2022 IL App (4th) 210559-U NOTICE FILED This Order was filed under December 14, 2022 NO. 4-21-0559 Supreme Court Rule 23 and is Carla Bender not precedent except in the 4th District Appellate limited circumstances allowed IN THE APPELLATE COURT Court, IL under Rule 23(e)(1). OF ILLINOIS
FOURTH DISTRICT
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Circuit Court of v. ) McLean County TIIYON T. BYRD, ) No. 10CF796 Defendant-Appellant. ) ) Honorable ) J. Casey Costigan, ) Judge Presiding.
PRESIDING JUSTICE KNECHT delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Cavanagh and Harris concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The appellate court affirmed, finding the trial court did not err in dismissing defendant’s claim of actual innocence at the second stage of postconviction proceedings.
¶2 In January 2011, defendant, Tiiyon T. Byrd, pleaded guilty to five counts of armed
robbery and one count of attempted armed robbery pursuant to a fully negotiated guilty plea. After
accepting defendant’s guilty plea, the trial court sentenced him to an aggregate term of 34 years in
prison. In June 2020, defendant filed a motion for leave to file a successive postconviction petition
pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2020)),
alleging actual innocence. The State filed a motion to dismiss defendant’s successive
postconviction petition, which the trial court granted.
¶3 Defendant appeals, contending the trial court erred by dismissing his successive
postconviction petition. We affirm. ¶4 I. BACKGROUND
¶5 In August 2010, a grand jury indicted defendant on four counts of armed robbery
(720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(2) (West 2008) (counts I through IV)). The armed robberies were alleged to
have occurred on or about March 25, April 5, April 18, and July 7, 2010. In October 2010, a grand
jury indicted defendant on one count of attempted armed robbery (720 ILCS 5/8-4, 18-2(a)(2)
(West 2008) (count V)) and an additional count of armed robbery (720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(2) (West
2008) (count VI)). The attempted armed robbery was alleged to have occurred on or about July
12, 2010, and the armed robbery was alleged to have occurred on or about July 20, 2010.
¶6 In January 2011, the parties indicated they had reached a fully negotiated plea
agreement. As part of that agreement, defendant would plead guilty to each count and serve an
aggregate term of 34 years in prison, consisting of consecutively imposed terms of 6 years’
imprisonment on each armed robbery count and 4 years’ imprisonment on the count of attempted
armed robbery. In exchange, the State agreed to dismiss multiple outstanding charges.
¶7 The State offered the following factual basis in support of the plea:
“If this case went to trial, we expect the witnesses would testify that between
March and July, there were a number of armed robberies here in McLean County.
Those include two at Thorton’s on March 25, 2010; Walgreen’s on April 5, 2010;
Beningo’s on April 18, 2010; Steak ‘n Shake on July 7, 2010; and Clark Gas Station
on July 20, 2010.
Additionally, on July 12, 2010, an attempt was made at the Shell Gas
Station. At the time, an individual later identified as the [d]efendant attempted to
enter the store while masked, and at that time the doors had already been locked,
and he was unable to gain entry into the station.
-2- The officers obtained a description, and in the first four robberies just
mentioned, two individuals entered the stores while masked and concealing their
identities and also brandishing handguns, one a revolver and one an automatic, and
in the later Clark Gas Station, it was a single individual, also concealing his identity
and using a handgun.
Descriptions were obtained and videos were also obtained for those
individuals. The individuals were also at one point wearing blue latex gloves. One
of those gloves was located near the robbery that occurred at the Steak ‘n Shake on
July 7, 2010. A later DNA [(deoxyribonucleic acid)] match came back to an
individual by the name of [DeAngelo] Buchanan, who turned out to be the
co-defendant of the [d]efendant Tiiyon Byrd, who was later identified as the second
individual in the first four robberies and the single individual in the Shell and Clark
stations.
The two individuals, after being identified, a search warrant was obtained
for the location where the two individuals were found. The search warrant turned
up several items of identification that matched the descriptions of the robbers.
