2021 IL App (3d) 170197
Opinion filed November 30, 2021 ____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ILLINOIS, ) of the 12th Judicial Circuit, ) Will County, Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, ) ) Appeal No. 3-17-0197 v. ) Circuit No. 09-CF-1362 ) DOUGLAS F. CANAS JR., ) Honorable ) Sarah-Marie F. Jones, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding. ____________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE LYTTON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justice Wright concurred in the judgment and opinion. Presiding Justice McDade dissented. ____________________________________________________________________________
OPINION
¶1 Defendant, Douglas F. Canas Jr., appeals the Will County circuit court’s denial of his
motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition, arguing the court erred in permitting
the State to provide input regarding the merits of his motion before the court made a cause and
prejudice determination. We affirm.
¶2 I. BACKGROUND
¶3 On June 25, 2009, the State charged defendant with two counts of criminal sexual assault
(720 ILCS 5/12-13(a)(2) (West 2008)). Count I of the indictment alleged that “defendant, knowing that [G.S.] was unable to understand the nature of the act, committed an act of sexual penetration
with [G.S.], in that the defendant knowingly placed his penis in the vagina of [G.S.].” Count II
alleged that “defendant, knowing that [G.S.] was unable to give knowing consent, committed an
act of sexual penetration with [G.S.], in that the defendant knowingly placed his penis in the vagina
of [G.S.].” The cause proceeded to a jury trial on both charges where defendant was represented
by private attorney, John Kogut.
¶4 At trial, the victim, G.S., testified that on September 20, 2008, after working a night shift,
she and several coworkers, including defendant, Donte Gant, and Hassan Ware, went to a park to
drink alcohol and play basketball. G.S. consumed two drinks before she played basketball. During
the game, G.S. felt dizzy and nauseous. G.S. had to urinate and climbed to an area on a nearby
playground to do so. As G.S. attempted to pull up her pants, she fell down a slide. While walking
back to the basketball court, G.S. began vomiting.
¶5 At some point, G.S. lost consciousness and awoke to the pain of a man penetrating her
vaginal area. She was in the backseat of a car, her pants and boxer shorts had been pulled down,
and she heard Gant’s voice describe her vaginal area. G.S. said on redirect that she felt Gant touch
her vagina prior to feeling a penis in her vagina. When G.S. looked over her shoulder, she saw
defendant. Defendant removed his penis, and G.S. lost consciousness a second time.
¶6 G.S. awoke fully clothed in the driver’s seat of her car. G.S. called her friend, Arele
Thompson, and told her about the sexual assault. Thompson testified that G.S. was crying and her
speech was slurred. Thompson said G.S. told her that she awoke to find “a Mexican *** fucking
me.”
¶7 G.S. attempted to drive, but she was falling in and out of consciousness. G.S. pulled over
and fell asleep in her car for seven or eight hours. G.S. awoke and drove home. There, she noticed
2 that someone had drawn on her face with black marker. G.S. then went to the hospital where a
nurse performed a sexual assault examination. Forensic analysis of the swabs taken during the
examination indicated that semen found on G.S.’s boxer shorts matched defendant’s DNA.
Analysis of the semen on the vaginal swab did not reveal a DNA profile.
¶8 The defense first called Jesse Garcia to testify. Garcia was at the park and recalled that
G.S. climbed to the top of the slide and announced that she was going to “pee down the slide.”
G.S. slid down the slide and then pulled her pants up.
¶9 Gant testified that G.S. announced after playing basketball that she was “going to go and
use the bathroom down the slide.” G.S. then waved her hands in an attempt to get the attention of
her coworkers. G.S. went down the slide with her pants off. Approximately two hours later, G.S.
went to her car. G.S. was stumbling and could not walk straight, so Gant and Ware took G.S.’s
keys. G.S. laid down in the backseat of her car, and while she was asleep, defendant drew on her
face with a marker. Gant said neither he nor defendant removed G.S.’s pants.
¶ 10 Ware testified that while he was at the park, G.S. went to the top of the slide, called
attention to herself, and urinated on the slide. In the process, G.S. fell down the slide with her
pants down. Later, Ware stopped G.S. from leaving in her car because he believed that G.S. was
too intoxicated to drive. G.S. then fell asleep in the backseat of the car. Defendant drew on G.S.’s
face with a marker.
