Kruse, J.:
The question involved is the right of the State in and its dominion over the so-called college forest, consisting of about 30,000 acres of land in the Adirondack region, which were conveyed by the Santa Clara Lumber Company to Cornell University on December 21, 1898, the consideration of $165,000 being paid wholly by the State. The deed was made out and the consideration paid pursuant to the provisions of chapter 122 of the Laws of 1898, entitled, “ An act,,to promote education in forestry, to encourage and provide for the establishment of a college of forestry at Cornell University and making an appropriation therefor,” which became a law on the 26th day of March, 1898.
That act authorized the trustees of Cornell University to establish a department in the university to be known as the “ Mew York State College of Forestry,” for the pmqiose of education and instruction in the principles and practices of scientific forestry upon-acceptance by the university of the provisions of the act.
For the purposes of such school and for carrying out the objects of the act it authorized the board of trustees of the university, with the consent and approval and under the direction of the forest preserve board of this State, to purchase and acquire not more than 30,000 acres of land in the Adirondack forests.
It was provided that the university should have the title, possession, management and control of the land, and by its board of trustees through the college of forestry conduct upon said land such experiments in forestry as it might deem most advantageous to the interests of the State and the advancement of the science of forestry and might plant, raise, cut and sell timber at such times, of such species and quantities and in such manner as it might deem best, with a view [725]*725to obtaining and imparting knowledge concerning the scientific management and use of forests, their regulation and administration, the production, harvesting and reproduction of wood crops and earning a revenue therefrom,-and to that end might appoint a faculty for the school and might employ such forest manager, rangers and superintendents, and incur such other expenses in connection therewith as might be necessary for the proper management of the college and the care of the lands and for the purposes of the act, within the amount appropriated.
Section 4 of the act reads as follows: “Every deed or conveyance of lands acquired under the provisions of this act by said university shall contain in the habendum clause thereof a condition and covenant that the same and the title to the land conveyed therein and thereby is taken by the grantee therein named, the Cornell university, under and pursuant to the provisions of this act, and shall also contain an express covenant running with the land and binding upon said university, that the same is conveyed for the uses and purposes in this act provided for, and also an express covenant on the part of said university to convey said lands to the People of the State as hereinafter provided for. Every such conveyance shall be executed in duplicate, one of which shall be recorded in the office of the clerk of the county where the land is situated and the other in the office of the Secretary of State.”
The act further required Cornell University to keep all moneys received from State appropriations for the college in a separate fund, and required a report of the expenditures and of the general operations of the college to be made to the Legislature, and that all sums received by the university from the sale of timber or otherwise under the act be immediately paid to the State Treasurer and credited to the fund appropriated from time to time for the purposes of the act.
Section 9 of the act provides for the conveyance of the lands to the People of the State of New York after the expiration of thirty .years from the time the act took effect, which was on the 26th day of March, 1898. It reads as follows: “Upon and at the expiration of thirty years from and after the taking effect of this act all lands and each and every part and parcel thereof purchased by said university and paid for by the State under and pursuant to the provisions of this act shall be by the board of trustees of said university, or its successors, granted and conveyed to the People of the State of New York by a good and sufficient deed of conveyance without further price or consid: eration therefor, and the same shall thereupon be and become a part of the forest preserve. Nothing herein contained, however, shall be held or construed to render it obligatory upon the trustees to accept the provisions hereof.”
The act appropriated the sum of $10,000 and was passed with a three-fifths quorum being present. On the 1st day of April, 1898, the board of trustees of Cornell University by a formal resolution accepted the provisions of the act, and the deed of conveyance was thereafter and on the 21st day of December, 1898, made to it by the Santa Clara Lumber Company, at which time most of these lands were covered with a forest.
Soon after this conveyance the university took possession of the lands, and on or about May 5, 1900, entered into a contract in writ-, ing with the defendant, The Brooklyn Cooperage Company, whereby the cooperage company was required to erect and maintain on the college forest-two or more factories at least, one for the manufacture of staves and headings and at least another for the manufacture of the products of wood distillation, permitting the company-to maintain the necessary buildings and structures, to use any water power, [727]*727upon the college forest for the purpose of its plants, with a right to construct and maintain dams, holding the university harmless, however, from any damage resulting from any construction or maintenance of such dams or the use of the water power, and providing further that this should not imply any warranty on the part of the university. Also, permitting the cooperage company to produce and use electricity or other agents for fire, heating, lighting or telephone service for the use of its plant, or other uses of the college forest, or the adjoining tracts; “ Provided, however, that no such use shall be permitted which shall be inconsistent with the purposes for which the College Forest has been acquired by the University.”
