2020 IL App (5th) 170416-U NOTICE NOTICE Decision filed 09/22/20. The This order was filed under text of this decision may be NOS. 5-17-0416, 5-17-0417 (consolidated) Supreme Court Rule 23 and changed or corrected prior to may not be cited as precedent the filing of a Petition for by any party except in the Rehearing or the disposition of IN THE limited circumstances allowed the same. under Rule 23(e)(1). APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
FIFTH DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Madison County. ) v. ) Nos. 14-CF-2665 & 14-CF-2675 ) BRIAN BARKER, ) Honorable ) Richard L. Tognarelli, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
JUSTICE OVERSTREET delivered the judgment of the court. Presiding Justice Welch and Justice Boie concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The trial court’s denial of the defendant’s motion to withdraw guilty plea is affirmed where the defendant was unable to establish that he was denied due process at his sentencing hearing.
¶2 Pursuant to a negotiated guilty plea, the defendant, Brian Barker, pled guilty to numerous
theft-related offenses and was sentenced to serve an aggregate 40-year term of imprisonment on
his resulting convictions. He subsequently filed a motion to withdraw his guilty plea and a
motion to reconsider his sentence, both of which were denied following a hearing. On appeal,
raising numerous claims that he contends we should review under the doctrine of plain error, the
defendant argues that he was denied due process during his sentencing hearing because of the
trial court’s reliance on improper sentencing considerations. Conceding that a new sentencing
hearing is not an available option (see People v. Johnson, 2019 IL 122956; People v. Richard, 1 2012 IL App (5th) 100302), the defendant argues that he should be allowed to withdraw his
guilty plea. The defendant is unable to demonstrate plain error, however, and we accordingly
affirm the trial court’s judgment.
¶3 BACKGROUND
¶4 The defendant was an Edwardsville police officer for nearly 19 years. On the evening of
December 21, 2014, while on duty and in full uniform, he unlawfully entered a hair salon in
Edwardsville and was caught on a surveillance camera stealing money from a cash register. After
the owner of the salon reported the crime to the Edwardsville Police Department, the department
conducted a cursory investigation before turning the matter over to the Madison County Sheriff’s
Office and placing the defendant on unpaid administrative leave.
¶5 On December 23, 2014, in Madison County case number 14-CF-2665, the defendant was
arrested, jailed, and charged with one count of burglary (720 ILCS 5/19-1(a) (West 2014)) and
one count of official misconduct (id. § 33-3(b)). The charges stemmed from the theft at the hair
salon, which during an initial post-arrest interview, the defendant repeatedly denied committing
until he was advised that there was a video that had “captured the act.” When the defendant’s
home in Prairietown was subsequently searched, items of stolen property connecting him to
numerous unsolved burglaries and thefts were discovered.
¶6 On December 24, 2014, the defendant was interviewed again and was specifically asked
if he had committed any residential burglaries in the neighborhood where he had previously lived
with his ex-wife. The defendant initially denied having done so, but when advised that proceeds
from previously reported burglaries in the neighborhood had been found inside his house, he
admitted that he had. The defendant further admitted that he had entered the neighboring homes
when he knew the occupants were out of town. The defendant similarly denied burglarizing
2 several named businesses in Edwardsville, including three law firms, before confessing to the
crimes after being advised that stolen items from the break-ins had also been found inside his
house. When the defendant was asked why he had committed the crimes, he primarily indicated
that “he didn’t know,” but he also referenced “drinking heavily” and “being strapped for
money.”
¶7 On December 25, 2014, the defendant’s girlfriend gave investigators consent to search
her home in Bethalto. During the course of the search, what was subsequently described as “a
Walmart” of stolen merchandise was found in the basement. Firearms, silver coins and bars,
neon lights, tools, stamps, currency, hundreds of unboxed mufflers, and a state’s attorney’s office
badge were among the items discovered. Many of the items were later linked to business
burglaries that had been reported in Madison County over the years. Meanwhile, the defendant
was released from custody after posting 10% of his cash bond.
¶8 On December 26, 2014, in Madison County case number 14-CF-2675, the defendant was
arrested, jailed, and charged with 10 counts of burglary (counts III-XII) (720 ILCS 5/19-1(a)
(West 2014)), one count of residential burglary (count II) (id. § 19-3(a)), and one count of
aggravated possession of seven stolen firearms (count I) (id. § 24-3.9(a)(2)). The charges
stemmed from the admissions the defendant made during his second interview and the
corresponding evidence discovered at his home in Prairietown. The defendant was subsequently
released from custody after again posting 10% of his cash bond.
¶9 From December 27, 2014, through December 29, 2014, investigators continued to review
“old reports” of unsolved burglaries and thefts that had been committed in Madison County. As
the lead investigator later explained, researching the reports proved time consuming given the
“incredible amount of evidence that [the investigators] had to go through.”
3 ¶ 10 On December 30, 2014, investigators removed “truckloads” of evidence from the
basement of the defendant’s girlfriend’s house. Sometime thereafter, the defendant’s girlfriend
turned over a storage tub containing cash and jewelry that had not been previously been
discovered.