¶ 11 Defendant testified that he knew G.S. from work. Defendant played basketball with the
group of coworkers. He recalled that G.S. left the game after being injured.
¶ 12 While defendant was using a porta-potty, G.S. entered, began kissing defendant, and
grabbed his penis. G.S. masturbated defendant’s penis until defendant ejaculated. Defendant told
G.S. that they could not have sexual intercourse because he did not have a condom.
3 ¶ 13 Later, G.S. attempted to get everyone’s attention and urinate down a slide, but she fell
down the slide. Defendant said G.S. got in the backseat of her car and fell asleep. Defendant and
Gant drew on G.S.’s face with a marker while she slept. Defendant denied removing G.S.’s pants
and inserting his penis in her vagina.
¶ 14 During deliberations, the jury sent two notes to the court indicating that it could not reach
a verdict. In each instance, the court instructed the jury to continue deliberations. The jury
eventually found defendant guilty of both charges. Thereafter, private attorney Raul Villalobos
entered his appearance on behalf of defendant and Kogut withdrew his representation. Villalobos
represented defendant through the posttrial proceedings and on direct appeal.
¶ 15 Defendant filed a motion for new trial in which he argued the evidence was insufficient to
prove his guilt, jury misconduct, and ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to present a juror’s
comment that defendant “lied, yes you did it” to the court. The court denied defendant’s motion
and sentenced defendant to two concurrent terms of six years’ imprisonment.
¶ 16 On direct appeal, defendant raised three arguments: (1) the evidence was insufficient to
prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, (2) he received ineffective assistance of counsel when
counsel did not inform the court of the statement made by a juror; and (3) the court abused its
discretion in denying his motion for new trial based on the juror’s statement. People v. Canas,
2013 IL App (3d) 120687-U. We affirmed defendant’s convictions and sentences.
¶ 17 On December 1, 2014, defendant, as a self-represented litigant, filed a postconviction
petition, arguing: (1) Villalobos was ineffective for failing to argue that Kogut was ineffective for
failing to investigate an alternative suspect; (2) defendant’s sentence was imposed to punish him
for exercising his right to a jury trial; and (3) the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt. The circuit court dismissed the petition as frivolous and patently without merit.
4 On appeal, defendant argued that his convictions and sentences violated the one-act, one-crime
rule. We affirmed the circuit court’s judgment. People v. Canas, No. 3-15-0199 (2017)
(unpublished summary order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(c)).
¶ 18 On November 28, 2016, defendant, as a self-represented litigant, filed a motion for leave
to file a successive postconviction petition. Defendant alleged there was cause for his failure to
raise those claims earlier because he had no access to the law library, he suffered from mental
health issues that required that he take psychotropic medication that made him drowsy and
inhibited his ability to function, he did not have a complete trial transcript, and “case law not
available at time of petition.” Defendant also alleged that he suffered prejudice because the errors
identified in his successive petition so infected his trial that the resulting conviction violated due
process. The claims underlying the petition included the following claims of ineffective assistance
of trial counsel: (1) Kogut refused defendant’s request to “accept a hung jury decision” (2) Kogut
lied to defendant about the unavailability of a lesser included offense instruction; (3) Kogut did
not explain to defendant that consent could be a defense to criminal sexual assault; (4) Kogut did
not present evidence to show that G.S. did not have the intelligence to understand the nature of the
act and its possible consequences; (5) Kogut failed to have Gant’s DNA tested to provide an
alternative explanation for the semen found in G.S.’s vagina; and (6) Kogut did not obtain alcohol
and drug testing on G.S.’s blood and urine and this evidence would have impeached G.S.’s
testimony indicating that she was drugged before the sexual assault. Defendant argued that
Villalobos provided ineffective assistance in failing to raise these issues during the posttrial
proceedings and in defendant’s direct appeal. Finally, defendant alleged a claim of actual
innocence “based on evidence not available to [him] at the time of [his] jury trial.” Specifically,
5 G.S.’s urine and blood samples could have been used to impeach G.S.’s testimony and “proved
defendant not guilty.”
¶ 19 On December 5, 2016, the State filed an objection, arguing defendant could not satisfy
either prong of the cause and prejudice test because defendant’s claims could have been raised
either on direct appeal or in his initial postconviction petition, and defendant failed to show that
the trial’s outcome would have been different had defendant presented those claims earlier.
