Opinion
SCOTLAND, J.
A jury convicted defendant of 60 sex crimes committed against 3 victims. (Pen. Code, §§ 261, subd. (2); 286, subd. (c); 288, subd. (b); 288a, subd. (c), 289, subd (a).1 Allegations that he used a knife during all but one of the offenses and inflicted great bodily injury during four of the crimes were found true. (§§ 12022.3, 12022.8.) The court determined that defendant was sane when he committed the offenses. Sentenced to 557 years in state prison, he raises numerous issues on appeal.
The published portion of this opinion addresses two issues. We consider whether defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel was violated when an undercover officer met with him in the jail visiting room in hopes of obtaining incriminating statements regarding defendant’s efforts to dissuade the victims from testifying. The meeting had been arranged by an inmate who disliked defendant and wanted to obtain damaging evidence against him. On his own, and unknown to law enforcement, the inmate set up a jailhouse encounter so defendant could meet the inmate’s “friend” who would take care of the job of “silencing” the victims. When the inmate informed the district attorney’s office of the planned meeting, it was decided that an undercover officer would attend as the inmate’s friend. At the meeting, defendant made incriminating statements which were introduced against him at trial.
We also determine whether the term “sexual organ” in section 288a, California’s oral copulation statute, includes a man’s scrotum as well as his penis.
Facts
On May 8, 1987, defendant lured two runaway girls, Michelle, aged 12, and Heather, aged 14, into his hotel room where he forced them to commit numerous sexual acts with him and with each other. On June 2, 1987, he [1439]*1439enticed another runaway girl, Lucille, aged 16, to come to a hotel room and forced her to commit numerous sexual acts with him. After he was arrested, defendant told an officer that he believed Lucille was 18 and that she consented to have sex with him. He admitted they engaged in two acts of intercourse and one act of oral copulation. Defendant acknowledged staying at a hotel with Michelle and Heather but denied any sexual activity occurred. Additional facts will be discussed in detail in our analyses of defendant’s contentions.
Discussion
I
Prior to trial, defendant moved to prevent the introduction of evidence concerning statements he made to an undercover officer while in custody because of these charges.2
Defendant alleged that, in obtaining these statements, police violated his Sixth Amendment right to counsel guaranteed by the federal constitution.3 A hearing was held which disclosed the following:
Frank S., an informant for federal prosecutors in two other states, met defendant while both were incarcerated in the Sacramento County Jail. From the outset, S. did not like defendant. After learning that defendant was in custody on charges of raping several minors, S. set out, on his own, to obtain incriminating information from him. Defendant confessed to S. and talked to him and other inmates about dissuading the victims from testifying, either by using a “Godfather-type routine” of mutilating animals, or by personal threats, or by whatever it took. Defendant boasted of Mafia connections and offered to pay $5,000 for someone to intimidate the witnesses.
[1440]*1440When S.’s charges were resolved, he decided to inform on defendant. S. had not done so earlier because he did not want it to appear that he was seeking leniency with respect to the crimes charged against him. While awaiting a court appearance, S. told a deputy sheriff that he had to speak with someone from the district attorney’s office about defendant’s attempt to intimidate witnesses. This message was brought to the attention of the deputy district attorney assigned to prosecute defendant. In order to determine “whether any plan had been set in motion that would jeopardize the three young girls who were the victims in these cases and to be able to stop any harm from coming to them,” the prosecutor arranged for an investigator to meet with S. The investigator was told not to ask anything about defendant’s pending charges but simply to “get information about the deal [the proposal to silence the prosecuting witnesses] for the protection of the victims.”
After being informed that “he would receive no deals” for the information he had concerning defendant’s effort to convince the victims not to testify, S. told the investigator that defendant had confessed. According to S., defendant stated, “I know I’m guilty. You know I’m guilty. I have to get this [defendant’s pending case] taken care of.” By this, defendant meant the witnesses had to be “silenced” or persuaded not to testify. At the conclusion of the meeting, the investigator did not instruct S. to seek additional information from defendant. According to S., “There wasn’t any game plan laid out for it, there was no listen for this and look for that and that type of thing.” In fact, S. no longer was in the same cell as defendant, and the district attorney’s office made no arrangements for S. to “get closer” to defendant.