¶ 11 On December 31, 2014, investigators searched the defendant’s ex-wife’s house in Moro.
In the basement of her home, additional items of interest, including tools, signs, and neon lights
were found.
¶ 12 In February 2015, in Madison County case number 15-CF-285, the defendant was
arrested, jailed, and charged with offenses unrelated to the present appeal. In April 2015, the
defendant resigned from his position with the Edwardsville Police Department. In May 2015, the
defendant was released from custody on the charges in 15-CF-285 after posting 10% of his cash
bond.
¶ 13 Following his release from jail, the defendant and his girlfriend became active in a local
church. They married in September 2015 and had a child together in February 2016. The record
indicates that the defendant commenced working for a construction company in July 2016. In
August 2016, the defendant began receiving psychological counseling on a weekly basis from
Dr. Daniel Cuneo, Ph.D.
¶ 14 On January 30, 2017, the defendant entered into a negotiated plea agreement with the
State. Pursuant to the terms of the agreement, in exchange for the defendant’s plea of guilty to
both charges in 14-CF-2665 and counts I, II, V, and VI in 14-CF-2675, the State agreed to
dismiss the remaining counts in 14-CF-2675 and recommend a 40-year sentencing cap at a
subsequent hearing. The defendant also agreed to later assist in the State’s efforts to return the
items of stolen property found during the investigation to their rightful owners.
4 ¶ 15 Before accepting the defendant’s guilty plea, the trial court admonished him, inter alia,
that absent the parties’ negotiated plea agreement, he faced the possible imposition of an
extended-term sentence of “up to 60 years in the Illinois Department of Corrections.” The court
then advised that it would bind itself to the agreement and that the defendant would thus receive
a sentence of “up to 40 years.” After the defendant specifically acknowledged that he would later
receive a sentence of up to 40 years, the trial court accepted his plea, entered judgment on the
resulting convictions, and ordered the preparation of a presentence investigation report.
¶ 16 In March 2017, pursuant to the parties’ negotiated agreement, the defendant helped
identify the origins of the recovered property that remained unaccounted for. The defendant also
voluntarily returned other items that had not been previously reported as stolen.
¶ 17 On June 26, 2017, the cause proceeded to a sentencing hearing, where the State presented
a detailed account of the investigation into the defendant’s crimes. The State’s evidence included
photographs that were admitted as exhibits, many of which were close-up pictures of various
items of stolen property.
¶ 18 Detective Kris Tharp of the Madison County Sheriff’s Office testified that he was the
lead investigator in the case and that an enormous amount of manpower and resources were
expended during the months-long investigation. Tharp further testified that the investigation
revealed that the defendant had been committing burglaries in Madison County for at least 15
years. Tharp stated that a total of 9 residential burglaries and “[w]ell over 30” business burglaries
were ultimately connected to the defendant. Tharp noted that the defendant had stolen money
and guitars from a church in Edwardsville on at least two separate occasions and had confessed
to having done so.
5 ¶ 19 Officer Bryan Bauer of the Madison County Sheriff’s Office testified that he had
processed the evidence that had been discovered during the course of the investigation. Bauer
explained that a “10 by 10 storage pod” had to be obtained because the office’s evidence vault
was not large enough to store it all. Bauer testified that a total of nine stolen firearms were
recovered, one of which was found in the defendant’s pickup truck and seven of which were
found in a safe in the basement of the defendant’s girlfriend’s house. Bauer explained that
proceeds from numerous burglaries in the Edwardsville area had been discovered, and
referencing several of the photographic exhibits, he identified specific items that had been
reported stolen from specific businesses. Bauer estimated that thousands of items of stolen
property had ultimately been recovered. Bauer testified that much of the property was found
neatly organized in storage tubs or on shelves and that most of the commercial items had not
been removed from their original packaging.
¶ 20 Detective Sergeant Mike Lybarger of the Edwardsville Police Department testified that as
a result of the defendant’s crimes, patrol officers with the department were reticent to conduct
“business checks” out of fear that they might be falsely accused of malfeasance. Lybarger further
indicated that the defendant’s conduct had led to feelings of anger and betrayal that had
negatively affected officer morale. Lybarger advised that after the defendant’s initial arrest, the
department’s detective division had “basically shut down” for a week while it assisted in the
investigation. Lybarger testified that from 2009 through 2014, the department received an
average of 24 reports of business burglaries per year, but since the defendant’s arrest, the number
had fallen to 6.
¶ 21 Cynthia Van Patten, the owner of the hair salon that the defendant was caught
burglarizing on December 21, 2014, read a victim impact statement in which she described the
6 defendant as “basically a career criminal disguised as a police officer.” Van Patten noted that
before the defendant was caught, he had burglarized her business on other occasions, and he and
other officers had convinced her that the thief was likely a former employee who knew the
salon’s alarm code. Van Patten explained that she subsequently grew paranoid and distrustful
and once accused an employee of stealing property that the defendant had actually stolen. She
further explained that the situation had strained her relationship with her staff, which ultimately
affected her business.