¶ 20 On January 20, 2017, the court held a hearing where it discussed defendant’s filings with
the State. Defendant was not present at this hearing. The following exchange occurred:
“[THE STATE]: So we did file an objection to [defendant’s] motion for
leave to file a successive post-conviction petition. And basically my objection
spells out why. That he has not met the cause and prejudice test necessary for filing
such a petition. Basically for cause he just says that he was denied access to the law
library and has a mental disability that prohibited him from doing so previously,
but he did file a first post-conviction petition.
THE COURT: What are you asking me to do today?
[THE STATE]: Deny his motion for leave to file the successive post-
conviction petition for failure to meet the cause and prejudice test.
THE COURT: And he did not file any responsive pleading?
[THE STATE]: He did not, no. And I filed this on December 5th.
THE COURT: Show that [the State’s] motion to dismiss [defendant’s] leave
to file a successive [postconviction] petition is granted.”
In characterizing defendant’s assertions of cause—both in its written objection and in its argument
before the court—the State omitted defendant’s claim that the allegations in his petition relied on
6 case law that had arisen after his initial postconviction petition. The court did not give any
indication of awareness that defendant had made this allegation or that the State had failed to
mention it.
¶ 21 Later that day, the court issued a written order denying defendant’s motion for leave to file
a successive postconviction petition. Defendant appeals.
¶ 22 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 23 Defendant argues the circuit court erred in permitting the State to provide input regarding
his request for leave to file a successive postconviction petition, and therefore we should remand
for further proceedings.
¶ 24 The Post-Conviction Hearing Act contemplates the filing of a single postconviction
petition without leave of the court. 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2016). The circuit court should
grant leave to file where it finds a defendant has demonstrated cause for the failure to bring the
claim earlier and prejudice flowing from that failure. Id. To establish cause for leave to file a
successive petition, defendant must identify “an objective factor that impeded his or her ability to
raise as specific claim during his or her initial post-conviction proceedings.” Id. To establish
prejudice, defendant must demonstrate “that the claim not raised during his or her initial post-
conviction proceedings so infected the trial that the resulting conviction or sentence violated due
process.” Id.
“[L]eave of court to file a successive postconviction petition should be denied when
it is clear, from a review of the successive petition and the documentation submitted
by the petitioner, that the claims alleged by the petitioner fail as a matter of law or
where the successive petition with supporting documentation is insufficient to
justify further proceedings.” People v. Smith, 2014 IL 115946, ¶ 35.
7 ¶ 25 “[T]he State should not be permitted to participate at the cause and prejudice stage of
successive postconviction proceedings.” People v. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 24. The leave to
file stage is a preliminary screening that calls for “an independent determination by the circuit
court.” (Emphasis added.) Id.
¶ 26 The record clearly establishes that the State impermissibly participated in the leave to file
proceedings. See id. The appropriate remedy for this error is less clear. We held this appeal in
abeyance pending the Illinois Supreme Court’s decision in People v. Lusby, 2020 IL 124046, with
the hope that the court would settle this question. In Lusby, as in Bailey and the instant case, the
defendant filed a motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition and the State filed
an objection. Id. ¶ 22. The circuit court denied defendant’s motion. Id. On direct appeal, this
court did not remand for the circuit court to make a new cause and prejudice determination, but
instead considered the underlying merits of the motion. Id. ¶¶ 17-29. The supreme court reiterated
that it is error for the State to participate at the leave to file stage. Id. ¶ 29. Then, the court stated
that in the interest of judicial economy, it would consider the merits of defendant’s motion. Id. In
a footnote, the Lusby court added “[t]he appellate court is not foreclosed from adopting that
approach.” Id. ¶ 29 n.1. Therefore, we apply the same approach in this case, and in the interest of
judicial economy, we examine the merits of defendant’s motion for leave.
¶ 27 From our review, defendant’s motion failed to demonstrate cause and prejudice.
Defendant’s allegations of cause are largely conclusory and are supported solely by affidavits from
defendant. See People v. Tidwell, 236 Ill. 2d 150, 161 (2010) (“it is *** defendant’s burden to
obtain leave, and he must submit enough in the way of documentation to allow a circuit court to
make that determination”). More problematic for defendant is that his proposed claims do not
meet the prejudice standard.
8 ¶ 28 Defendant alleges several ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel claims. “To
prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must demonstrate that counsel’s
performance was deficient and that the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant.” People
v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 36 (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)).