Nevertheless, S. continued on his own to talk with defendant about the proposal to deal with the victims. As his trial drew closer, defendant became “very adamant about wanting somebody to contact [the victims]” and asked S. if he knew of anyone who could do the job. Unknown to the district attorney’s office or any law enforcement officer, S. “arranged” with defendant for one of S.’s “friends” to “take care of [defendant’s] problem.” He then brought this to the attention of the district attorney’s office. When the investigator asked why S. had made such an arrangement in view of the fact that the investigator had never suggested such a course of action, S. replied, “[W]ell, I thought we may be able to send an officer in or you could send someone in to pretend that they [szc] were like my friend.”
When the prosecutor heard about this development, he and undercover officer Donald Simonds spoke with S. “to find out what [defendant] had told [S.] and what [S.] had told [defendant] concerning the friend who was to meet with him.” Again, S. was told he would not benefit from his [1441]*1441cooperation. S. stated he would tell defendant that his “friend” would visit defendant on October 5, and it was decided that Simonds would pose as this friend. Thereafter, S. informed defendant that the previously arranged meeting would occur on October 5.
The meeting between defendant and Officer Simonds took place in the visiting room of the jail and was surreptitiously tape recorded. After a brief introduction in which defendant confirmed that Simonds was the friend he was expecting, defendant asked whether Simonds was a “cop.” When Simonds replied in the negative, defendant displayed a handwritten note through the glass partition. The note stated: “All I’ll need for you to do, would be to convince a couple of witnesses (teenaged girls) to change each of their stories, and admit that no crime was comitted [s/c]. How you convince them is up to you all they need to do is contact my attorney, admit to him that no crime was comitted [svc], and sign a statement to that effect, then testify in court that no crime took place, when jury trial arrives. I have each of their names, addresses, phone numbers, schools they go to, family members [sic] names, parents [sz'c] place of employments [sic], and other information. Once contract is fullfilled [s/c], and I am certain you have completed this transaction, you will recieve [sic] a fee of 2,500.00 hand delivered from an associate of mine from New York.” (Italics in original.) Another note displayed by defendant listed certain books which would aid in establishing his bona fides as a purported member of the Mafia.
After Simonds finished reading the notes, he and defendant discussed their contents, with Simonds repeatedly attempting to have defendant expand on exactly what he wanted done with the victims. Simonds also questioned defendant about how “bad” he wanted “this favor done” and how Simonds would get the information he needed to track down the victims. After the conversation, defendant was searched, and two torn papers were found. Simonds identified them as the notes defendant displayed to the officer.
Defendant testified that S. told him a private detective would visit him to assist in his defense.
The trial court denied defendant’s in limine motion to exclude both Officer Simonds’ testimony concerning the jail house meeting, including defendant’s efforts to silence the victims, and the tape recording of defendant’s conversation with the officer. The court found that S. was not a police agent; that the “purpose of the state’s activities with respect to these matters was to protect the safety of these witnesses and not to obtain incriminating information with respect to the underlying charges;” that “[w]ith respect to the defendant’s statements to Officer Simonds, the only purpose of contact[1442]*1442ing the defendant was fortunately just a minute purpose of determining whether the witnesses were at risk and their safety was in jeopardy;” and that “[tjhere was no interrogation concerning the underlying charges.”
Citing Massiah v. United States (1964) ill U.S. 201 [12 L.Ed.2d 246, 84 S.Ct. 1199] and its progeny, defendant contends that the admission of the tape recording and Officer Simonds’ testimony violated his Sixth Amendment rights. He argues that the state knowingly exploited an opportunity to confront him without counsel being present when the prosecutor took the “affirmative step” of having S. arrange the jailhouse conversation with Officer Simonds.