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Kruse, J.:
The question involved is the right of the State in and its dominion over the so-called college forest, consisting of about 30,000 acres of land in the Adirondack region, which were conveyed by the Santa Clara Lumber Company to Cornell University on December 21, 1898, the consideration of $165,000 being paid wholly by the State. The deed was made out and the consideration paid pursuant to the provisions of chapter 122 of the Laws of 1898, entitled, “ An act,,to promote education in forestry, to encourage and provide for the establishment of a college of forestry at Cornell University and making an appropriation therefor,” which became a law on the 26th day of March, 1898.
That act authorized the trustees of Cornell University to establish a department in the university to be known as the “ Mew York State College of Forestry,” for the pmqiose of education and instruction in the principles and practices of scientific forestry upon-acceptance by the university of the provisions of the act.
For the purposes of such school and for carrying out the objects of the act it authorized the board of trustees of the university, with the consent and approval and under the direction of the forest preserve board of this State, to purchase and acquire not more than 30,000 acres of land in the Adirondack forests.
It was provided that the university should have the title, possession, management and control of the land, and by its board of trustees through the college of forestry conduct upon said land such experiments in forestry as it might deem most advantageous to the interests of the State and the advancement of the science of forestry and might plant, raise, cut and sell timber at such times, of such species and quantities and in such manner as it might deem best, with a view [725]*725to obtaining and imparting knowledge concerning the scientific management and use of forests, their regulation and administration, the production, harvesting and reproduction of wood crops and earning a revenue therefrom,-and to that end might appoint a faculty for the school and might employ such forest manager, rangers and superintendents, and incur such other expenses in connection therewith as might be necessary for the proper management of the college and the care of the lands and for the purposes of the act, within the amount appropriated.
Section 4 of the act reads as follows: “Every deed or conveyance of lands acquired under the provisions of this act by said university shall contain in the habendum clause thereof a condition and covenant that the same and the title to the land conveyed therein and thereby is taken by the grantee therein named, the Cornell university, under and pursuant to the provisions of this act, and shall also contain an express covenant running with the land and binding upon said university, that the same is conveyed for the uses and purposes in this act provided for, and also an express covenant on the part of said university to convey said lands to the People of the State as hereinafter provided for. Every such conveyance shall be executed in duplicate, one of which shall be recorded in the office of the clerk of the county where the land is situated and the other in the office of the Secretary of State.”
The act further required Cornell University to keep all moneys received from State appropriations for the college in a separate fund, and required a report of the expenditures and of the general operations of the college to be made to the Legislature, and that all sums received by the university from the sale of timber or otherwise under the act be immediately paid to the State Treasurer and credited to the fund appropriated from time to time for the purposes of the act.
Section 9 of the act provides for the conveyance of the lands to the People of the State of New York after the expiration of thirty .years from the time the act took effect, which was on the 26th day of March, 1898. It reads as follows: “Upon and at the expiration of thirty years from and after the taking effect of this act all lands and each and every part and parcel thereof purchased by said university and paid for by the State under and pursuant to the provisions of this act shall be by the board of trustees of said university, or its successors, granted and conveyed to the People of the State of New York by a good and sufficient deed of conveyance without further price or consid: eration therefor, and the same shall thereupon be and become a part of the forest preserve. Nothing herein contained, however, shall be held or construed to render it obligatory upon the trustees to accept the provisions hereof.”
The act appropriated the sum of $10,000 and was passed with a three-fifths quorum being present. On the 1st day of April, 1898, the board of trustees of Cornell University by a formal resolution accepted the provisions of the act, and the deed of conveyance was thereafter and on the 21st day of December, 1898, made to it by the Santa Clara Lumber Company, at which time most of these lands were covered with a forest.