Specifically, “a defendant must show that counsel’s performance was objectively unreasonable
under prevailing professional norms and that there is a ‘reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.’ ” Id.
(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “A ‘reasonable probability’ is defined as ‘a probability
sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.’ ” People v. Simpson, 2015 IL 116512, ¶ 35
(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). “A defendant must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test
and a failure to satisfy any one of the prongs precludes a finding of ineffectiveness.” Id. (citing
People v. Patterson, 192 Ill. 2d 93, 107 (2000)). “Matters of trial strategy are generally immune
from claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v. Smith, 195 Ill. 2d 179, 188 (2000).
¶ 29 First, defendant asserts that Kogut provided ineffective assistance when he prevented
defendant from accepting the “hung jury.” Defendant does not provide support for his supposition
that he, as a litigant, could “accept a hung jury” and impliedly require the court to declare a mistrial.
To the contrary, “It is *** well established that a court may properly declare a mistrial and
discharge a jury when it is apparent the jury is hopelessly deadlocked.” People v. Cole, 91 Ill. 2d
172, 175 (1982). Therefore, Kogut’s performance was not deficient for failing to pursue this
meritless claim.
¶ 30 Second, defendant claims that Kogut was ineffective for: (1) failing to request that the court
issue a lesser included offense jury instruction, (2) raise a consent defense, and (3) argue that G.S.
did not understand the nature of the act. Each of these claims fail because they are attributable to
9 trial strategy. See, e.g., People v. W.T., 255 Ill. App. 3d 335, 351 (1994) (the decision to offer a
lesser included offense instruction is one of trial strategy which has no bearing on the competency
of counsel). Defendant’s trial defense was that he did not commit the charged act of sexual
penetration. Supra ¶¶ 12-13. For counsel to request a lesser included offense instruction, raise a
consent defense, or argue that G.S. did not understand the nature of the offense, counsel necessarily
would have had to concede that defendant had sexual contact with G.S. Such a concession would
be inconsistent with defendant’s defense that he did not penetrate or touch G.S.’s vagina.
Therefore, these decisions are reasonably attributable to trial strategy and do not constitute
ineffective assistance of counsel.
¶ 31 Third, defendant argues Kogut was ineffective for failing to have Gant’s DNA analyzed
and compared to the DNA in the semen recovered on the vaginal swab. However, defendant
cannot show that he suffered prejudice as a result of this decision. The forensic evidence also
showed that DNA found on G.S.’s boxer shorts matched defendant. This inferentially indicated
that defendant had sexual contact with G.S., and it corroborated G.S.’s testimony that she saw
defendant sexually assault her when she looked over her shoulder. The additional DNA analysis
only had the potential to inculpate Gant, and it did not have the potential to exculpate defendant.
Therefore, this evidence possessed no potential to change the outcome of this trial.
¶ 32 Fourth, defendant asserts that Kogut was ineffective for failing to have G.S.’s blood and
urine analyzed to show that she was only drunk, not drugged, at the time of the offense.
Additionally, according to defendant, this evidence would have served to impeach G.S.’s
testimony that she only drank alcohol, as defendant alleged that he saw G.S. voluntarily consume
drugs. Defendant also cannot demonstrate prejudice resulting from the omission of this evidence
because, as charged in this case, the cause of G.S.’s unconscious state was irrelevant. The statute
10 only required proof that the victim was unable to understand the nature of the act or was unable to
give consent. 720 ILCS 5/12-13(a)(2) (West 2008). Further, while this evidence could have
impeached G.S.’s testimony regarding the cause of her unconscious state, it did not refute the other
physical and testimonial evidence that corroborated G.S.’s recollection of the sexual assault.
Therefore, it did not have the potential to alter the outcome of the case.
¶ 33 Defendant’s claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel similarly fail because
these allegations derived from Villalobos’s failure to raise the ineffective assistance of trial counsel
claims that we found to be without merit. See People v. Edwards, 195 Ill. 2d 142, 163-64 (2001)
(claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel fail where the underlying claim is meritless).