¶ 22 Van Patten testified that after the defendant was arrested and released on bond, she had
difficulties sleeping because she “felt like [she] was in serious danger.” She also felt like she had
done something wrong by reporting what had happened. Van Patten explained that she had a
brother who was a police officer and that she had always had a great deal of respect for the
police. “Unfortunately,” she added, her “feelings [had] changed forever.” Van Patten testified
that although she had been operating her salon in Edwardsville for over 20 years, the defendant’s
conduct had led her to sell her building at a $50,000 loss and move her business to Glen Carbon
“so that [she] could feel like [she] had police protection.”
¶ 23 As a witness for the defense, Dr. Cuneo testified that after completing an initial
evaluation, he had met with the defendant approximately 40 times without charge since August
2016. Cuneo testified that the defendant had a history of alcohol abuse and suffered from
kleptomania, persistent-depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cuneo
explained that the defendant’s problems had a significant influence on his criminal conduct and
could be traced back to an extremely traumatic childhood. Cuneo suggested that the defendant’s
crimes were motivated by obsession and a sense of excitement, as opposed to financial gain.
7 Cuneo explained that the defendant’s cycle of kleptomania was similar to that of most addictive
behaviors and that the defendant’s use of alcohol further decreased his judgment.
¶ 24 Cuneo indicated that through counseling and religion, the defendant had gained insight
into his criminal behavior and had appeared to have genuinely changed. Acknowledging that he
is “very cynical when somebody finds God in prison,” Cuneo believed that the defendant’s new-
found faith was sincere and filled a void in the defendant’s life. Cuneo opined that the defendant
had good rehabilitative potential and would be unlikely to reoffend in the future if he abstained
from alcohol, continued therapeutic treatment, and maintained his relationship with his church.
Cuneo conversely opined that if the defendant failed to do those things, then his potential to
reoffend would be high. Cuneo testified that although the defendant clearly had the ability to
appreciate the criminality of his conduct, his crimes were generally undeterrable given that “he
could not stop himself.” Cuneo noted that the defendant had reportedly not consumed alcohol
since December 2014 and had recently been prescribed an anti-anxiety medication. Cuneo
recommended that the defendant be imprisoned in an institution that offered drug and alcohol
treatment.
¶ 25 Mark Church testified that he was the head pastor at the defendant’s church. Church
testified that although the defendant was “pretty shy” when he first started attending, he had
since completed a series of spiritual growth classes and had participated in numerous volunteer
opportunities. Church testified that he was aware of the defendant’s situation and believed that
the defendant had sincerely changed. Church testified that he and his wife had allowed the
defendant to do maintenance work at their home while they were away and had felt comfortable
doing so.
8 ¶ 26 Darwin Bryant testified that he was the prison ministry pastor at the defendant’s church
and had met the defendant through an outreach support group. Bryant testified that he had
previously spent time in prison and had since dedicated his life to “helping those in similar
situations.” Bryant testified that the defendant’s extensive volunteer work for the church had
benefitted numerous people in the community and that he and the defendant had become close
friends while working and worshipping together. Opining that he could not “even fathom [the
defendant] reoffending again,” Bryant opined that the defendant had clearly and sincerely
changed.
¶ 27 In its argument in aggravation, the State maintained that consecutive sentences totaling
40 years were appropriate under the circumstances. The State argued that the defendant had
damaged the reputation of all law enforcement officers in Madison County and had broken the
public’s eroding trust in the police. The State contended that because the defendant had engaged
in criminal activity as a police officer for so many years, the “good ones” were “going to have to
deal with [the fallout] for a very long time.” The State argued that the defendant had taken
advantage of his position as a police officer and that the law enforcement community deserved
and demanded that a hefty sentence be imposed.
¶ 28 Noting that the defendant had been armed during the commission of his crimes, the State
argued that it was a “miracle” that no one was seriously injured or killed over the course of the
defendant’s “15-year crime spree.” The State maintained that the following statutory factors in
aggravation applied: (1) the defendant’s conduct threatened or caused serious harm; (4) the
defendant, by the duties of his office or by his position, was obligated to prevent the particular
offenses committed or to bring the offenders committing it to justice; (5) the defendant held
“public office” when the offenses were committed, and the offenses related to the conduct of that
9 office; (6) the defendant utilized his professional position in the community to commit the
crimes; (7) the sentence was necessary to deter others from committing the same crimes; and
(11) the offenses took place in a place of worship. 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(a)(1), (4)-(7), (11) (West
2014). Arguing that deterrence was a vital factor, the State suggested that the court needed to
assure the public that police officers can be trusted and relied upon.
¶ 29 In response, the defendant argued that although he had violated the public’s trust on
numerous occasions, an eight-year sentence with additional restitution to the victims would be a
just disposition. Referencing Cuneo’s testimony, the defendant maintained that his criminal
conduct had been driven by his psychological problems and alcohol abuse, both of which he was
actively addressing. The defendant noted that the testimony that he had genuinely changed and
was unlikely to reoffend was unrebutted. Further noting that law enforcement personnel “make
the same bad judgments and engage in some of the same bad conduct as everyone else,” the
defendant should not have to “take the blame” for the highly publicized incidents of police
misconduct that had occurred in other jurisdictions in recent years.