Also, the two handguns were also located. Those handguns were later sent
to the [c]rime [l]ab, in addition to the glove, and the [d]efendant’s DNA was found
on one or both of those handguns as a mixture.
Also, after the two individuals were apprehended, Mr. Buchanan did in fact
acknowledge his part in the armed robberies and did in fact identify the [d]efendant
as his accomplice or the second individual in the robberies and matched the photos
-3- of the two that were done singularly by one individual. All of the above events
occurred in McLean County.”
Defendant stipulated the State could produce witnesses who would testify substantially as
indicated. The trial court accepted defendant’s plea and sentenced defendant as provided in the
plea agreement.
¶8 In April 2011, defendant filed an untimely pro se motion to withdraw his guilty
plea. The trial court struck the motion, and defendant appealed. The appellate defender moved to
dismiss the appeal because it did not comply with the requirements of Illinois Supreme Court Rule
604(d) (eff. July 1, 2006). We dismissed the appeal over defendant’s objection.
¶9 On December 5, 2012, defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition. As amended
by appointed counsel, the petition asserted, in part, his plea counsel provided ineffective assistance
by failing to (1) “investigate certain matters regarding his alibi,” (2) “challenge the State’s
evidence,” and (3) “file [a] motion to withdraw [his] guilty plea.” Defendant alleged he told
counsel he was not guilty of the July 20, 2010, armed robbery and could show he was at BroMenn
Medical Center for the birth of his child the “entire day and night” of July 20, 2010. He attached
affidavits from his mother and aunt in support of this claim. The State moved to dismiss the petition
as untimely and as lacking merit. The trial court granted the motion on both bases. Defendant
appealed, and we affirmed, holding the petition to be untimely. People v. Byrd, 2018 IL App (4th)
160526, ¶ 60.
¶ 10 On June 3, 2020, defendant, through retained counsel, filed a motion for leave to
file a successive postconviction petition—the petition now at issue. The proposed petition claimed
defendant had newly discovered evidence to show his innocence of “at least two of the offenses to
which he pled guilty.” The asserted newly discovered evidence at the core of defendant’s actual
-4- innocence claim was an affidavit dated July 29, 2019, from DeAngelo Buchanan, the “Mr.
Buchanan” referenced in the factual basis for defendant’s guilty plea. Buchanan averred defendant
could not have committed the solo offenses and he had lied when he implicated defendant in those
offenses:
“I *** am [the] co defendant [sic] on the case [defendant] is currently incarcerated
for. Aside from the four armed robberies he and I commited [sic] together, he is not
responsible for anything else that he has been charged with or is serving time for. I
DeAngelo Buchanan indeed made statements against [defendant] to the detectives
who handled our case, and everything except for the four armed robberies that I
confessed to were untrue. I knew that [defendant] didn’t commit any other crimes
because we were always together, always! Neithe[r] one of us did anything without
one another. I had personal knowledge of other crimes due to people talking in the
‘streets’ so I figured I could save myself and gain credibility by implicating
[defendant] in crimes I knew he didn’t commit. Since [defendant] began serving
his thirty-four year sentence[,] I haven’t been able to sleep right knowing that lying
on him and getting him all of this time is wrong. When all of this went down I was
young, scared and lost so my only concern was my own well being. So I lied to get
myself out of it not knowing it would have this kinda [sic] impact on both of our
lives. I just want to right my wrongs and want [defendant] to come home I did my
time and I feel like he did his since we commited [sic] the same crimes together
Now that I am a free man Ive [sic] became a father and I feel the need to become a
better man and fix this situation[.]
-5- Detectives Jared Roth and John Atte[ ]berry made it a point that they wanted
[defendant] to go down, so I tried to save myself and made false statements against
[defendant].”
¶ 11 Defendant asserted Buchanan’s affidavit was newly discovered because Buchanan
did not retract his identification until after his release from prison. He contended the affidavit was
relevant and probative of defendant’s innocence because it offered direct evidence Buchanan lied
when he made the identification referenced in the State’s factual basis. Finally, he contended the
affidavit was sufficiently conclusive because Buchanan’s identification was the only link the State
had between defendant and the solo offenses.
