2024 IL App (1st) 221030-U
No. 1-22-1030
THIRD DIVISION February 28, 2024
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1). ______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS FIRST DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the ) Circuit Court of Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County. ) v. ) No. 17 CR 13961 (01) ) ROGELIO ARROYO, ) Honorable ) Laura Ayala-Gonzalez, Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, Presiding.
JUSTICE D. B. WALKER delivered the judgment of the court. Presiding Justice Reyes and Justice Van Tine concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: We affirm defendant’s conviction of first-degree murder where the police had probable cause to arrest defendant without a warrant, the affirmative defense of compulsion was unavailable to him, and the prosecutor properly responded to defense counsel’s remarks during closing argument.
¶2 Defendant Rogelio Arroyo appeals his conviction of first-degree murder after a jury trial.
On appeal, defendant contends that this court should reverse his conviction and remand the matter
for a new trial where 1) police officers lacked probable cause to arrest him without a warrant, 2) No. 1-22-1030
the trial court erred in denying his request to present evidence supporting the affirmative defense
of compulsion, and 3) during closing argument, the prosecutor improperly implicated defendant’s
constitutional right to a trial. For the following reasons, we affirm.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 A. Pretrial Proceedings
¶5 Defendant was charged with first-degree murder for the beating death of Joaquin Clara.
Prior to trial, defendant filed a motion to suppress his statement in which he argued that he did not
knowingly and intelligently waive his Miranda rights. Defendant also filed a motion to suppress
identification evidence based on alleged misconduct that occurred during the administration of the
photo arrays. The trial court denied both motions.
¶6 Defendant then filed a motion to suppress his statements and DNA evidence, alleging they
were obtained through an unlawful warrantless arrest. At the hearing, the parties stipulated that
defendant was arrested on August 24, 2017, at 5 p.m. They also stipulated that police did not have
an arrest warrant, nor did they observe defendant committing any crime when they arrested him.
¶7 Detective Adam Katz testified at the hearing. He stated that on August 23, 2017, he was
assigned to investigate a murder that occurred in the area of 5900 West Fullerton in Chicago.
Around 9 p.m. that evening, a person identifying himself as Pedro Martinez came to the police
station. Detectives later discovered that the person’s name was actually Marcos Alvino. Alvino
talked to Detective Salgado, who spoke Spanish.
¶8 Alvino stated that someone named Coco and another person named Rogelio approached
him at a church a couple of blocks from the 5900 West Fullerton area. They told Alvino that Clara
“was not in this world anymore” and that “he was real dead.” Alvino told Detective Salgado that
he believed Clara “was beat to death.” Alvino gave officers the location of where Clara, who was
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homeless, usually slept or spent time. Officers went to the location to verify Alvino’s information.
When they arrived, they observed Clara “unresponsive and deceased *** in an empty lot area.”
¶9 Meanwhile, Detective Salgado continued speaking with Alvino at the station. Alvino
described Rogelio as a Hispanic male, approximately five feet eight inches tall and weighing 160
pounds. He also had “real short hair” and was wearing a gray shirt and blue jeans. After some
investigation, police found a photograph of Thomas Ocasio, whose nickname was Coco. This
photograph was subsequently used in a photo array shown to Alvino on August 24, 2017, around
12:37 p.m. From the photo array, Alvino identified Ocasio as “Coco,” the person who had told
him about Clara. This information was relayed to Detective Katz as he investigated the case.
¶ 10 Several hours later, between 4 and 5 p.m., Detective Katz and his partner drove to the area
of Fullerton and Menard to check whether surveillance video was available. There, they
encountered Alvino, who was walking east on Fullerton. Alvino saw the officers and pointed at a
person walking in front of him. As he did so, Alvino “was saying something to the effect of, that’s
him. That’s Rogelio.” Detective Katz identified defendant in court as the person Alvino pointed
out to the officers.
¶ 11 Detective Katz approached defendant and asked his name. Defendant responded that his
name was Rogelio. He also matched the description given by Alvino. The officers placed
defendant under arrest.