¶ 30 Conceding that the six statutory factors that the State cited were applicable, the defendant
opined that his professional obligation to prevent the offenses that he had committed was “the
most aggravating.” The defendant argued that the State’s official misconduct charge adequately
took his public position into account, however, and that he should not be treated more harshly
merely because he was a police officer or “an official.” Observing that his conduct was unlike
that of a “typical” burglar or thief, the defendant suggested that while applicable, deterrence
would serve no logical or meaningful purpose, given that his “bizarre behavior” stemmed from
his kleptomania, which could be treated but not deterred. The defendant argued that the
10 imposition of consecutive sentences was not warranted because the evidence did not support a
finding that consecutive sentences were necessary to protect the public.
¶ 31 In rebuttal, the State argued that contrary to the defendant’s contentions, the relevance of
his position as a police officer was not limited to the official misconduct charge. The State
further argued that the defendant had been given a “gift” when he was allowed to plead guilty “to
just these offenses.” Regarding rehabilitation, the State emphasized that the defendant had
engaged in a pattern of criminal conduct for 15 years and had made no efforts to correct himself
until “after he got caught.” The State also noted that Cuneo testified that the defendant’s
potential to reoffend was dependent on whether the defendant abstained from alcohol and
maintained a support system. The State argued that the evidence supported a finding that
consecutive sentences were necessary to protect the public and again asked the court to impose
an aggregate sentence of 40 years. The State noted that the defendant would be entitled to “day-
for-day” credit towards the term.
¶ 32 In allocution, the defendant apologized for what he had done and acknowledged that he
had disrespected and disgraced everyone he knew. The defendant further acknowledged that his
actions were reckless and selfish. The defendant explained that prior to seeing Dr. Cuneo, he
lacked insight into what had motivated his behavior. The defendant stated that he had previously
tried to stop drinking and stealing but had “always resorted back to the same actions.” The
defendant indicated that his church had saved him and that he was now “on the right path.” The
defendant hoped that all the people he hurt would one day forgive him.
¶ 33 Before pronouncing sentence, the trial court stated that it had considered, inter alia, the
parties’ evidence and arguments and the defendant’s presentence investigation report. Stating
that it had never “seen anything like this,” the court indicated that it agreed that the defendant’s
11 behavior was so “bizarre” that “no sentence would be sufficient to deter” his conduct. The court
also indicated that while it might generally concede that the defendant should not receive a
harsher sentence merely because he was a police officer, the defendant owed a duty to each and
every one of his victims, and the public needed to know that it could trust the police. The court
noted that it had done “a little research” that had revealed that “even in 2017,” the profession of
police officer was number 6 on the list of top 10 most trusted professions in the country.
¶ 34 Stating that the defendant had broken the public’s trust in ways the court had never seen,
the court agreed that his violation of his obligation to prevent the offenses that he committed was
the most significant aggravating factor. Referencing the photographs of the stolen property that
had been recovered during the course of the investigation, the court noted that the defendant had
victimized numerous individuals and businesses over the years. The court further stated that the
defendant’s conduct could have caused serious harm. The court indicated that it was “concerned”
with Cuneo’s testimony because his assessment of the defendant’s rehabilitative potential
included too many “ifs.”
¶ 35 The trial court ultimately imposed five-year sentences on both of the defendant’s
convictions in 14-CF-2665. In 14-CF-2675, the court imposed 10-year sentences on the
defendant’s convictions on counts I and II and 5-year sentences on his convictions on counts V
and VI. Opining that given the nature and circumstances of the offenses and the defendant’s
history and character, consecutive sentences were required to protect the public from further
criminal conduct by the defendant, the court ordered that the defendant’s terms be served
consecutively. See 730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(c)(1) (West 2014). The court recommended that the
defendant be imprisoned in a facility that offered drug and alcohol treatment. The court advised
12 the defendant that if he wished to file a motion to withdraw his guilty plea, he had 30 days in
which to do so. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 605(c) (eff. Oct. 1, 2001).
¶ 36 On July 25, 2017, the defendant filed a motion to withdraw guilty plea and a motion to
reconsider sentence. The defendant’s motion to reconsider argued that the trial court erred in
imposing consecutive sentences on his convictions. The defendant’s motion to withdraw guilty
plea alleged that the trial court failed to properly admonish him that he was subject to
consecutive sentences and that the consecutive sentences the court imposed were not authorized
by law.
¶ 37 On October 27, 2017, at a hearing on the defendant’s postplea motions, the defendant
acknowledged that both motions were directed at the trial court’s imposition of consecutive
sentences. The defendant argued that although his aggregate sentence was within the negotiated
cap of 40 years, the facts of his case did not warrant consecutive sentences, and he was not
properly admonished that he might receive them. The defendant asked the court to either vacate
his guilty plea or, in the alternative, order that his sentences be served concurrently.
¶ 38 In response, the State objected to both of the defendant’s requests. Arguing that the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in imposing consecutive sentences under the circumstances, the
State emphasized that the defendant’s total sentence did not exceed the parties’ negotiated cap.