The law is as follows: When on his or her own initiative, rather than at the state’s behest, an informant obtains incriminating information from an accused, there is no unlawful interference with a defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to representation free of governmental intrusion. (United States v. Henry (1980) 447 U.S. 264, 270 [65 L.Ed.2d 115, 100 S.Ct. 2183]; People v. Whitt (1984) 36 Cal.3d 724, 742-743 [205 Cal.Rptr. 810, 685 P.2d 1161]; Thomas v. Cox (4th Cir. 1983) 708 F.2d 132, 135-137; United States v. Malik (7th Cir. 1982) 680 F.2d 1162, 1165.) However, when a government agent, including an informant acting at the state’s request, deliberately elicits incriminating statements from a represented defendant, this action impairs the defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel, and the “incriminating statements pertaining to pending charges are inadmissible at the trial of those charges, . . .” (Maine v. Moulton (1985) 474 U.S. 159, 168-174, 180 [88 L.Ed.2d 481, 106 S.Ct. 477]; United States v. Henry, supra, 447 U.S. at pp. 269-273 [65 L.Ed.2d at pp. 121-124]; Massiah v. United States, supra, 377 U.S. at pp. 204-207 [12 L.Ed.2d at pp. 249-251].) This is true even if the incriminating information is obtained during the state’s investigation of other, uncharged crimes. (Maine v. Moulton, supra, 474 U.S. at p. 180 [88 L.Ed.2d at pp. 498-499].)
On several occasions, the United States Supreme Court has reexamined what constitutes a deliberate elicitation of incriminating statements within the meaning of Massiah. The court in Maine v. Moulton, supra, 474 U.S. 159 [88 L.Ed.2d 481] broadly interpreted this term. It held that the Sixth Amendment imposes upon the state “an affirmative obligation not to act in a manner that circumvents and thereby dilutes the protection afforded by the right to counsel.” (Id., at p. 171 [88 L.Ed.2d at p. 493].) Thus, in the view of the Moulton court, the Sixth Amendment is violated whenever the state knowingly exploits any opportunity to confront the accused without counsel being present. (Id., at p. 176 [88 L.Ed.2d at p. 496].)
In Kuhlmann v. Wilson (1986) 477 U.S. 436 [91 L.Ed.2d 364, 106 S.Ct. 2616], our high court backed away from the broad pronouncement of Moul[1443]*1443ton. In Kuhlmann, the police placed a confidential informant into the accused’s cell, instructing the informant not to ask the accused any questions but to listen for any statements he might make concerning the charges pending against him. Although this would appear to be a deliberate exploitation of an opportunity to confront the accused without counsel present, the court held that incriminating statements made to the informant were admissible. The court explained: “[A] defendant does not make out a violation of [the Sixth Amendment] right simply by showing that an informant, either through prior arrangement or voluntarily, reported [the defendant’s] incriminating statements to the police. Rather, the defendant must demonstrate that the police and their informant took some action, beyond merely listening, that was designed deliberately to elicit incriminating statements.” (Id., at p. 459 [91 L.Ed.2d at pp. 384-385]; People v. Hovey (1988) 44 Cal.3d 543, 560 [244 Cal.Rptr. 121, 749 P.2d 776].)
Defendant suggests that the Kuhlmann “ ‘listening post’ exception to the Sixth Amendment” is not applicable to this case. He argues: “There was affirmative action on the part of the prosecutor to have informant [S.] affirmatively communicate with [defendant] and arrange for the surreptitious meeting with the undercover police officer. There was affirmative action in bringing [defendant] down to meet with the undercover officer.” (Italics in original.) Defendant misrepresents the record. The testimony of both S. and the district attorney’s investigator indicates that the idea to inform on defendant was S.’s alone. The state did not direct S. to act as an informant or to elicit incriminating statements from defendant. This evidence supports the trial court’s finding that S. was not acting as an informant for the state. Moreover, the state did not direct S. to arrange the surreptitious meeting with an undercover law enforcement officer. S. did so on his own. When he told the district attorney’s investigator of the arrangement he had made, she expressed surprise and asked him why he had done so since the investigator never suggested that he take such action. Granted, after he spoke with the prosecutor and Officer Simonds, S. told defendant when the previously arranged meeting would take place. However, we see no appreciable difference between this and the state’s action in Kuhlmann. In that case, the state took the affirmative step to place an informant in a position to listen for the accused to volunteer incriminating remarks. Here, S.’s step in telling defendant the date of the meeting which S. already had arranged on his own, not at the government’s behest, merely placed Officer Simonds in the position to listen for defendant to make incriminating remarks.