¶ 12 On cross-examination, Detective Katz confirmed that it was Coco who told Alvino about
Clara being “real dead,” not Rogelio. He also acknowledged that at the time of defendant’s arrest,
no one “had identified Rogelio as the Rogelio who was standing next to Coco,” when Coco told
Alvino about Clara’s death.
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¶ 13 On redirect, Detective Katz stated that he had information at the time of defendant’s arrest
that both Coco and Rogelio approached Alvino, that “[t]hey were together.” He also confirmed
that “Mr. Alvino had implicated both of them with regard to their involvement in this case.”
¶ 14 The trial court denied defendant’s motion to suppress. It found Detective Katz’s testimony
credible and unimpeached by the defense. Furthermore,
“[w]hen you look at the totality of the circumstances, you look at the requirements for a –
a Terry stop, where there’s reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed, is about
to be committed, or will be committed, and the circumstances surrounding the knowledge
that the Officers had, based on that stop, that detention and subsequent arrest, I believe
there was no Fourth Amendment violation in regard to the detention and arrest of
[defendant].”
¶ 15 Defendant also filed a motion to present the affirmative defense of compulsion. The trial
court denied the motion, finding that defendant was only charged with first-degree murder and
“the law is pretty clear thus far” that compulsion was unavailable in first-degree murder cases.
¶ 16 B. Trial
¶ 17 At trial, Rolando Vindell testified that he owned property on the 5900 block of West
Fullerton, and there were two surveillance cameras on the property. After speaking with police,
Vindell provided video from the evening of August 23, 2017 to August 24, 2017. He also testified
that on August 23, 2017, around 9:40 to 9:55 p.m., he noticed three men walking past as he parked
behind his garage. One of the men, who he identified as Coco, gave him a fist bump. Vindell did
not know the other men.
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¶ 18 The video was admitted and published to the jury. The video showed two men walking
through the alley. Vindell identified Coco on the video as someone he knew from the
neighborhood. One of the men was holding a bat.
¶ 19 Thomas Ocasio testified at defendant’s trial. He stated that his nickname was Coco. He
was serving 22 years in prison for murder, and he was not promised anything in exchange for his
testimony. Coco knew defendant. Both he and defendant were homeless. Coco had known the
victim, Clara, for over 20 years. He testified that he and defendant beat Clara on August 23, 2017,
using rocks and a bat. They walked to the area where Clara slept near Fullerton. Coco carried rocks
and defendant carried a bat. In beating Clara, Coco used bricks that he found “all over the place,”
and defendant hit Clara in the head with the bat.
¶ 20 On cross-examination, Coco stated that he was six feet five inches tall and weighed
approximately 255 pounds. On the night of August 23rd, he was drinking with five or six other
people. Coco pled guilty to Clara’s murder and was sentenced to 22 years in prison. Otherwise, he
faced a possible sentence of 60 years in prison. When he pled guilty, he answered under oath that
defendant took part in Clara’s beating.
¶ 21 On redirect, Coco testified that defendant killed Clara because Clara had beaten defendant
and taken his chain. Defendant said that he wanted to kill Clara three days before the murder. Coco
testified that defendant hit Clara over the head with the bat five times.
¶ 22 Sergeant Adam Criscione testified that he was assigned to investigate the Clara murder in
August 2017. He learned that Coco and Rogelio were two people of interest. Sergeant Criscione
had a description of Rogelio as a Hispanic male in his mid to late twenties, five feet six to five feet
eight inches tall and weighing around 140 pounds. He was informed that Rogelio “rode around on
a small black BMX-style bike in that neighborhood.” When Sergeant Criscione was in the area of
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5900 West Fullerton, he observed a person who matched Rogelio’s description. When asked his
name, the person responded, “Rogelio.” He identified defendant in court as Rogelio.
¶ 23 Sergeant Criscione was present when defendant received Miranda warnings in Spanish.
He showed defendant images from the surveillance video and defendant identified himself and
Coco in the images.
¶ 24 Detective Salgado testified that his first language is Spanish, and he assisted in the case as
an interpreter. After defendant was given Miranda warnings, he agreed to speak to police.