¶ 39 When denying both of the defendant’s postplea motions, the trial court stated that a 40-
year sentence was “appropriate” and was within the negotiated cap. The court further stated that
the record reflected the basis for its discretionary decision to sentence the defendant to
consecutive sentences. Although the trial court did not specifically address the defendant’s
contention that he had not been properly admonished, we note that the court rightly rejected that
claim. See People v. Baker, 133 Ill. App. 3d 620, 622 (1985) (holding that the failure to advise as
13 to the possibility of consecutive sentence was harmless where the defendant was aware of the
actual aggregate sentence he was eligible to receive). On October 31, 2017, the defendant filed a
timely notice of appeal.
¶ 40 DISCUSSION
¶ 41 As previously noted, the defendant argues that he was denied due process at his
sentencing hearing because the trial court relied on improper sentencing considerations. The
defendant specifically complains that the trial court should not have considered four of the six
statutory factors in aggravation that the State argued were applicable, that the court improperly
relied on its own research and opinions of the defendant’s crimes, and that the court further
relied on unreliable evidence that the defendant had committed offenses in addition to those that
were specifically charged. The defendant also argues that the trial court failed to fully appreciate
Cuneo’s expert testimony. The defendant maintains that he should be allowed to withdraw his
guilty plea as a result of these alleged errors. Acknowledging that he raises his due process claim
for the first time on appeal, the defendant seeks plain-error review of his underlying arguments.
¶ 42 Generally, any issue not raised by a defendant in his motion to withdraw guilty plea is
deemed waived on appeal. People v. Davis, 145 Ill. 2d 240, 250 (1991). Under the plain-error
doctrine, however, plain errors affecting substantial rights are cognizable despite a defendant’s
waiver. People v. Smith, 183 Ill. 2d 425, 430 (1998). The plain-error doctrine “is a narrow and
limited exception to the general rule of forfeiture, whose purpose is to protect the rights of the
defendant and the integrity and reputation of the judicial process.” People v. Allen, 222 Ill. 2d
340, 353 (2006). Under the plain-error doctrine, the defendant bears the burden of persuasion.
People v. Sargent, 239 Ill. 2d 166, 190 (2010).
14 ¶ 43 Our supreme court has recognized that a sentence based on “materially false information”
can result in a violation of due process (People v. Harden, 113 Ill. 2d 14, 20 (1986)), as can a
sentence based on “ ‘a private investigation by the court or based upon private knowledge of the
court, untested by cross-examination’ ” (People v. Dameron, 196 Ill. 2d 156, 171 (2001)
(quoting People v. Wallenberg, 24 Ill. 2d 350, 354 (1962)). In either instance, however, to
establish plain error, a defendant must demonstrate that the errors he alleges were so egregious
that he was denied a fair sentencing hearing. People v. Hall, 195 Ill. 2d 1, 18 (2000). Moreover,
the first step in conducting any plain-error analysis is to determine whether error occurred at all.
People v. Walker, 232 Ill. 2d 113, 124 (2009).
¶ 44 Here, assuming arguendo that a defendant may seek to withdraw his guilty plea on
grounds that he was denied due process at a sentencing hearing that resulted in the imposition of
a sentence that fell within a negotiated cap (see People v. Linder, 186 Ill. 2d 67, 74 (1999)
(noting that a defendant who agrees to a potential sentencing range assumes a “risk” that he
“may not like the sentencing court’s ultimate disposition”); People v. Robinson, 157 Ill. App. 3d
622, 631 (1987) (noting that a defendant’s “hope for a more lenient sentence does not provide
the basis for allowing the withdrawal of his guilty plea”)), we find that the arguments the
defendant advances in support of his due process claim are ultimately without merit.
¶ 45 Research and Personal Opinions
¶ 46 The defendant first argues that when imposing sentence, the trial court “relied heavily”
on its own research and personal opinions of the defendant’s crimes. The defendant bases this
claim on the trial court’s observations that the defendant’s conduct was novel and “bizarre” and
the court’s revelation that it had done “a little research” revealing that “even in 2017,” the
profession of police officer was among the top 10 most trusted professions. These remarks must
15 be considered in context rather than isolation, however (see People v. Ward, 113 Ill. 2d 516, 526-
27 (1986)), and when so considered, they do not support the defendant’s contentions of error.
