30. Thus, even accepting arguendo that defendant did not have
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much familiarity with firearms, we nonetheless find the evidence of his guilt was not closely
balanced and therefore he has not shown first-prong plain error.
¶ 33 Having found neither first-prong nor second-prong plain error, we must honor defendant’s
forfeiture of his claim. Accordingly, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.
¶ 34 Affirmed.
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