¶ 25 The jury viewed video clips of defendant’s statement and a transcript of the statement was
admitted into evidence. Defendant admitted that he was at the crime scene and that he met Coco
there. He had a bat and Coco had a brick, but Coco later took the bat from him. They went to the
fenced-in area where Clara slept, and Coco walked through a hole in the fence. Although Coco
threatened to hurt defendant if he did not follow, defendant waited on the other side of the fence.
From there, he observed Coco hit Clara on the head with a brick and the bat. Coco told him not to
say anything and they left the area together. Coco threw the bat into a black garbage can.
¶ 26 The medical examiner testified that Clara died from multiple blunt force injuries. He had
contusions, skin tears, scrapes and abrasions on his head and face, and the lacerations around his
eye and lip were so deep that his skull was visible. The medical examiner testified that these
injuries were consistent with being struck by a hard object, and such strikes could cause blood to
“fly off” or “be cast onto other nearby objects.”
¶ 27 The parties stipulated that buccal swabs were collected from defendant, Coco, and Clara.
Furthermore, evidence technicians collected and inventoried jean shorts, socks and shoes from
Coco, and a baseball cap, blue shorts, socks, white t-shirt and shoes from defendant. A baseball
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bat and bricks were also recovered. Blood stains were observed on Coco’s jean shorts and
defendant’s t-shirt. Blood was also found on the baseball bat and a brick.
¶ 28 An expert in forensic DNA analysis testified that she received standards from Coco,
defendant, and Clara. She analyzed samples taken from the bat and found a mixture of two DNA
profiles. Clara was identified as a possible contributor to the major DNA profile, and the expected
frequency of this profile was approximately 1 in 90 octillion unrelated individuals. Clara was the
single source of DNA taken from the brick. Clara also could not be excluded as a contributor to
the DNA profile found in the blood stains on defendant’s shirt and Coco’s shorts. The expected
frequency of this profile was approximately 1 in 90 octillion unrelated individuals.
¶ 29 The defense presented five photographs depicting the appearance of Coco and defendant
when they were arrested.
¶ 30 In closing, the State argued that it had proven all of the elements of first-degree murder.
Even taking defendant’s version of the events, “just for argument’s sake,” the State argued that
defendant was “still guilty because of this legal principle called accountability.”
¶ 31 Defense counsel argued that defendant gave “honest” statements to police that matched the
evidence in the case. Defendant was not part of Coco’s plan to kill Clara and he did not know there
would be a “fight.” Defendant was intimidated by Coco, who was a “big guy.” Unlike Coco,
defendant’s involvement in the beating was minimal. Counsel also questioned Coco’s credibility
and argued that he was “a special kind of witness” who “cannot be believed.” Counsel reminded
the jury that Coco pled guilty and received a sentence of 22 years in prison, “which when you’re
looking at 20 to 60, it’s pretty close to the minimum.” Counsel argued that Coco knew that if he
told the State that defendant participated in the beating, he would get “a better deal.” Furthermore,
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he understood that he had to tell the same story at trial, or he would be charged with perjury.
Counsel reiterated that Coco “cannot be believed.”
¶ 32 In rebuttal, the State addressed defendant’s credibility. The prosecutor remarked that
defendant “was not completely honest when he was talking to the police.” She suggested that
defendant “downplay[ed]” his role in the beating because he was not “willing to totally own up to
[his] involvement in a situation.” Therefore, when defendant talked to police, “he decided to blame
everything on Coco.” The prosecutor further remarked:
“I am not going to stand here and tell you that I think Coco is an upstanding member
of society or that he’s a great guy or that he should be free. Clearly, that’s not the case. But
I would ask you to consider his tone, his demeanor, and his physicality when you saw him
in this courtroom. He pled guilty to murder. Generally speaking when people are willing
to take responsibility for their actions and apologize, there’s consideration in the term of
years that they are sentenced to. And that’s what happened with Coco.