¶ 12 The trial court allowed the petition’s filing and advanced it to the second stage of
proceedings under the Act.
¶ 13 The State moved to dismiss the petition. First, it argued the affidavit could not be
considered “newly discovered” because it was neither concealed by the State nor unavailable due
to Buchanan’s fifth amendment right against self-incrimination. Buchanan had, on January 4,
2010, entered a fully negotiated guilty plea to four counts of armed robbery arising from the
offenses he committed with defendant. Further, it noted Buchanan was under subpoena and
incarcerated locally and thus physically available to testify. Moreover, it contended Buchannan
could have testified in accordance with the averments in his affidavit without implicating his fifth
amendment rights against self-incrimination. Finally, Buchanan’s affidavit was not the required
compelling evidence of defendant’s innocence. The affidavit merely “attempt[ed] to present a
vague alibi defense” for the two solo offenses.
¶ 14 The trial court granted the State’s motion in a written order. First, it concluded
Buchanan’s affidavit did not supply newly discovered evidence:
-6- “[Defendant] was fully aware of DeAngelo Buchanan. DeAngelo Buchanan states
in his affidavit that he and Petitioner were always together. He refers to Petitioner
as his ‘best friend.’ In fact, Mr. Buchanan states in the affidavit that he and the
Petitioner committed four of the six armed robberies together. Mr. Buchanan had
already pled guilty at the time of Petitioner’s plea and there is no indication he was
making an assertion of Fifth Amendment Rights.”
Second, it ruled the evidence was not “new, material non-cumulative evidence that clearly and
convincingly demonstrates that a trial would result in an acquittal,” and did not “amount to
evidence of a conclusive character that would change the result in any subsequent proceedings.”
¶ 15 Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal.
¶ 16 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 17 In this appeal, defendant argues the trial court erred by granting the State’s motion
to dismiss his successive postconviction petition. Defendant asserts Buchanan’s affidavit was both
newly discovered evidence and sufficiently conclusive to preclude the petition’s dismissal on the
State’s motion. First, he argues an affidavit retracting an inculpating statement is newly discovered
evidence if it shows the witness had no intention of making a retraction before the defendant’s
trial. He contends Buchanan’s affidavit shows he retracted his statement because he became
remorseful after his release from prison. Second, defendant argues Buchanan’s retraction of his
identification of defendant as the perpetrator of the solo offenses “clearly and convincingly
demonstrates that a trial would probably result in acquittal.” Disputing the court’s characterization
of the affidavit “as ‘vague at best’ ” as to the solo offenses, he asserts, “in the context of the
evidence presented, the affidavit is clear that Buchanan’s identification of [him] as the culprit of
the [solo offenses] was false.” In his view, the evidence in the record would not be sufficient to
-7- support his convictions of the solo offenses absent Buchanan’s identification, especially given he
had previously offered an alibi for the July 20, 2010, offense.
¶ 18 In response, the State contends, because Buchanan was defendant’s codefendant,
defendant “clearly could have discovered [his] testimony earlier through the exercise of due
diligence.” It thus implies defendant must positively show Buchanan would not have retracted his
inculpating statement before being called at trial. It further argues the “petition failed to make a
substantial showing that the evidence clearly and convincingly demonstrates that a trial would
probably result in acquittal.”
¶ 19 “The Act sets forth a procedural mechanism through which a defendant can assert
that ‘in the proceedings which resulted in his or her conviction there was a substantial denial of
his or her rights under the Constitution of the United States or of the State of Illinois or both.’ ”
People v. Smith, 2013 IL App (4th) 110220, ¶ 18 (quoting 725 ILCS 5/122-1(a)(1) (West 2010)).
The Act provides a three-stage analytical framework for adjudicating postconviction petitions.
People v. Swamynathan, 236 Ill. 2d 103, 113 (2010). At the first stage, the trial court must
“independently review the petition, taking the allegations as true, and determine whether the
petition is frivolous or is patently without merit.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v.
Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 9.
¶ 20 If the postconviction petition is not dismissed at the first stage of proceedings, it
advances to the second stage. People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 245 (2001). The State may then
either move to dismiss the petition or answer it. 725 ILCS 5/122-5 (West 2020). “The dismissal of
a postconviction petition is warranted at the second stage of the proceedings only when the
allegations in the petition, liberally construed in light of the trial record, fail to make a substantial
showing of a constitutional violation.” People v. Hall, 217 Ill. 2d 324, 334 (2005).
-8- “The dismissal of a postconviction petition without an evidentiary hearing is
reviewed de novo. The question raised in an appeal from an order dismissing a
postconviction petition at the second stage is whether the allegations in the petition,
liberally construed in favor of the petitioner and taken as true, are sufficient to
invoke relief under the Act. Since there are no factual issues at the dismissal stage
of the proceedings, the question is essentially a legal one, which requires the
reviewing court to make its own independent assessment of the allegations of the
petition and supporting documentation.” People v. Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 31.
¶ 21 Generally, a defendant is limited to filing a single petition, but that restriction may
be relaxed when, inter alia, he or she raises a claim of actual innocence:
“The Act contemplates the filing of only a single petition. [Citations.] However, the
bar against a successive filing will be relaxed in two situations. First, a defendant
may raise a constitutional claim by satisfying the cause-and-prejudice test.
[Citations.] Second, even without showing cause and prejudice, a defendant may
assert a claim of actual innocence pursuant to People v. Washington, 171 Ill. 2d 475
(1996). [Citation.] *** Prior to filing a successive postconviction petition, a
petitioner must obtain leave of the circuit court. [Citation.]” People v. Jackson,
2021 IL 124818, ¶ 27.
¶ 22 The imprisonment of an innocent person is a substantive due process violation
regardless of the regularity of the process resulting in the imprisonment. Washington, 171 Ill. 2d
at 487-88. Therefore, where an incarcerated person can offer “compelling evidence of actual
innocence” that overcomes the presumption of guilt inhering in a procedurally proper conviction,
-9- Illinois’s constitutional guarantee of due process mandates a remedy. Washington, 171 Ill. 2d at
489.
“The elements of a claim of actual innocence [after a trial] are that the
evidence in support of the claim must be ‘newly discovered’; material and not
merely cumulative; and of such conclusive character that it would probably change
the result on retrial.” People v. Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 32.
¶ 23 In People v. Reed, 2020 IL 124940, our supreme court held a defendant’s guilty
plea does not preclude him or her from obtaining relief under the Act if he or she states a claim of
actual innocence. Reed, 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 45. However, such a claim “necessarily places the court
in a different position than in Washington,” which addressed only the standard for actual innocence
claims made after a trial. Reed, 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 45. When a defendant waives trial, he or she
“prevent[s] the State from admitting the entirety of its evidence against [the] defendant into the
record, leaving only [the] defendant’s admission of guilt and stipulation of the factual basis of the
plea.” Reed, 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 45.
¶ 24 As the concurrence in Reed noted, “by entering into a plea agreement, the State
loses its opportunity to present its full case and instead provides only a summary of the evidence
sufficient to establish a factual basis for the pleas.” Reed, 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 61, (Burke, J.,
concurring). “[T]he standard for actual innocence claims for guilty-plea defendants [thus] requires
a more stringent standard than in Washington.” Reed, 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 48. Therefore:
“a successful actual innocence claim requires a defendant who pleads guilty to
provide new, material, noncumulative evidence that clearly and convincingly
demonstrates that a trial would probably result in acquittal. New means the
evidence was discovered after the court accepted the plea and could not have been
- 10 - discovered earlier through the exercise of due diligence. [Citation.] This is a
comprehensive approach where the court must determine whether the new evidence
places the evidence presented in the underlying proceedings in a different light and
‘undercuts the court’s confidence in the factual correctness’ of the conviction.