Thus, in our view, the dispositive issue is whether Simonds merely listened to defendant’s statements or deliberately elicited them.
[1444]*1444The tape recording of the meeting reveals the following: After a brief introduction in which he confirmed that Officer Simonds was the visitor he expected, defendant asked if Simonds was a “cop.” When Simonds replied, “No, I’m not,” defendant on his own initiative displayed two notes on the glass partition, one of which detailed defendant’s request that Simonds convince the victims to change their stories. Up to this point, Simonds had done nothing to deliberately elicit incriminating statements from defendant. He took no action beyond merely listening for what defendant might say concerning the plan to convince the victims not to testify. Accordingly, both the notes and Officer Simonds’s testimony concerning defendant’s display of the notes and the subsequent seizure thereof were admissible. (Kuhlmann v. Wilson, supra, 477 U.S. at p. 459 [91 L.Ed.2d at pp. 384-385].)
However, after reading the notes, Simonds began to ask a number of questions designed to have defendant elaborate on his request.4 In repeatedly querying defendant about his proposal to silence to victims, including questions concerning the contents of the notes defendant displayed to him, Officer Simonds clearly undertook a course of conduct deliberately designed to elicit incriminating statements from defendant. In doing so, Simonds violated defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Accordingly, the trial court erred in failing to exclude the tape recording of the conversation and Officer Simonds’s testimony about his discussion with defendant after the notes were displayed.
[1445]*1445However, the harmless error test enunciated in Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18 [17 L.Ed.2d 705, 87 S.Ct. 824, 24 A.L.R.3d 1065] applies to Massiah violations. (Milton v. Wainwright (1972) 407 U.S. 371, 372 [33 L.Ed.2d 1, 3-4, 92 S.Ct. 2174].) In reviewing Massiah error, “We need not determine whether the jury in fact relied on the tainted evidence in reaching a verdict. We need only conclude that ‘it is clear beyond a reasonable doubt that if the jury had not considered’ the tainted evidence ‘its verdict would have been the same.’” (LePage v. State of Idaho (9th Cir. 1988) 851 F.2d 251, 253, quoting Pope v. Illinois (1987) 481 U.S. 497, 503, fn. 6 [95 L.Ed.2d 439, 447, 107 S.Ct. 1918].)
As previously noted, up until the time that defendant displayed the notes to Simonds, the officer had done nothing deliberately designed to elicit incriminating statements from defendant. Thus, the notes were properly admitted into evidence. The tape recording and the officer’s testimony regarding the subsequent discussion were cumulative and added nothing of substance to the properly admitted, and highly incriminatory, notes. Accordingly, we conclude that admission of the tape recording and Simonds’s testimony concerning events which occurred after the notes were displayed was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Even assuming, arguendo, that Officer Simonds violated defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to counsel by appearing at the visiting room of the jail, introduction of the notes displayed by defendant, coupled with error in admitting the tape recording and Officer Simonds’s testimony, would still be harmless. The evidence of defendant’s guilt was truly overwhelming. While the victims were somewhat unclear on the precise number of crimes committed, they were definite in their identification of defendant and in their testimony that he committed numerous forcible sex crimes against them. This testimony was corroborated in many ways. For example, Lucille was observed fleeing half-naked from the hotel room. She appeared to be hysterical. Defendant admitted to an officer that he had sexual activity with Lucille and had been present in the hotel room with Heather and Michelle. The bedsheets bore stains resembling blood and fecal matter. A knife was found at the scene of that crime, and other knives were found in defendant’s room at another hotel. Medical testimony revealed the genital areas of Michelle and Heather had been seriously traumatized with lacerations and vaginal bleeding, including an injury consistent with Heather’s testimony that defendant “took the knife and he ran it down [her] chin all the way down to [her] vagina and stabbed [her] down there [in her vagina].” Moreover, the crimes were so distinctive that the testimony of Lucille and the account of Michelle and Heather corroborated each other.
