Filed 9/23/20 P. v. Amaya CA4/2 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E071492
v. (Super.Ct.No. FSB1405590)
VITAN AMAYA, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. David J. Mazurek,
Judge. Affirmed.
Patricia A. Scott, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Arlene A. Sedival and Elizabeth
M. Kuchar, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
The primary issue in this appeal is whether a sentence of more than 50 years to life
on two counts of unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor 10 years or younger
1 constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. We conclude it does not. Although the
defendant had no significant criminal history and, in his words, the crimes “did not
involve violence or threats of violence,” this case is not one of those “‘exceedingly rare’
and ‘extreme’” cases where the sentence is grossly disproportionate to the crime (Lockyer
v. Andrade (2003) 538 U.S. 63, 73) or one where the punishment “shocks the conscience
and offends fundamental notions of human dignity” (In re Lynch (1972) 8 Cal.3d 410,
424). We therefore reject defendant’s claim that his sentence was unconstitutionally
cruel and unusual. We also reject defendant’s challenge to the trial court’s exercise of
sentencing discretion and claim of error under People v. Dueñas (2019) 30 Cal.App.5th
1157 (Dueñas). Accordingly, we affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Defendant and appellant Vitan Amaya began dating victim Jane Doe’s mother
when Doe was a baby. During the approximately nine-year relationship, Amaya lived
with the family and helped raise Doe and her older brother. Doe sometimes referred to
Amaya as “Dad.”
When Doe was nine years old, Amaya began molesting her. One night, while Doe
was asleep on the living room sofa, Amaya lay on top of her and put his penis into Doe’s
vagina. Although Doe tried to push Amaya away, he held her arms down.
Amaya also molested Doe on her 10th birthday as well as the following months.
Later that year, Doe began vomiting, and doctors eventually determined that Doe was
pregnant. Doe obtained a medically necessary abortion four days after the pregnancy was
2 discovered. Later DNA tests showed that it was 469,000 times more likely he was the
father than a random individual.
In an interview with police, Amaya stated that he loved Doe as his own daughter.
Amaya admitted having sexual intercourse with Doe, but insisted that it only occurred
once and that Doe initiated the encounter.
Amaya was charged with two counts of unlawful sexual intercourse with a child
10 years or younger (Pen. Code, § 288.7, subd. (a); all undesignated statutory references
are to the Penal Code), with count 1 referring to the time Doe was nine years old and
count 2 referring to the time Doe was 10 years old. Count 2 also alleged that Amaya
personally inflicted great bodily injury (i.e., the pregnancy) upon Doe in the commission
of the offense (§ 12022.7, subd. (a)).
A jury found Amaya guilty on all counts. The trial court sentenced Amaya to a
term of 53 years to life, consisting of two consecutive terms of 25 to life on counts 1 and
2 plus three years for the great bodily injury enhancement with 1,604 days’ credit for
presentence custody and conduct. At sentencing, the trial court made the following
remarks:
“The sexual intercourse with a ten-year old would have lasting impacts in and of
itself. You could see the effect it had on the victim when she came to testify. The
psychological impacts of that will be with her and affect her for the rest of her life, and
that’s just for the act of the sexual intercourse. The fact that he impregnated her makes
this so much worse.
3 “There will come a time when the victim will have the understanding and the
cognitive ability to comprehend that she had to terminate a pregnancy, and that will have
significant psychological impact on her. It may impact her in the future in raising kids
and being in relationships. And furthermore, the defendant is responsible for having to
have a life terminated because he, in fact, got the victim pregnant and the pregnancy had
to be terminated for health reasons for the mother, but it doesn’t mean there was a life
that had to be terminated because of the defendant’s actions. So it’s more than just
sexual intercourse with a minor that was ten. It’s sexual intercourse that resulted in
pregnancy that resulted in a life having to be terminated.
“So for all those reasons, the Court thinks the statutorily prescribed sentence is
appropriate and I would not exercise whatever discretion I may have to do anything
different.”
The trial court ordered Amaya to pay a $3,000 restitution fine (§ 1202.4, subd.
(b)), reduced from $10,000, the amount the prosecution requested. The trial court also
ordered Amaya to pay $140 in court operations assessments and court facilities fees (§ 1 1465.8; Gov. Code, § 70373).
1 At sentencing, the trial court stated that it would “order the $70 CSC fee per convicted count,” but both parties interpret this to refer to the court operations assessment under section 1465.8 and the court facilities fee under Government Code section 70373, and we do as well. In any event, the court operations assessment and court facilities fee are mandatory in that they “shall be imposed on every conviction for a criminal offense” subject to exceptions not applicable here. Given this, the abstract of judgment is erroneous in that it only imposes one $70 fee under section 1465.8.