When someone is not willing to accept responsibility, you end up where we are
today. But Coco was forthcoming…”
Defense counsel raised an objection, which the trial court overruled. The State continued, arguing
that Coco “didn’t want to be here,” but he swore to tell the truth. During his testimony, Coco was
calm, collected, and clearheaded. The State asked the jury to take that into consideration when
assessing his credibility as a witness.
¶ 33 The jury found defendant guilty of first-degree murder. Defendant filed a motion for a new
trial, alleging that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress statements and evidence
where there was no probable cause for his arrest, and erred in denying his motion to present the
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affirmative defense of compulsion. Defendant also alleged that the prosecutor made improper
remarks during closing argument. The trial court denied the motion.
¶ 34 After a sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced defendant to 25 years in prison.
Defendant filed a motion to reconsider his sentence, which the trial court denied. Defendant filed
this timely appeal.
¶ 35 III. ANALYSIS
¶ 36 Defendant first contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress his
statement and evidence under the Fourth Amendment where police officers lacked probable cause
to arrest him without a warrant.
¶ 37 Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances known to officers at the time of
the arrest lead a reasonable person “to believe that an offense had been committed and that the
offense was committed by the person arrested.” People v. Sims, 192 Ill. 2d 592, 615 (2000).
Although mere suspicion of criminal activity is inadequate to establish probable cause, the
evidence available to officers need not prove defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at
614-15. Rather, a probable cause determination is governed by commonsense, practical
considerations instead of technical legal rules. People v. Buss, 187 Ill.2d 144, 204 (1999). It is an
objective, case-by-case determination based on the totality of the circumstances at the time of the
arrest. People v. Jackson, 348 Ill. App. 3d 719, 727 (2004). While we defer to the trial court’s fact
findings and will reverse only if those findings are against the manifest weight of the evidence, we
review the court’s ruling on probable cause de novo. People v. Grant, 2013 IL 112734, ¶ 12.
¶ 38 Probable cause may be established from the collective knowledge of police officers
working in concert. People v. Moore, 378 Ill. App. 3d 41, 48 (2007). In this case, the following
facts were known to police at the time of defendant’s arrest. Around 9 p.m. on August 23, 2017,
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Alvino came to the police station to speak with police. He informed them that Coco and Rogelio
approached him a couple of blocks from the 5900 West Fullerton area. Coco told Alvino that Clara
“was not in this world anymore” and that “he was real dead.” Alvino believed Clara “was beat to
death.” Alvino’s information indicated that Coco and Rogelio approached Alvino “together,” and
he implicated both regarding their involvement in the case. Alvino described Rogelio as a Hispanic
male, approximately five feet eight inches tall and weighing 160 pounds. Rogelio also had “real
short hair” and was wearing a gray shirt and blue jeans. Officers went to the location where Clara
usually slept to verify Alvino’s information. There, they observed Clara “unresponsive and
deceased *** in an empty lot area.”
¶ 39 Less than 24 hours later, while driving near 5900 West Fullerton, officers encountered
Alvino. He identified defendant walking in front of him as “Rogelio.” Defendant also matched the
description of Rogelio given to the police. After officers confirmed defendant’s name, they
arrested him.
¶ 40 When, as here, a citizen provides police officers with information leading to a warrantless
arrest, we examine the citizen’s basis of knowledge to ensure that the information was predicated
on something more than conclusory allegations or casual rumor. Sims, 192 Ill. 2d at 617. This
examination is not a separate test in determining probable cause. Id. at 618. Rather, an informant’s
basis of knowledge is a relevant factor to consider “as part of the totality of the circumstances
known to police at the time of the arrest.” Id.
¶ 41 Alvino stated that both Coco and Rogelio approached him regarding the death of Clara.
Although Alvino initially gave police a false name, he was not an anonymous informant as police
soon obtained his actual name. He also had personal knowledge of defendant and the victim, and
he had no motive to lie. Alvino’s statements were further substantiated when officers later found
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Clara deceased. Alvino’s information was thus supported by some indicia of reliability. See Sims,
192 Ill. 2d at 619 (finding that officers could reasonably rely on an informant’s statements where
she had personal knowledge of the defendant and therefore, it was less likely she was reporting a
casual rumor); see also People v. Hood, 262 Ill. App. 3d 171, 175 (1994) (finding statements that
defendant committed a crime reliable where the informants personally knew the defendant, they
had no motive to lie, and the police independently verified their claims that a crime had been
perpetrated against the named victim).