Upon this record, any error relating to the jailhouse meeting was harmless. It is clear to us beyond a reasonable doubt that if the jury had not [1446]*1446heard the evidence concerning defendant’s effort to dissuade the victims from testifying, its verdicts would have been the same—based on the overwhelming evidence against him, defendant would have been convicted of the multiple sex crimes which he now contests on appeal. (LePage v. State of Idaho, supra, 851 F.2d at p. 253 [corroborated eyewitness testimony renders Massiah violation harmless].)
II
Defendant was convicted of two counts of forcible oral copulation as to Heather and two counts of lewd and lascivious conduct as to Michelle based upon the following facts: He forced Michelle to lick his scrotum while he made Heather suck his penis. Then, he ordered the girls to switch positions and forced Heather the lick his scrotum while Michelle orally copulated his penis.5 Neither the information nor the prosecutor at trial specified whether any of the counts was based on defendant compelling the victims to lick his scrotum. However, the People do not dispute defendant’s assertion that this episode resulted in convictions of two counts of forcible oral copulation committed against Heather and two counts of lewd and lascivious conduct involving Michelle.
Defendant contends one count of oral copulation and one count of lewd and lascivious conduct must be reversed. His argument is twofold.
First, he asserts that “merely changing the location of copulation that occurs on the same organ, without interruption, cannot constitute separate offenses.” In support of this contention, defendant “maintains that a man’s scrotum and penis constitute the male ‘sexual organ’ for purposes of section 288a. Accordingly, any uninterrupted act of copulating different parts of a man’s ‘sexual organ’ constitutes but a single offense.” (Italics in original.)
The flaw in defendant’s argument is that the acts were not uninterrupted. Rather, they were separated in time and by a change in position. It is now settled that an accused may be convicted for multiple, nonconsensual sex acts of an identical nature which follow one another in quick, uninterrupted succession. (People v. Harrison (1989) 48 Cal.3d 321, 327-334 [256 Cal.Rptr. 401, 768 P.2d 1078].) The initial sex crimes involving oral copulation of defendant’s penis and the licking of his scrotum were completed when defendant ordered Michelle and Heather to stop and switch positions. (Id., at pp. 329-330.) Therefore, separate sex crimes occurred when defendant forced the girls to recommence sucking his penis and licking his scro[1447]*1447turn, thus compelling them to endure new, unconsented sex acts. (Ibid.) It is equally clear that an accused may be separately punished for sex acts of the same nature committed during a single encounter. (Id., at pp. 335-338; People v. Perez (1979) 23 Cal.3d 545, 550-554 [153 Cal.Rptr. 40, 591 P.2d 63].) Where “ ‘[n]one of the sex offenses was committed as a means of committing any other, none facilitated commission of any other, and none was incidental’ to any other, section 654 [which protects against multiple punishment6] [does] not apply.” (Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 336, quoting Perez, supra, 23 Cal.3d at pp. 553-554.) Such was the case here.
Moreover, the trial court reasonably could infer that, in committing the separate sex acts against the victims, defendant had independent objectives other than his own sexual gratification. Over a period of many hours, defendant compelled the victims to do a variety of degrading sex acts, including forcing them to kiss and orally copulate each other. “[T]he ‘essential guilt’ of sex offenses lies in ‘the outrage to the person and feelings of the victim ....’” (Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 330, quoting § 263.) Under the facts here, it can be inferred that, with each new sex act, defendant had the independent intent and objective to degrade the victims and to further enhance the physical pain, emotional suffering and humiliation they experienced from his repeated violations of their persons. Accordingly, defendant was properly convicted and sentenced for each of these separate sex acts. (See Harrison, supra, at p. 335.)