4 II. DISCUSSION
A. Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Amaya first contends that his sentence of 53 years to life constitutes cruel and
unusual punishment under the United States and California Constitutions, given that he
was already 51 years old at the time of sentencing, had no prior felony convictions, and
did not use overt force or threats of violence in committing the crimes. We disagree.
The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution states: “Excessive bail
shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments
inflicted.” (U.S. Const., 8th Amend.) “The concept of proportionality is central to the
Eighth Amendment,” and cases addressing it “underscore the essential principle that,
under the Eighth Amendment, the State must respect the human attributes even of those
who have committed serious crimes.” (Graham v. Florida (2010) 560 U.S. 48, 59
(Graham).) Similarly, the California Constitution provides: “Cruel or unusual
punishment may not be inflicted or excessive fines imposed.” (Cal. Const., art. I, § 17.)
Although the parties present the issue as requiring separate analyses under the
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Filed 9/23/20 P. v. Amaya CA4/2 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION TWO
THE PEOPLE,
Plaintiff and Respondent, E071492
v. (Super.Ct.No. FSB1405590)
VITAN AMAYA, OPINION
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. David J. Mazurek,
Judge. Affirmed.
Patricia A. Scott, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Arlene A. Sedival and Elizabeth
M. Kuchar, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
The primary issue in this appeal is whether a sentence of more than 50 years to life
on two counts of unlawful sexual intercourse with a minor 10 years or younger
1 constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. We conclude it does not. Although the
defendant had no significant criminal history and, in his words, the crimes “did not
involve violence or threats of violence,” this case is not one of those “‘exceedingly rare’
and ‘extreme’” cases where the sentence is grossly disproportionate to the crime (Lockyer
v. Andrade (2003) 538 U.S. 63, 73) or one where the punishment “shocks the conscience
and offends fundamental notions of human dignity” (In re Lynch (1972) 8 Cal.3d 410,
424). We therefore reject defendant’s claim that his sentence was unconstitutionally
cruel and unusual. We also reject defendant’s challenge to the trial court’s exercise of
sentencing discretion and claim of error under People v. Dueñas (2019) 30 Cal.App.5th
1157 (Dueñas). Accordingly, we affirm.
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Defendant and appellant Vitan Amaya began dating victim Jane Doe’s mother
when Doe was a baby. During the approximately nine-year relationship, Amaya lived
with the family and helped raise Doe and her older brother. Doe sometimes referred to
Amaya as “Dad.”
When Doe was nine years old, Amaya began molesting her. One night, while Doe
was asleep on the living room sofa, Amaya lay on top of her and put his penis into Doe’s
vagina. Although Doe tried to push Amaya away, he held her arms down.
Amaya also molested Doe on her 10th birthday as well as the following months.
Later that year, Doe began vomiting, and doctors eventually determined that Doe was
pregnant. Doe obtained a medically necessary abortion four days after the pregnancy was
2 discovered. Later DNA tests showed that it was 469,000 times more likely he was the
father than a random individual.
In an interview with police, Amaya stated that he loved Doe as his own daughter.
Amaya admitted having sexual intercourse with Doe, but insisted that it only occurred
once and that Doe initiated the encounter.
Amaya was charged with two counts of unlawful sexual intercourse with a child
10 years or younger (Pen. Code, § 288.7, subd. (a); all undesignated statutory references
are to the Penal Code), with count 1 referring to the time Doe was nine years old and
count 2 referring to the time Doe was 10 years old. Count 2 also alleged that Amaya
personally inflicted great bodily injury (i.e., the pregnancy) upon Doe in the commission
of the offense (§ 12022.7, subd. (a)).
A jury found Amaya guilty on all counts. The trial court sentenced Amaya to a
term of 53 years to life, consisting of two consecutive terms of 25 to life on counts 1 and
2 plus three years for the great bodily injury enhancement with 1,604 days’ credit for
presentence custody and conduct. At sentencing, the trial court made the following
remarks:
“The sexual intercourse with a ten-year old would have lasting impacts in and of
itself. You could see the effect it had on the victim when she came to testify. The
psychological impacts of that will be with her and affect her for the rest of her life, and
that’s just for the act of the sexual intercourse. The fact that he impregnated her makes
this so much worse.
3 “There will come a time when the victim will have the understanding and the
cognitive ability to comprehend that she had to terminate a pregnancy, and that will have
significant psychological impact on her. It may impact her in the future in raising kids
and being in relationships. And furthermore, the defendant is responsible for having to
have a life terminated because he, in fact, got the victim pregnant and the pregnancy had
to be terminated for health reasons for the mother, but it doesn’t mean there was a life
that had to be terminated because of the defendant’s actions. So it’s more than just
sexual intercourse with a minor that was ten. It’s sexual intercourse that resulted in
pregnancy that resulted in a life having to be terminated.
“So for all those reasons, the Court thinks the statutorily prescribed sentence is
appropriate and I would not exercise whatever discretion I may have to do anything
different.”