¶ 42 Defendant argues, however, that Alvino’s information provided no basis to arrest him
because officers only knew that defendant was standing next to Coco when Coco spoke about
Clara’s death. This information did not show that Alvino had knowledge of an actual crime or that
defendant was involved in criminal activity. Defendant contends that probable cause to arrest him
did not arise merely because there may have been probable cause to arrest Coco.
¶ 43 As support, defendant cites People v. Creach, 79 Ill. 2d 96 (1980), People v. Carnivale, 61
Ill. 2d 57 (1975), and People v. Galloway, 7 Ill. 2d 527 (1956). In each of these cases, the defendant
was arrested merely because he was found with the person the police intended to arrest. No one
had identified the defendants in connection with the crimes for which they were arrested. See
Creach, 79 Ill. 2d at 102-3; Carnivale, 61 Ill. 2d at 58; Galloway, 7 Ill. 2d at 535. In this case,
Alvino specifically named defendant, as well as Coco, when he told police about Clara. Creach,
Carnivale, and Galloway are factually distinguishable.
¶ 44 Defendant notes, however, that when officers encountered him on August 24, 2017, they
did not observe him committing a crime or engaging in suspicious behavior. Defendant argues that
the officers could have questioned him or further investigated his involvement in a possible crime,
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but they had no probable cause to arrest him without a warrant. He cites People v. Lee, 214 Ill. 2d
476 (2005), as support.
¶ 45 In Lee, the police received a citizen’s complaint about three men selling drugs on the corner
of Second and Mississippi Streets in Joliet, Illinois. The citizen had made complaints in the past
and most were “well-founded.” Id. at 478. At that location, officers observed three men standing
on the corner. A van proceeded to park on the curb and the men approached the van. They spoke
to the driver and then the van drove away. The officers recognized the defendant, who had
previously been arrested for drug possession, as one of the men. They recognized another as a
gang member. Id. at 478-79. The officers did not observe an exchange of money or drugs, but
based on their experience, they believed a drug transaction had taken place or was about to take
place. Id. at 479. A protective pat-down search of the men revealed no weapons or contraband.
Nonetheless, the officers arrested the men for violating Joliet’s drug-loitering ordinance. Id.
¶ 46 On appeal to the supreme court, the defendant argued that the police lacked probable cause
to arrest him without a warrant. Id. at 481. The court agreed, finding that “uncontradicted evidence
shows that defendant stood on a street corner with two other men” and that “officers did not see a
drug transaction. They merely observed three men standing on a corner and a van, which no one
on the corner summoned, pull to the curb and drive away.” Id. at 485-86. This evidence lacked an
overt act constituting probable cause for an arrest. Id. at 486. Although the citizen’s complaint
justified officers approaching the defendant for questioning, further investigation was warranted.
Id. at 487. Rather than arrest the defendant on the spot, “the officers should have waited and
watched for some overt act manifesting that defendant intended to engage in drug-related activity.”
Id. at 488. The court reasoned that “ ‘[w]hen there is a question as to whether a crime has been
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committed, in addition to whether the defendant committed the crime, more evidence is required
to demonstrate probable cause.’ ” Id. at 485, quoting Buss, 187 Ill. 2d at 205.
¶ 47 Unlike Lee, the officers in this case knew that a crime had been committed before they
encountered and arrested defendant. Defendant emphasizes the fact that Alvino never directly
implicated him in the beating of Clara, nor did Alvino witness the beating. The probable cause
calculation, however, concerns only the probability of criminal activity. People v. Hopkins, 235
Ill. 2d 453, 477 (2009). Probable cause does not require a belief that it is “more likely true than
false” that defendant has committed a crime. Id. “Even a tentative identification may contribute to
probable cause.” In re Edgar C., 2014 IL App (1st) 141703, ¶ 121.