In his reply brief, defendant takes a different tack in challenging the sufficiency of evidence to support separate convictions and punishment for the oral copulation of his penis and the licking of his scrotum. While adhering to his view that “[o]ral copulation of the penis, which reasonably construed includes the scrotum for purposes of section 288a, . . .’’he takes the inconsistent, fallback position that “[i]f the scrotum is not included as part of the penis, . . . then only the penis may constitute ‘the sexual organ’ under section 288a, . . .” and “copulation of the scrotum could not possibly be punished under section 288a because it is not a sexual organ.”
As to Michelle, defendant’s act of forcing her to lick his scrotum was charged as a violation of section 288, subdivision (b), alleging that he committed a lewd and lascivious act “to wit, oral copulation with Michelle [], a child under the age of fourteen years, . . .” Defendant does not raise any issue of defective pleading as to this charge. Since the act of forcing Michelle to lick his scrotum constituted lewd and lascivious [1448]*1448conduct under section 288 whether or not that act constituted oral copulation under section 288a (cf. People v. Pearson (1986) 42 Cal.3d 351, 355-356 [228 Cal.Rptr. 509, 721 P.2d 595]), the evidence is sufficient to support defendant’s conviction under section 288, subdivision (b).
As to Heather, the licking of defendant’s scrotum was charged as forcible oral copulation. Section 288a defines oral copulation as “the act of copulating the mouth of one person with the sexual organ or anus of another person.”
To determine whether defendant’s act of forcing Heather to lick his scrotum constituted oral copulation of his “sexual organ” within the meaning of section 288a, we must apply fundamental rules of statutory construction. Our role as an appellate court is to ascertain the intent of the Legislature so as to effectuate the purpose of the statute. (People v. Pieters (1991) 52 Cal.3d 894, 898 [276 Cal.Rptr. 918, 802 P.2d 420]; Moyer v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeals Bd. (1973) 10 Cal.3d 222, 230 [110 Cal.Rptr. 144, 514 P.2d 1224].) In ascertaining legislative intent, a court must look to the language of the statute and “accord words their usual, ordinary, and common sense meaning based on the language used and the evident purpose for which the statute was adopted.” (In re Rojas (1979) 23 Cal.3d 152, 155 [151 Cal.Rptr. 649, 588 P.2d 789]; Valladares v. Stone (1990) 218 Cal.App.3d 362, 368 [267 Cal.Rptr. 57]). In doing so, we must “presume that the Legislature did not intend absurd results.” (In re Head (1986) 42 Cal.3d 223, 232 [228 Cal.Rptr. 184, 721 P.2d 65].) Accordingly, if a statute is susceptible to more than one interpretation, we must adopt the reasonable meaning and reject that which would lead to an unjust and absurd result. (People v. Clark (1990) 50 Cal.3d 583, 605 [268 Cal.Rptr. 399, 789 P.2d 127]; Lungren v. Deukmejian (1988) 45 Cal.3d 727, 735 [248 Cal.Rptr. 115, 755 P.2d 299]; see also People v. Morris (1988) 46 Cal.3d 1, 15 [249 Cal.Rptr. 119, 756 P.2d 843].) Even if the language of the statute is unambiguous, it “ ‘should not be given a literal meaning if doing so would result in absurd consequences which the Legislature did not intend.’ ” (Pieters, supra, at pp. 898-899, quoting Younger v. Superior Court (1978) 21 Cal.3d 102, 133 [145 Cal.Rptr. 674, 577 P.2d 1014], citations omitted, internal quotation marks omitted.) “Thus, ‘[t]he intent prevails over the letter, and the letter will, if possible, be so read as to conform to the spirit of the act.’ ” (Id., at p. 899, quoting Lungren, supra, at p. 735.)
With these principles in mind, we conclude that the term “sexual organ” contained in California’s oral copulation statute (§ 288a), as applied to males, refers not only to the penis, but also includes the scrotum.