[Citation.]” Reed, 2020 IL 124940, ¶ 49.
¶ 25 Defendant relies on the opinion in People v. Fields, 2020 IL App (1st) 151735, ¶ 47, to
support the proposition that Buchanan’s affidavit is newly discovered evidence. We disagree.
Fields sets a standard for newly discovered evidence Buchannan’s affidavit does not meet. Fields
expanded on the basic standard for “newly discovered evidence” as follows:
“Newly discovered evidence is evidence that could not have been obtained
earlier through due diligence. [Citation] It includes testimony from a witness who
‘essentially made himself [or herself] unavailable as a witness’ by moving out of
state [citation] or who had been made unavailable through threats or intimidation
to not testify. [Citation.] For example, in People v. Harper, 2013 IL App (1st)
102181, ¶ 42 the witness’s affidavit ‘attested that his trial testimony was a lie and
that police officers threatened him to obtain the testimony.’ This court found,
‘[c]learly, due diligence could not have compelled [the witness] to testify
truthfully.’ [Citation.]
***
In an actual innocence claim, it is ‘the evidence in support of the claim’ that
‘must be “newly discovered,” ’ not necessarily the source. [Citation]. As a result,
an affidavit from a witness may be newly discovered, even when the defense knew
of the witness prior to trial. [Citation.] If ‘no amount of [due] diligence by defendant
- 11 - could have compelled [the witness] to testify to the statements in his affidavit’ at
trial, then the affidavit constitutes newly discovered evidence.” (Emphasis added.)
Fields, 2020 IL App (1st) 151735, ¶¶ 46-48.
¶ 26 Defendant has failed to show he applied any diligence to getting Buchanan to retract
the statement implicating him in the solo offenses. The State properly points out, if defendant did
not commit the solo offenses, he would have necessarily immediately known Buchanan’s
statements implicating him in the solo offenses were false—they were either lies or the result of a
mistaken identification. An innocent defendant, knowing he could not be the person in the
photographs, presumably could establish either the photographs lacked enough detail for anyone
to make a reliable identification or they had enough detail to suggest a different perpetrator. Either
possibility could have been used to encourage Buchanan to retract the identification. Tellingly,
defendant does not suggest he attempted to use the photographs to establish his innocence, either
by challenging Buchanan or by using the photographs directly. That inaction is not consistent with
the diligence one would expect of a person who knew the identification was false.
¶ 27 In his reply brief, defendant argues, because Buchanan averred he was retracting
his inculpating statement only because he had started to feel guilty about his lies after his release
from prison, his affidavit is necessarily newly discovered evidence. We disagree. Buchanan’s
affidavit tells us when he wanted to make the retraction, but not how Buchanan would have reacted
to an attempt by defendant prior to his guilty plea to use the posited flaws in the evidence to
encourage Buchanan to retract the inculpating statement. But the telling point is that defendant
never pushed for such a confrontation. Defendant’s inaction made no sense from an innocent
person’s perspective.
- 12 - ¶ 28 Because the affidavit was not newly discovered evidence, we need not address
whether it was “of such conclusive character that it would probably change the result on retrial”
(Edwards, 2012 IL 111711, ¶ 32). To be sure, “the conclusiveness of the new evidence is the most
important element of an actual innocence claim.” Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 47. But the
requirement the evidence be newly discovered is not a mere procedural hoop through which an
actual innocence claimant must jump. We reiterate that an innocent defendant is necessarily aware
of the failures of the State’s evidence. No reasonable innocent defendant will allow him or herself
to be convicted on bad evidence without making due effort to challenge it. We recognize innocent
defendants sometimes have taken years to accumulate exonerating evidence. However, the
existence of hurdles to exoneration is not an explanation for a defendant’s failure to challenge bad
evidence from the start. Defendant did not challenge Buchanan’s inculpating evidence before he
pled guilty, so Buchanan’s affidavit is not newly discovered evidence.
¶ 29 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 30 For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s second-stage dismissal of
defendant’s petition under the Act.
¶ 31 Affirmed.
- 13 -