¶ 48 Probable cause exists when there is reason to believe that the defendant is involved in
criminality. People v. Adams, 131 Ill. 2d 387, 398 (1989). Here, officers reasonably believed that
a crime was committed by defendant when they arrested him. Before the arrest, Alvino told officers
that he believed Clara had been beaten to death, and they subsequently found Clara deceased with
evidence of blunt force trauma. They knew that Coco and Rogelio were “together” when Coco
told Alvino about Clara’s death. Police officers had this information when they encountered
defendant, whom Alvino identified as Rogelio, less than 24 hours later near the crime scene.
Defendant’s location after a murder is a consideration when assessing probable cause. Sims, 192
Ill. 2d at 617. Defendant also matched the description of Rogelio given to police.
¶ 49 We find that the totality of the circumstances known to police at the time of defendant’s
arrest would lead a reasonably cautious person to believe that defendant was involved in the
beating death of Clara. See Grant, 2013 IL 112734, ¶ 11. Accordingly, officers had probable cause
to arrest him after confirming his identity. Since defendant’s statements and the DNA evidence
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obtained thereafter did not result from an illegal, warrantless arrest, the trial court properly denied
his motion to suppress.
¶ 50 Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in denying his request to present evidence
on the affirmative defense of compulsion. The court determined that compulsion was unavailable
in murder cases under the present statute. In construing a statute, courts must ascertain and give
effect to legislative intent. People v. Ramirez, 214 Ill.2d 176, 179 (2005). The best indicator of that
intent is the statute’s language, given its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. The construction of a
statute is a question of law that we review de novo. Id.
¶ 51 Section 7-11(a) of the Criminal Code of 2012 (Code) provides:
“A person is not guilty of an offense, other than an offense punishable with death, by reason
of conduct that he or she performs under the compulsion of threat or menace of the
imminent infliction of death or great bodily harm, if he or she reasonably believes death or
great bodily harm will be inflicted upon him or her, or upon his or her spouse or child, if
he or she does not perform that conduct.” 720 ILCS 5/7-11(a) (West 2020).
Illinois abolished the death penalty for all offenses in 2011, and, as a result, first-degree murder is
no longer punishable by death. See 725 ILCS 5/119-1 (West 2020). Defendant thus argues that at
the time of his trial, compulsion was an affirmative defense for any charge under the plain language
of section 7-11(a), and the trial court should have allowed him to present it.
¶ 52 Our supreme court construed this provision in People v. Gleckler, 82 Ill. 2d 145 (1980).
The court noted that when the defense of compulsion was first codified in 1827, the offense of
murder “was automatically punishable with death.” Id. at 155. It found that in enacting the
provision, the legislature “intended to apply the common law rule that one ought himself to die
rather than escape through the murder of an innocent.” Id. at 156.
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¶ 53 The Gleckler court acknowledged that imposition of the death penalty for murder became
discretionary in 1867. Id. at 155. However, the court found it significant that the phrase “other than
an offense punishable with death” remained unchanged when the legislature enacted section 7-11
in 1961. It reasoned that the phrase was not “rendered meaningless by the fact that the death
sentence was a discretionary punishment for all murders at the time.” Id. at 155-56. Rather, “the
meaning of section 7-11(a) *** had been settled since 1827,” and the legislature’s decision to make
the death penalty discretionary “cannot be transformed into an intent to allow the defense of
compulsion in any murder case.” Id. at 156. The court held that “[t]he defense of compulsion, ***
as a matter of legislative intent, is unavailable to one charged with murder” Id. at 157.
¶ 54 The supreme court recognized that its interpretation may be viewed as contrary to the plain
language of the statute. Nonetheless, it had “a duty to remain faithful to the intent of the legislature
regardless of the literal meaning of the statute.” Id. at 160. The court, therefore, did not implement
its holding retroactively in accordance with Bouie v. Columbia, 84 S. Ct. 1697, 1703 (1964)
(finding that when the state judiciary construes a criminal statute in an unforeseeable manner,
retroactive application of the ruling deprives a defendant of due process under the Fourteenth
Amendment).