Soon after this conveyance the university took possession of the lands, and on or about May 5, 1900, entered into a contract in writ-, ing with the defendant, The Brooklyn Cooperage Company, whereby the cooperage company was required to erect and maintain on the college forest-two or more factories at least, one for the manufacture of staves and headings and at least another for the manufacture of the products of wood distillation, permitting the company-to maintain the necessary buildings and structures, to use any water power, [727]*727upon the college forest for the purpose of its plants, with a right to construct and maintain dams, holding the university harmless, however, from any damage resulting from any construction or maintenance of such dams or the use of the water power, and providing further that this should not imply any warranty on the part of the university. Also, permitting the cooperage company to produce and use electricity or other agents for fire, heating, lighting or telephone service for the use of its plant, or other uses of the college forest, or the adjoining tracts; “ Provided, however, that no such use shall be permitted which shall be inconsistent with the purposes for which the College Forest has been acquired by the University.”
The university further assumed by said contract to give to the cooperage company the right, subject to the terms and conditions of the agreement, “ to take and use all the maple, beech and birch wood and timber of merchantable, trees now upon the College Forest and also such spruce and other soft woods as under proper forestry management it shall become proper to cut; but the University may in its discretion reserve all or any of the timber standing alongside of rivers, streams, ponds, highways or fire lines to the width of not to exceed twenty-five (25) rods and altogether not comprising more than Fifteen hundred (1500) acres in the whole College Forest. The University shall also have the right to accept and dispose of and sell separately such fire wood and stove wood as is required for local use, not to exceed Fifteen hundred (1500) cords in any one year. Mo trees below ten inches at the stump shall be considered as merchantable. But the University may in its discretion as proper forest management requires, cut trees of smaller size and deliver the wood in cord wood; nor shall the University be prevented from leaving such trees of larger diameter as proper forest management shall require; nor shall it be prevented from disposing to other parties of any wood materials which are not required or customarily used in the manufacture of staves, headings or wood distillation, or from cutting and using such wood materials as are required for the use of the Mew York College of Forestry.”
The company agreed to take and the university agreed to cut and deliver at its own expense in each and every year of the term of fifteen years such quantity of wood in logs and cord wood [728]*728as the cooperage company should require cut during the next following season, giving notice as therein stated. “Provided that the University shall not he obliged to cut in any one year more than one-fifteenth (1/15) of the wood standing on the College Forest. Nor shall it be required in any one year, except as hereinafter provided, to cut less than Ten thousand (10,000) cords of fuel wood and retort wood together with the logs produced in the cutting of such cord wood. At no time shall the University be obliged to cut and deliver a larger amount of logs than can be secured from the trees necessary to be cut in order to supply the quantities of cord wood-required or taken by the Cooperage Company.” To be paid for by the cooperage company at certain prices named in the contract. The contract provided for reducing the amount of wood to be taken in the event that there was a depression in business making it unprofitable to carry on the business, and also permitting the cooperage company to terminate the contract as regards the wood to be used for wood distillation in the event of the reduction of the tax on grain alcohol so as to make it unprofitable to manufacture wood alcohol, and also providing for suspending production for a period of four months resulting from strikes and unavoidable contingencies. The contract further provided as follows : “ Nothing in this agreement shall be construed as limiting the University in the management of its property in any way, except so far as herein stated; and all reasonable rules and regulations for -the safety of the property, and especially with regard to danger from fires, promulgated by the University or by the Forest, Fish and Game Commission must be observed by the Company; and the Company especially agrees -that no deleterious substance resulting in its operations shall be allowed to run into rivers or water courses or lakes.”