¶ 34 Finally, defendant’s claim that G.S.’s blood and urine samples, which were unavailable to
him at the time of trial and proved his actual innocence, is also without merit. “[T]o succeed on a
claim of actual innocence, the defendant must present new, material, noncumulative evidence that
is so conclusive it would probably change the result on retrial.” People v. Coleman, 2013 IL
113307, ¶ 96. Defendant has not met this standard, as it is not clear from the record that the blood
and urine evidence defendant relies on is new, as it would have been procured at the time of G.S.’s
sexual assault examination. Moreover, this evidence is unlikely to change the result on retrial, as
it only had the potential to explain the cause of G.S.’s unconsciousness and potentially impeach
G.S.’s testimony.
¶ 35 Despite the State’s erroneous input during the motion for leave to file a successive
postconviction petition, the court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for leave to file a
successive postconviction petition. From our review, defendant failed to establish cause and
prejudice needed for leave to file a successive postconviction petition.
¶ 36 III. CONCLUSION
11 ¶ 37 The judgment of the circuit court of Will County is affirmed.
¶ 38 Affirmed.
¶ 39 PRESIDING JUSTICE McDADE dissenting:
¶ 40 It is undisputed that the State improperly participated at the leave-to-file stage of the
postconviction proceedings in this case, thus depriving defendant of the “independent
determination of the circuit court” required by Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act). Bailey, 2017
IL 121450, ¶ 24; 725 ILCS 5/122-1(f) (West 2016). Despite this clear error, the majority affirms
the denial of defendant’s motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition on the
grounds that defendant nevertheless failed to satisfy the cause-and-prejudice test. This resolution
does nothing more than deprive defendant of the required “independent determination” for a
second time, and for that reason I respectfully dissent.
¶ 41 As the majority points out, our supreme court established in Lusby that the appellate court
has the discretion to consider the underlying merits of a defendant’s motion for leave to file in
these circumstances. Lusby, 2020 IL 124046, ¶ 29 n.1. Thus, it is now clear that the appellate court
may conduct a de novo review of the motion for leave to file, should it choose to do so. Likewise,
it remains clear that this court may also simply remand the matter so that the circuit court may
make the required determination. The Lusby court did not discuss whether either remedy is
preferred, and its footnote indicating that we are “not foreclosed from” conducting a de novo
review is far from a directive or even a full-throated endorsement of that approach. See id.
¶ 42 The ill-defined notion of “judicial economy”—invoked by the supreme court in both Bailey
and Lusby—provides little actual direction. The majority cites that principle in the present case as
the sole reason for addressing the merits of defendant’s petition. It offers no explanation as to how
the interests of judicial economy are served by proceeding in this fashion. Indeed, the parties’
12 extensive briefing of the underlying issues and the majority’s thorough analysis of each does not
seem particularly economic, especially when compared to a remand for the review of an already-
filed motion and oral announcement of whether the petition will be docketed.
¶ 43 As stated above, our supreme court has made clear that the State’s participation at this stage
of postconviction proceedings is error because the Act calls for “an independent determination by
the circuit court” regarding cause and prejudice. Bailey, 2017 IL 121450, ¶ 24. Yet, for a reviewing
court to reach the merits of the motion on appeal is simply to deprive a defendant of that
determination, free of both State input and judicial consideration of that input, for a second time.
Such a tact essentially nullifies the “independent determination” requirement in its entirety. We
presume the supreme court would prefer that a remedy that so overtly frustrates what it has found
to be a clear legislative intent (id. ¶ 16) should be applied only sparingly.
¶ 44 In light of these considerations, remand is an especially appropriate remedy given the
breadth of the error in this case. Here, the State filed a prohibited written objection urging denial
of defendant’s motion then argued its objection at an improper hearing, misrepresenting
defendant’s assertions of cause to the court while defendant was not present. Of further concern,
the circuit court appears not to have read defendant’s motion and to have faulted defendant for not
replying to the State’s objection—again, a response the State was prohibited from filing in the first
place. In fact, the court offered no explanation or analysis in support of its decision, heightening
the possibility that its denial of defendant’s motion was nothing more than a sanction for
defendant’s “failure” to file a reply.
¶ 45 We should therefore vacate the circuit court’s order denying defendant’s motion for leave
to file and remand the matter so that the court may conduct an independent inquiry into whether
that motion sufficiently demonstrates the required cause and prejudice. Additionally, a new judge
13 who has not already heard the State’s objection should preside over the proceedings on remand, as
a truly independent determination of defendant’s motion for leave would otherwise be impossible.
People v. Smith, 2020 IL App (3d) 170666, ¶ 11