¶ 55 Defendant contends that Gleckler is distinguishable because when it was decided, courts
still retained the discretion to impose the death penalty as a sentence for murder. However, at the
time of his trial, the death penalty had been abolished. He argues that under the plain language of
the statute, first-degree murder is no longer an offense punishable by death under any
circumstance, and thus, compulsion is available as a defense to murder.
¶ 56 While the language of section 7-11(a) could support defendant’s argument, Gleckler made
clear that the supreme court did not rely on the literal meaning of its terms when construing the
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provision. Instead, the court noted that in 1827, when the defense of compulsion was first codified,
murder was “automatically punishable with death.” Gleckler, 82 Ill. 2d at 155. The court placed
significance on the legislature’s intent to apply the common law rule that one should die rather
than escape by murdering an innocent person. Id at 156. Accordingly, in using the phrase “other
than an offense punishable with death,” the legislature intended to exclude the offense of murder
altogether, not just because murder was punishable with death. Id. at 157.
¶ 57 Since Gleckler, Illinois courts have consistently held that compulsion is not available as a
defense to a murder charge. See for e.g., People v. Doss, 214 Ill. App. 3d 1051, 1056 (1991),
People v. Edgeston, 243 Ill. App. 3d 1, 13 (1993), People v. Sims, 374 Ill. App. 3d 231, 267 (2007),
and People v. Ganus, 148 Ill. 2d 466, 472 (1992) (recognizing that the defendant, who was charged
with murder, was not entitled to a compulsion defense). Even after Illinois abolished the death
penalty in 2011, this court continued to hold that compulsion is not an affirmative defense to
murder. See People v. Goods, 2016 IL App (1st) 140511, ¶ 54, and People v. Mrdjenovich, 2023
IL App (1st) 191699, ¶ 161.
¶ 58 Importantly, the legislature amended section 7-11 in 2010, but retained the phrase in light
of established court interpretation of the provision. Courts “should construe a statute to give a
reasonable meaning to all words and sentences so that no part is rendered superfluous.” People v.
Glisson, 202 Ill. 2d 499, 505 (2002). The phrase “other than an offense punishable with death”
would be rendered meaningless under defendant’s interpretation.
¶ 59 Additionally, “where terms used in a statute have acquired a settled meaning through
judicial construction and are thereafter retained by the legislature without any correction or change,
courts will presume that the legislature has chosen to acquiesce to the judicial construction placed
on the terms.” People v. Simpson, 2015 IL 116512, ¶ 30; see also Williams v. Crickman, 81 Ill. 2d
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105, 111 (1980) (finding that “considerations of stare decisis weigh heavily in the area of statutory
construction, especially where the legislature is free to change court interpretations of its
legislation”). Until the supreme court or the legislature deems otherwise, we will follow
established precedent holding that the statutory defense of compulsion is unavailable to an accused
charged with first-degree murder. 1 The trial court did not err in denying defendant’s request to
raise the compulsion defense.
¶ 60 Defendant’s final contention is that the prosecutor’s remarks during closing argument
improperly implicated his right to a trial. The State has considerable latitude in closing argument
and “may comment on the evidence and any fair, reasonable inferences it yields.” People v.
Nicholas, 218 Ill. 2d 104, 121 (2005). We review the allegedly improper remark in its entirety, as
well as within the full context of the entire closing argument. People v. Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d 173,
204 (2009). Regarding the appropriate standard of review, we acknowledge that some confusion
exists and that the supreme court has, on different occasions, applied the de novo standard and an
abuse of discretion standard. See People v. Johnson, 2015 IL App (1st) 123249, ¶ 39, and cases
cited therein. We need not resolve the issue here, however, because our determination is the same
under either standard.