The complaint alleges that the cooperage company thereafter constructed one or more factories on or near said lands, built a railroad through the land, and the university commenced to cut and deliver wood and timber to the cooperage company, clearing a portion of the land and. replanting only a small part of the land so cleared, leaving the rest denuded, intending and expecting from year to year as the old timber should be removed, and for the purpose of forestry education and experiment, to replant the traot thu§ [729]*729cleared in successive sections with seedlings, but that the expense of cutting and delivering to the cooperage company was so great that no profit was derived therefrom by the university, and no funds were provided by the university or otherwise for the planting or raising of trees, or conducting experiments in forestry or maintaining the New York State College of Forestry, except certain appropriations made by the State," which appropriations ceased in 1902; that in the -month of June, 1903, the university discontinued and abandoned the maintenance of said college, and since that date has planted nothing aud made no attempt to conduct experiments of any kind upon the land aforesaid, but still remains in possession thereof; that the university under said contract has been required by the cooperage company to cut timber and deliver; it to the cooperage company, aud the university and the cooperage company threaten to cut and remove large quantities of timber, claiming the light to do so, notwithstanding the failure of the university to carry out the object contemplated by the act of 1898, the provisions of which were accepted by the university, and to use the lands and premises for the purpose for which they were acquired.
It is further alleged in the complaint that the effect of "the actions and omissions, if permitted, will be to denude these lands of their present forests, or if not entirely denuded, occupied by a growth of vegetation of comparatively little value, and do irreparable injury' to the plaintiff, for which damages would not be adequate compensation, and that the recovery of damages would also involve a multiplicity of suits, and claiming that the lands in reality belong to the State. The complaint asks for an adjudication upon the validity of the contract, and for a permanent injunction enjoining and restraining the cutting of timber upon the lands, adjudging the plaintiff to be the equitable owner and entitled to possession and such further relief as may be just.
The defendant cooperage company demurs to the complaint upon the ground that it fails to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The demurrer having been overruled, the cooperage company appeals from the judgment entered upon that decision.
The conveyance not only recited the payment of the consideration by the State, but referred to the act of the Legislature under the provisions of which the university had assumed the burden of this [730]*730undertaking, and the object of acquiring these lands and the uses to be made of them was apparent therefrom. It was evidently intended that the work of cutting the timber and reforesting the lands should be done by the students, or under their direction, subject to the general supervision and control of such of the faculty of the university as had charge of the work. Thirty years seems to have been the limit set for carrying out to completion what was to be done on these lands, for at the expiration of that period they were to be conveyed to the State by the university; the act, and the deed given under its provisions, so provided. The deed of conveyance was made in December, 1898, as has been stated, and thereafter, and in May, 1900, the defendant entered into a contract with the Brooklyn Cooperage Company, its codefendant, which provides for cutting and removing substantially all the merchantable timber on these lands.
The inference is permissible that the cooperage company knew of, or at least had constructive notice of the purpose and object of acquiring these lands and the duty and obligation assumed by the university, as well as the use to be made of them, for the act is specific in its terms and the deed given pursuant thereto was recorded as the law provides, and this is also apparent from the terms of the contract.
The university has abandoned its school of forestry in connection with these lands, and has failed to carry out the very purpose for which they were acquired, but the cooperage company insists upon the timber being cut and threatens to continue the work of removing the merchantable timber, which, if permitted, will be to denude the lands of their present forest and do irreparable injury thereto, leaving them practically a barren waste.
The cooperage company admits these facts by its demurrer, but contends that the State is without redress and entitled to no relief against it.
We do not regard the situation of the State so hopeless. We think the State has such an interest in these lands as permits and requires it to intervene and prevent the cutting of timber for purposes other than such as were contemplated by the act and the conveyance made thereunder to the university. We assume that the Legislature had the right to appropriate the moneys for acquiring [731]*731these lands, and that the statute pursuant to which the lands were acquired and the school of forestry and the work of experiment in scientific forestry were organized, is constitutional, but in so doing we must necessarily assume that the appropriation was not made in aid of the university or any other private institution whatever within the prohibition of the State Constitution (Art. 7,"§ 1; art. 8, § 9), but rather for public educational purposes, which is a governmental function, and to that end Cornell University was chosen, and the responsibility accepted by it of carrying out, within certain limits, the particular educational work to be carried forward. It will be observed that the State did not appropriate these moneys and direct their payment to Cornell University. Their use was directed for a certain specific purpose. While the deed of conveyance was nominally taken in the name of the university, the statute under which it was done, supplemented by the deed itself, made it perfectly plain that the university was not to be regarded the absolute owner of the property permitting it to use or dispose of it as it should choose. The duty which it assumed and the relations which it sustained toward these lands was rather that of a trustee. The paramount object was to teach the science of forestry, not to cut the timber. If the cooperage company is right in its contention, it would seem to follow that the university might have sold the lands immediately after acquiring them, or disposed of the timber without establishing a school, or even commencing the work which it had undertaken to do. That leads us directly to a consideration of this contract entered into by the university with the cooperage company in May, 1900.