¶ 47 As previously indicated, when asking that a 40-year sentence be imposed on the
defendant’s convictions, the State argued, inter alia, that the defendant had broken the public’s
eroding trust in the police and had damaged the reputation of all law enforcement officers in
Madison County. The State suggested that a lengthy sentence was necessary to mitigate that
damage and assure the public that the police could be trusted. Agreeing with these sentiments,
the trial court concluded that the defendant’s violation of his obligation to prevent the offenses
he committed was the most significant aggravating factor. See 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(a)(4) (West
2014). The court further stated that the defendant owed a duty to each and every one of his
victims and that the public needed to know that it could trust the police. Contrary to the
defendant’s intimations on appeal, however, nothing suggests that the court would not have
arrived at these conclusions in the absence of the “little research” it conducted or that the court
improperly relied upon the same. Cf. People v. Cervantes, 2014 IL App (3d) 120745, ¶ 46
(holding that the trial court improperly relied on its own research where it sentenced the
defendant based solely on life expectancy statistics that neither party had asked the court to
consider); see also People v. Harmon, 2015 IL App (1st) 122345, ¶ 135 (noting that in Dameron,
the trial court “spoke at length about social science statistics and the court’s own generalizations
about crime that [it] discovered in a treatise through its own investigation”). In context, the
court’s remarks regarding its independent research were passing observations that were
ultimately inconsequential. See People v. Rippatoe, 408 Ill. App. 3d 1061, 1069 (2011)
(“Although a judge errs in considering facts outside the record, that error is harmless when a
reviewing court can safely conclude that consideration of the facts outside the record did not
16 affect the result.”). The trial court also agreed with counsel’s characterization of the defendant’s
behavior as “bizarre” and indicated that it had never seen a similar case. These were mere
observations, however, and nothing suggests that the court improperly based its sentencing
decision on its personal opinions of the defendant’s crimes, as opposed to the evidence and
arguments that were presented for its consideration. Cf. People v. Romero, 2015 IL App (1st)
140205, ¶ 32 (finding that the trial court arguably relied on its own opinion of the defendant’s
crime when imposing sentence where the court’s comments indicated that it had “considered a
level of intent and conduct for which [the] defendant [had been] acquitted”); People v. Henry,
254 Ill. App. 3d 899, 905 (1993) (finding that the trial court relied on its own opinion of the
defendant’s crime when imposing sentence where the court referred to the crime as
“ ‘disgusting’ ” and advised the defendant “ ‘that’s why you are given this amount of time’ ”).
¶ 48 Dr. Cuneo’s Testimony
¶ 49 The defendant argues that the trial court either failed to properly consider Cuneo’s
testimony or failed to completely understand it. The defendant seemingly bases this claim on the
fact that the trial court agreed with Cuneo’s suggestion that the defendant’s conduct could not be
specifically deterred but then rejected Cuneo’s testimony regarding the defendant’s rehabilitative
potential. The defendant suggests that this alleged error constitutes further proof that the 40-year
sentence the trial court imposed was improperly based on its own opinions and research. We
disagree.
¶ 50 The trial court was free to accept or reject Cuneo’s testimony in whole or in part (People
v. Tara, 367 Ill. App. 3d 479, 489 (2006)), and when discussing his expert opinions, the court
explained that it was concerned that his assessment of the defendant’s rehabilitative potential
included too many “ifs.” Furthermore, the trial court’s concession that the defendant’s conduct
17 was likely undeterrable given its psychological underpinnings was consistent with the court’s
determination that consecutive sentences were necessary to protect the public and was irrelevant
with respect to the court’s finding that a lengthy sentence was necessary to deter others. See
People v. Huddleston, 212 Ill. 2d 107, 140 (2004) (recognizing the distinction between specific
and general deterrence). Ultimately, as the State observes on appeal, the defendant takes the trial
court’s statements regarding Cuneo’s testimony out of context and is unable to demonstrate
error.
¶ 51 Aggravating Factors
¶ 52 The defendant next argues that the trial court should not have considered four of the six
statutory factors in aggravation that the State argued were applicable to the facts of his case. As
previously noted, however, at the sentencing hearing, the defendant conceded that all six of the
factors were applicable. As a result, under principles of affirmative waiver and invited error,
plain-error review of the defendant’s claim that the court should not have considered four of the
factors is not available. See People v. Smith, 2019 IL App (1st) 161246, ¶ 51; People v. Harding,
2012 IL App (2d) 101011, ¶ 17; see also In re Detention of Swope, 213 Ill. 2d 210, 218 (2004)
(holding that where a party actively participates in the direction of the proceedings, the party’s
actions go beyond mere waiver and “the traditional exceptions to the waiver rule do not apply”).
Moreover, even assuming otherwise, we would conclude that the defendant’s underlying
arguments are without merit.
¶ 53 Citing People v. Warwick, 123 Ill. App. 3d 692 (1984), the defendant first maintains that
the trial court erred in considering the statutory aggravating factors enumerated as (1), (4), and
(5), i.e., (1) that his conduct threatened or caused serious harm, (4) that by the duties of his office
or by his position, he was obligated to prevent the particular offenses committed or to bring the
18 offenders committing it to justice, and (5) that he held “public office” when the offenses were
committed, and the offenses related to the conduct of that office. 730 ILCS 5/5-5-3.2(a)(1), (4),
(5) (West 2014).
¶ 54 In Warwick, the reviewing court held that the trial court erred in considering factors (1),
(4), and (5) when sentencing a police officer to a three-year term of imprisonment on his
conviction for official misconduct. Warwick, 123 Ill. App. 3d at 693, 695-98. With respect to
factor (1), the court found that there was no evidence that the defendant’s criminal acts had
caused or threatened “serious physical and/or psychological harm” to any specific person, as
opposed to the harm that resulted to “society at large.” Id. at 696-97. The court held that factor
(4) was inapplicable because it was implicit in the offense of official misconduct and that factor
(5) “may also have been improperly applied” because it was “not clear from the record whether
the defendant held public office” or was otherwise a “public officer.” Id. at 697-98.