This conclusion is compelled by the usual, ordinary meaning of the phrase “sexual organ.” While we can envision little dispute over the mean[1449]*1449ing of the word “sexual,” we turn to the dictionary in the interest of thoroughness. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1986) defines “sexual” as “relating to the male or female sexes or their distinctive organs or functions . . . .” (Id., at p. 2082.) Stedman’s Medical Dictionary (5th ed. unabridged Lawyers’ Ed. 1982) states that “sexual” means “[r]elating to sex; erotic; genital.” (Id., at p. 1279.) An “organ,” as defined in Stedman’s, is “any part of the body exercising a specific function . . . .” (Id., at p. 992.) Similarly, Webster’s states that an “organ” is “a differentiated structure [i.e., a specialization of parts or organs] in an animal . . . adapted for the performance of some specific function and grouped with other structures sharing a common function into systems.” (Webster’s 3d New Internat. Dict., op. cit. supra, at pp. 630, 1589, italics added; see also Webster’s New Collegiate Dict. (1973) at p. 808 [defining “organ” as “bodily parts performing a function or cooperating in an activity,” italics added].) In a male, the sexual function is performed not by the penis alone, but also by other parts grouped together to comprise the male reproductive system, including the scrotum. The primary sex glands, i.e. gonads, are the testes. (Stedman’s Medical Dict., op. cit. supra, at pp. 601, 1431; Webster’s Third New Internat. Dict., op. cit. supra, at pp. 977, 2362.) The scrotum is the cutaneous pouch containing the testes and parts of the spermatic cords which contain the excretory ducts of the testes. One of the important functions of the scrotum in the reproductive process is to regulate the temperature of the testes for optimum production - of sperm. (See Gray, Anatomy of the Human Body (30th American ed. 1985) at pp. 1549, 1550-1551; Stedman’s Medical Dict., op. cit. supra, at p. 1267.) Since the penis, the testes and the scrotum function together to carry out the reproductive function, each is considered by the aforesaid authorities to be part of the male sexual organ.
Even without resort to these dictionary definitions, one does not have to be a urogenital expert to recognize that the penis is not the only part of the sexual organ within the male reproductive system. As a matter of common sense, a penis without the testes and scrotum is like a flintlock rifle without a flint and flash powder or a bow without a string and arrow. Thus, in the male, the usual, ordinary meaning of the term “sexual organ” refers to “the scrotum, testicles, and penis.” (Schmidt, Attorneys’ Dict. of Med. and Word Finder (1990) at pp. G-35, S-96.; see also Gray, Anatomy of the Human Body, op. cit. supra, at pp. 1548-1552.)
It is this common meaning which courts are compelled by law to adopt in construing the legislative purpose for, and scope of, section 288a. (In re Rojas, supra, 23 Cal.3d at p. 155; Title Ins. & Trust Co. v. County of Riverside (1989) 48 Cal.3d 84, 91 [255 Cal.Rptr. 670, 767 P.2d 1148].)
Moreover, to do otherwise would result in an absurd construction of the statute, an outcome which courts are not at liberty to reach. (People v. [1450]*1450Pieters, supra, 52 Cal.3d at pp. 898-899; Lungren v. Deukmejian, supra, 45 Cal.3d at p. 735.) It has long been recognized that section 288a proscribes unlawful oral-genital contact. (People v. Harris (1951) 108 Cal.App.2d 84, 88 [238 P.2d 158].) The gravamen of the offense is the revulsion and harm suffered by one who is forced to unwillingly touch his or her mouth to the genitals of another. (Cf. People v. Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 330.) To suggest that in enacting section 288a the Legislature intended to proscribe the coupling of the mouth with a penis but not with a scrotum is, in our view, an absurd proposition. Such a construction clearly would not effectuate the purpose of the statute.