The situation as regards the contract may be considered in two aspects: 1. As it was when the contract was made. 2. As it is now or as it was when the work assumed by the university was abandoned. We are inclined to the opinion that the contract itself shows, if carried out, such a wide departure from the purpose for which the lands are held by the university and the use to be made thereof, that it is of no binding force and effect at least as regards the State, unless the terms and conditions thereof and the license and rights assumed to be given to the cooperage company by the university are to be treated and regarded as being subject and subordinate to the right of the State to require the object and purposes for -which [732]*732the lands were acquired to be ■ carried out, and so limited and restricted as not to prevent or interfere with such paramount right of the State. While it is true that the manner of doing the work of instruction in scientific forestry, involving the cutting of timber as well as replanting and growing it, was left in terms to the discretion and judgment of the university, yet this did not permit the university tó do what it saw fit in the way of denuding these forest lands and cut or permit to be cut timber in such quantities and in such manner as to destroy the forest without regard to the interests of the State or the duty which the university had undertaken to perform. The university was required to exercise reasonable discretion and reasonable foresight and prudence, and it may well be questioned whether in making this contract it so acted.
But be that as it may, we think the cooperage company acquired no greater interest in these lands and has no more right to cut.the timber than the university itself would have. The contract was made with full knowledge of the obligation assumed by the university, and we are clearly of the opinion that neither the university nor the cooperage company has the right to devastate these lands, taking from them their greatest value without any attempt to carry on the work .of scientific forestry. Not only does it appear that what is now proposed to be done in cutting the timber and removing it was not contemplated by the act and the deed of conveyance, but the deed following the provisions of the contract expressly provides that the land is conveyed for the uses and purposes mentioned in the act, and at the expiration of thirty years from the taking effect of the act the land shall be conveyed by the university to the State without further price or consideration, and thereupon become a part of the forest preserve.
We deem it unnecessary to determine the precise right and title of the university in these lands. It.is not a party to this appeal and has not been heard. Nor do we deem it necessary to point out the precise class of property rights to which the interests of the State belong. That it was ultimately to have the absolute and legal title to these lands there can be no doubt, for the deed itself so jmovides, and under that provision- alone it would seem to have the right to prevent waste and devastation upon these lands. Whether the right of the State is to be classified as a legal right or as an eqni[733]*733table interest in these lands, in either view it is substantial, as we think, and is entitled to enforcement by the courts. Why the statute provided for taking the deed in the name of the university must remain a matter of conjecture. If it was to prevent the application of the constitutional provision which forbids the selling, removal or destruction of timber on lands owned by the State in the forest preserve (State Const, art. 7, § 7), which seems not improbable, it is by no means certain that that has been accomplished. From the' provisions of this act and the deed, and the payment of the purchase money by the State, which the Constitution forbids if in aid of any association, corporation or private undertaking, it may well be argued that although the legal title to these lands was taken in the name of the university, the State in fact became the owner thereof. If the State is an owner within the meaning of this provision of the Constitution, then it would seem that the cutting of timber on these lands is forbidden even for promoting the science of industrial forestry or any other educational purpose (People v. Adirondack R. Co., 160 N. Y. 225), but that question we leave undecided. That and other questions may properly be left when the university itself may be heard. We deem it proper to go only so far as may be necessary to determine the immediate question presented by the demurrer of the defendant, The Brooklyn Cooperage Company, to the complaint, and as to that we think the demurrer was properly overruled.
The interlocutory judgment should be affirmed, with costs, with leave to the defendant, The Brooklyn Cooperage Company, to plead over on the usual terms.
All concurred.
Interlocutory judgment affirmed, with costs, with leave to defendant The Brooklyn Cooperage Company to plead over upon payment of the costs of the demurrer and of this appeal.
The latter clause was amended by chapter 301 of the Laws of 1900 so as to allow such moneys to be under the control of the treasurer of the university as therein prescribed during the period of years mentioned.—[Ref,