¶ 55 Warwick is distinguishable. Here, with respect to factor (1), the trial court could have
fairly considered Van Patten’s testimony as evidence that the defendant’s conduct had caused or
threatened serious psychological harm to her and could have fairly considered Lybarger’s
testimony as evidence that the defendant’s conduct had caused or threatened serious
psychological harm to the rank and file of the Edwardsville Police Department. Moreover, with
respect to the threat of physical harm, the defendant committed burglaries as an armed police
officer, and the trial court apparently agreed with the State’s assertion that it was a “miracle” that
no one was seriously injured or killed during what the State referred to as the defendant’s “15-
year crime spree.” Regarding factor (4), although that factor was implicit in the charge of official
misconduct, it was not implicit in the other charges to which the defendant pled guilty and was
thus properly considerable as to those charges. Regarding factor (5), as previously indicated, the
19 defendant generally conceded that it was applicable and specifically conceded that he was “an
official.” The defendant is thus estopped from now claiming that he was a mere “public
employee.” See People v. Harvey, 211 Ill. 2d 368, 385 (2004) (noting that invited error is akin to
estoppel). Moreover, the defendant’s concessions aside, we cannot conclude that the State would
have been unable to establish that he held a “public office” had it been required to do so. See 65
ILCS 5/10-2.1-4 (West 2014) (“The board of fire and police commissioners shall appoint all
officers and members of the fire and police departments ***.”); 720 ILCS 5/2-18 (West 2014)
(“ ‘Public officer’ means a person who is elected to office pursuant to statute, or who is
appointed to an office which is established, and the qualifications and duties of which are
prescribed, by statute, to discharge a public duty for the State or any of its political
subdivisions.”); Village of Round Lake Beach v. Brenner, 107 Ill. App. 3d 1, 4 (1982) (noting
that by statute and ordinance, any full-time member of the village’s police department was a
“ ‘city officer’ ” of a municipal public office); cf. Warwick, 123 Ill. App. 3d at 698 (finding that
factor (5) did not apply where there was not a “proper finding” that the police officer held
“public office” at the time of the offense).
¶ 56 The defendant lastly argues that the trial court erred in considering statutory factor (11)
because although there was evidence that he had burglarized a church on at least two separate
occasions, there was no evidence that the crimes took place “immediately prior to, during[,] or
immediately following worship services,” as the statutory language requires. 730 ILCS 5/5-5-
3.2(a)(11) (West 2014). Again, however, the defendant conceded that this factor applied, and he
is now precluded from claiming that the trial court should not have considered it. Moreover, to
the extent that the factor might have been wrongly applied in a technical sense, the trial court’s
consideration of the fact that the defendant had repeatedly stolen from a church did not implicate
20 the defendant’s right to due process. A trial court is free to consider aggravating factors that are
not specifically set forth in the statute (see, e.g., People v. Allen, 119 Ill. App. 3d 845, 846
(1983)), and the evidence that the defendant had repeatedly burglarized the church was not based
on false information; it was based on the defendant’s corroborated confessions. As a result, any
purported error was only committed insofar as the underlying facts did not precisely “line up”
with the statutory language. People v. Rademacher, 2016 IL App (3d) 130881, ¶ 38. “In other
words, but for the existence of that statute, there could be no claim of error.” Id. Furthermore,
even assuming that factor (11) should not have been considered at all, the defendant would be
unable to establish prejudice. The trial court made no specific references to factor (11), and the
record does not indicate that the trial court otherwise “placed significant weight on the matter in
determining the appropriate sentence.” People v. Reed, 376 Ill. App. 3d 121, 129 (2007).
¶ 57 Uncharged Criminal Conduct
¶ 58 The defendant’s final argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in considering the
evidence that he had committed criminal offenses in addition to those that were specifically
charged. In support of this claim, the defendant maintains that the court should not have
considered the photographs of the stolen property that had been found during the course of the
investigation, that the court should not have considered Lybarger’s testimony that the number of
reported business burglaries in Edwardsville had decreased following the defendant’s arrest, and
that the court should not have considered Bauer’s testimony that nine stolen guns were ultimately
recovered. We find that these arguments are forfeited and are otherwise without merit.
¶ 59 A defendant’s failure to object to evidence or arguments offered by the State at his
sentencing hearing waives any objection thereto on appeal. See People v. Gutirrez, 205 Ill. App.
3d 231, 266 (1990); see also People v. Woods, 214 Ill. 2d 455, 475 (2005) (“A defendant forfeits
21 any issue as to the impropriety of the evidence if he procures, invites, or acquiesces in the
admission of that evidence.”). Here, the evidence at the sentencing hearing was essentially
uncontested, and the defendant did not object to the introduction of any of the evidence that he
now argues should not have been considered. We thus conclude that under principles of waiver
and invited error, the defendant has forfeited plain-error review of his arguments regarding the
evidence of his uncharged criminal conduct. See Smith, 2019 IL App (1st) 161246, ¶ 51;
Harding, 2012 IL App (2d) 101011, ¶ 17. Moreover, forfeiture aside, the defendant’s claims of
prejudice are entirely speculative, and he is again unable to demonstrate that his sentence was
based on improper considerations.