Contrary to the dissent’s claim, there is nothing in the “historical usage” of the term “sexual organ” in section 288a, or in the language of its predecessor statute, which suggests that as to males the Legislature intended the term to apply only to the penis. Section 288a originally was added to the Penal Code in 1915 to address “sex perversions” and provided: “The acts technically known as fellatio and cunnilingus are hereby declared to be felonies and any person convicted of the commission of either thereof shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for not more than fifteen years.” (In re Lockett (1919) 179 Cal. 581, 583 [178 P. 134]; People v. Carrell (1916) 31 Cal.App. 793 [161 P. 995].) In declaring this section unconstitutional, the California Supreme Court concluded that “ ‘it is by no means certain what acts the legislature intended to characterize as the crime of “fellatio.” ’ ” (Lockett, supra, 179 C. at p. 589, quoting Carrell, supra, at p. 795.) In light of this holding, it cannot now be said that the Legislature originally intended that a section 288a act of sex perversion on the male body applied only to oral copulation of the penis. Thereafter, the Legislature repealed this section and enacted a new section 288a “prohibiting sex perversions” and providing: “Any person participating in the act of copulating the mouth of one person with the sexual organ of another is punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for not exceeding fifteen years.” (Stats. 1921, ch. 848, § 2, p. 1633.) Nothing in this language suggests that the Legislature intended to depart from the common meaning of the term “sexual organ” and to limit the offense, as performed on a male, to oral copulation of the penis. If the Legislature had so intended, it could have said so. In interpreting section 288a, courts must keep in mind the fact that in outlawing oral copulation with the “sexual organ” of another, the Legislature was “prohibiting sex perversion.” Forcing a person to unwillingly lick one’s scrotum seems to us to constitute the type of “sex perversion” that the Legislature was seeking to prohibit by enacting section 288a.7
[1451]*1451The fact that the Legislature used the singular term “sexual organ,” as well as the anus, does not compel a conclusion that the crime of oral copulation performed on a male applies only to the penis and anus. Section 7 provides that, as to words used in the Penal Code, “the singular number includes the plural, and the plural the singular; ...” “The rule of construction enunciated in section 7 is no mere rubric—it is the law.” (People v. Jones (1988) 46 Cal.3d 585, 593 [250 Cal.Rptr. 635, 758 P.2d 1165].) Thus, to the extent practicable, we must interpret the singular phrase “sexual organ” in section 288a to be consistent with the plural term “sexual organs.” (Ibid.) Such a construction is practical and appropriate because, as noted in Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, op. cit. supra, at pages 946, 2082, the term “sexual organ” often is used in the plural to refer to the genitalia, i.e., “the organs of the reproductive system; esp\ the external genital organs.” (Italics in original.) This plural interpretation of the term “sexual organ” is the only one which is consistent with the apparent intent of the Legislature in enacting section 288a and does not result in an absurd construction of the statute.
We are mindful of the principle that where a statute is susceptible of two reasonable interpretations, it must be construed in favor of defendant. (Dunn v. United States, supra, 442 U.S. 100, 112 [60 L.Ed.2d 743, 754]; People v. Anderson (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1104, 1145-1146 [240 Cal.Rptr. 585, 742 P.2d 1306].) However, for the reasons stated above, we conclude that, as to males, limiting the term “sexual organ” to the penis is not a reasonable interpretation of section 288a. Accordingly, this construction must be rejected in favor of the only reasonable interpretation, namely that the term “sexual organ” in section 288a includes a man’s scrotum as well as his penis. (Cf. People v. Pieters, supra, 52 Cal.3d at pp. 898-902; People v. Jones, supra, 46 Cal.3d at p. 599; Anderson, supra, 43 Cal.3d at pp. 1145-1146.)
Defendant was properly convicted under section 288a for his act of forcing Heather to lick his scrotum.8
[1452]*1452III-XVI
Disposition
The judgment is reversed in part with directions to the trial court to (1) reduce the sodomy conviction (count XLVIII) to attempted sodomy, for a consecutive term of three years, and strike the ancillary section 12022.3 use enhancement; (2) strike the great bodily injury enhancement ancillary to count XXXVIII; (3) prepare a new abstract of judgment setting forth defendant’s sentence, 546 years in state prison; and (4) forward a certified copy of the abstract to the Department of Corrections. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed.
Sims, J., concurred.
See footnote ante, page 1434.