¶ 61 In closing, defense counsel argued that defendant did not participate in Coco’s plan to kill
Clara and he was intimidated by Coco, who was a “big guy.” Counsel told the jury that defendant’s
involvement in the beating was minimal. Counsel also questioned Coco’s credibility and argued
that he was “a special kind of witness” who “cannot be believed.” Counsel reminded the jury that
1 Defendant notes that the State also raised the theory of accountability at trial, even though he was not charged with being accountable for Clara’s murder. In any event, it would not change our determination because compulsion is not available as a defense to one charged with murder based on a theory of accountability. See People v. Calvillo, 170 Ill. App. 3d 1070, 1079 (1988).
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Coco pled guilty and received a sentence of 22 years in prison, which was “close to the minimum.”
Coco knew that if he told the State that defendant participated in the beating, he would get “a better
deal.” Counsel reiterated that Coco “cannot be believed.”
¶ 62 In rebuttal, the prosecutor first suggested that defendant was not truthful and
“downplay[ed]” his role in the beating because he was not “willing to totally own up to [his]
involvement in a situation.” Instead, “he decided to blame everything on Coco.” The prosecutor
then made the comments challenged by defendant. She remarked, “when people are willing to take
responsibility for their actions and apologize, there’s consideration in the term of years that they
are sentenced to. And that’s what happened with Coco. When someone is not willing to accept
responsibility, you end up where we are today. But Coco was forthcoming…” After defense
counsel’s objection, the prosecutor continued with the credibility issue, telling the jury that Coco
“didn’t want to be here,” but he swore to tell the truth. The prosecutor noted Coco’s calm demeanor
and asked the jury to take that into consideration when assessing his credibility.
¶ 63 Viewing the comments in full, it is clear that the prosecutor was responding to defense
counsel’s argument attacking Coco’s credibility and minimizing defendant’s role in the murder.
Generally, the prosecutor may respond to defense counsel’s comments that clearly invite a
response. People v. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d 81, 154, (1998). As such, we do not find the case cited by
defendant, People v. Williams, 2020 IL App (1st) 163417, persuasive here.
¶ 64 In Williams, the comments at issue were part of the State’s well-orchestrated and planned
argument. Id. ¶ 50. The prosecutor made “responsibility” the theme in the opening statement by
starting with a quote from Eleanor Roosevelt and continuing with a detailed comparison of the
defendant’s conduct to that of M.B., who took responsibility and pleaded guilty. Id. ¶ 45. The
prosecutor returned to this theme in closing argument, telling the jury that the defendant “has been
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running from the responsibility he should be taking for his actions.” (Emphasis in the original.) Id.
¶ 46. After defense counsel objected, the trial court sustained the objection and directed the
prosecutor to “Move on.” Id. However, even after receiving the instruction, the prosecutor
remarked that the jury should “tell” the defendant to take responsibility for his actions. Id. ¶ 47.
This court found that the prosecutor’s pervasive comments sought to punish the defendant for not
pleading guilty and “were a clear and obvious error.” Id. ¶ 49.
¶ 65 In contrast, the prosecutor in this case did not make defendant’s responsibility the “theme”
of the trial, nor did the prosecutor argue that defendant should be punished for not pleading guilty.
Instead, the prosecutor properly responded to defense counsel’s attacks on Coco’s credibility as a
witness. The credibility of Coco was a key issue because his testimony that defendant beat Clara
with a bat contradicted defendant’s statement that his involvement was minimal. The prosecutor’s
comments regarding Coco being forthcoming, compared with defendant not taking responsibility
and blaming everything on Coco, addressed defense counsel’s argument on the issue. Generally,
comments directed at the credibility of witnesses are appropriate in closing argument. People v.
Gonzalez, 388 Ill. App. 3d 566, 593 (2008).
¶ 66 Moreover, viewed in the context of the entire closing argument, the prosecutor’s comment
was brief and made only in rebuttal. Where the remark was brief and isolated, it is unlikely that it
deprived defendant of a fair trial. Gonzalez, 388 Ill. App. 3d at 590. We will find reversible error
only if the comments “were so prejudicial that real justice was denied” or if the verdict resulted
from the error. People v. Runge, 234 Ill. 2d 68, 142 (2009).
¶ 67 IV. CONCLUSION
¶ 68 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
¶ 69 Affirmed.
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