¶ 60 As noted, the State’s exhibits included numerous photographs of stolen property that was
found during the course of the investigation. Many of the photographs were close-ups used to
identify specific property associated with specific burglaries, while others showed additional
items in the background or foreground, such as a fire extinguisher hanging on a basement wall.
The defendant argues that the photos should not have been considered because they included
items of property that lawfully belonged to him. It was never suggested, however, that all of the
property depicted in all of the photos was stolen, and nothing indicates that the trial court
concluded that it was. We thus presume that the trial court only considered the property that had
been particularly identified as stolen. People v. Ayala, 386 Ill. App. 3d 912, 920 (2008) (“It is
presumed that the trial court considers only competent evidence in sentencing.”). We further note
that to the extent that the defendant suggests that the photographs tended to exaggerate the extent
of his crimes, the trial court heard testimony that after the searches were conducted, the
defendant and his girlfriend had both turned over additional items that had not previously been
22 discovered. Moreover, Bauer estimated that thousands of items of stolen property had ultimately
been seized.
¶ 61 The defendant next argues that the trial court should not have considered Bauer’s
testimony that nine stolen firearms were found during the course of the investigation. The
defendant notes that he was only charged with possessing seven stolen firearms and that Bauer’s
testimony was uncorroborated. It is well established that evidence showing a defendant’s
commission of other crimes or bad acts is admissible at a sentencing hearing even though the
defendant was not prosecuted or convicted for such conduct. People v. Edgeston, 157 Ill. 2d 201,
246 (1993). The only requirement for the admission of such evidence is that it be relevant and
reliable, “as determined by the trial court within its sound discretion.” People v. Foster, 119 Ill.
2d 69, 96 (1987). Here, to the extent that the trial court considered Bauer’s testimony that a total
of nine stolen firearms were recovered, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its
discretion in crediting his testimony. “The determination of the credibility of the witnesses is
strictly within the purview of the trier of fact” (People v. Llanos, 288 Ill. App. 3d 592, 597
(1997)), and to the extent that the defendant suggests that Bauer perjured himself, we find that
the disparagement is unwarranted.
¶ 62 The defendant lastly argues that the trial court should not have considered Lybarger’s
testimony that the annual number of reported business burglaries in Edwardsville had decreased
following the defendant’s arrest. The defendant maintains that it is “illogical” to infer that the
decrease was “solely” attributable to the defendant’s apprehension. The State did not claim or
argue that the decrease was solely attributable to the defendant’s apprehension, however, and the
trial court did not reference the decrease when imposing sentence. As a result, we cannot
conclude that the court drew such an inference. See People v. Harrell, 104 Ill. App. 3d 138, 143
23 (1982) (noting that a reviewing court will not presume the existence of an alleged error which is
not affirmatively shown of record). As the State notes on appeal, to demonstrate error, the
defendant must affirmatively establish that his sentence was based on improper considerations
(People v. Bowen, 2015 IL App (1st) 132046, ¶ 49), and under the circumstances, he is again
unable to do so.
¶ 63 As an aside, we note that we would find no abuse of discretion with respect to a finding
that the cited decrease in reported business burglaries was partially attributable to the defendant’s
arrest, assuming that the trial court made such a finding. Tharp testified that the defendant had
been committing burglaries in Madison County for at least 15 years and that a total of 9
residential burglaries and “[w]ell over 30” business burglaries had ultimately been linked to the
defendant. The evidence before the trial court thus established that the defendant was a serial
burglar who frequently targeted businesses in Edwardsville. Lybarger testified that there had
been a notable decrease in the number of reported business burglaries in Edwardsville in the
years immediately following the defendant’s arrest. Under the circumstances, it would have been
reasonable to conclude that the cited decrease was partially attributable to the fact that the
defendant was no longer criminally active. See Hartness v. Ruzich, 155 Ill. App. 3d 878, 883
(1987) (“The sole limitation on the use of circumstantial evidence is that the inferences drawn
therefrom must be reasonable.”).
¶ 64 Principles of waiver and estoppel aside, the defendant is unable to affirmatively establish
error, let alone plain error. Despite the defendant’s claims to the contrary, the record supports a
finding that he received a fair sentencing hearing and that his sentence was not based on
improper considerations.
24 ¶ 65 We lastly note that the defendant’s appeal initially included a Krankel claim (see People
v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984)) that he subsequently withdrew in light of our supreme court’s
recent decision in People v. Bates, 2019 IL 124143. As a result, we need not address it. See
People v. Grice, 87 Ill. App. 3d 718, 724 (1980).
¶ 66 CONCLUSION
¶ 67 The defendant is unable to demonstrate that he was denied due process at his sentencing
hearing. We accordingly affirm the trial court’s judgment denying his motion to withdraw guilty
plea.
¶ 68 Affirmed.