The trial court ordered Amaya to pay a $3,000 restitution fine (§ 1202.4, subd.
(b)), reduced from $10,000, the amount the prosecution requested. The trial court also
ordered Amaya to pay $140 in court operations assessments and court facilities fees (§ 1 1465.8; Gov. Code, § 70373).
1 At sentencing, the trial court stated that it would “order the $70 CSC fee per convicted count,” but both parties interpret this to refer to the court operations assessment under section 1465.8 and the court facilities fee under Government Code section 70373, and we do as well. In any event, the court operations assessment and court facilities fee are mandatory in that they “shall be imposed on every conviction for a criminal offense” subject to exceptions not applicable here. Given this, the abstract of judgment is erroneous in that it only imposes one $70 fee under section 1465.8.
4 II. DISCUSSION
A. Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Amaya first contends that his sentence of 53 years to life constitutes cruel and
unusual punishment under the United States and California Constitutions, given that he
was already 51 years old at the time of sentencing, had no prior felony convictions, and
did not use overt force or threats of violence in committing the crimes. We disagree.
The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution states: “Excessive bail
shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments
inflicted.” (U.S. Const., 8th Amend.) “The concept of proportionality is central to the
Eighth Amendment,” and cases addressing it “underscore the essential principle that,
under the Eighth Amendment, the State must respect the human attributes even of those
who have committed serious crimes.” (Graham v. Florida (2010) 560 U.S. 48, 59
(Graham).) Similarly, the California Constitution provides: “Cruel or unusual
punishment may not be inflicted or excessive fines imposed.” (Cal. Const., art. I, § 17.)
Although the parties present the issue as requiring separate analyses under the
United States versus the California Constitutions, the framework is by and large the
same. Under the Eighth Amendment, “challenges to the length of term-of-years
sentences” are reviewed by first “comparing the gravity of the offense and the severity of
the sentence.” (Graham, supra, 560 U.S. at pp. 59-60, discussing Harmelin v. Michigan
(1991) 501 U.S. 957.) “‘[I]n the rare case in which [this] threshold comparison . . . leads
to an inference of gross disproportionality’ the court should then compare the defendant’s
5 sentence with the sentences received by other offenders in the same jurisdiction and with
the sentences imposed for the same crime in other jurisdictions. [Citation.] If this
comparative analysis ‘validate[s] an initial judgment that [the] sentence is grossly
disproportionate,’ the sentence is cruel and unusual.” (Id. at p. 60.)
Similarly, “[u]nder the California Constitution, we use a three-pronged test to
determine whether a particular sentence is disproportionate to the offense for which it is
imposed. First, we examine ‘the nature of the offense and/or the offender, with particular
regard to the degree of danger both present to society.’ (In re Lynch (1972) 8 Cal.3d 410,
425 [105 Cal.Rptr. 217, 503 P.2d 921] [(Lynch)].) Second, we compare the punishment
imposed with punishments prescribed by California law for more serious offenses. (Id. at
pp. 426-427.) Third, we compare the punishment imposed with punishments prescribed
by other jurisdictions for the same offense. (Id. at pp. 427-429.)” (People v. Em (2009)
171 Cal.App.4th 964, 972; see also People v. Garcia (2017) 7 Cal.App.5th 941, 952
[describing the “three analytical techniques” under Lynch].) A lengthy sentence is cruel
and unusual under the California Constitution if “it is so disproportionate to the crime for
which it is inflicted that it shocks the conscience and offends fundamental notions of
human dignity.” (Lynch, supra, at p. 424.)
6 Thus, under both the federal and the state frameworks, we consider the gravity or
nature of the offense and engage in a comparative analysis. The two differ in that, under
the federal inquiry, we proceed to the comparative analysis only if the “‘threshold’”
analysis concerning the gravity of the offense “‘leads to an inference of gross
disproportionality’” (Graham, supra, 560 U.S. at p. 60), whereas the state inquiry always
involves the comparative analysis.
Here, although the sentence is severe, so too is the gravity of the offense. Amaya
sexually molested and impregnated a 10-year old child, his step-daughter who referred to
him as “Dad,” causing her to have an abortion. Even someone without a criminal history
who commits such actions is a grave danger to society. (See People v. Gonzales (2001)
87 Cal.App.4th 1, 17 [“The lack of a significant prior criminal record is not determinative
in a cruel and unusual punishment analysis.”].) The comparison between the crime and
the sentence does not “‘lead[] to an inference of gross disproportionality’” (Graham,
supra, 560 U.S. at p. 60), so the federal claim fails at this threshold stage.
A comparative analysis does not help Amaya, either. Although a sentence for
violating section 288.7, subdivision (a) is greater than those imposed for first degree
robbery, forcible rape, or forcible sodomy, “[i]t is well within the prerogative of the
Legislature to determine that sex offenses against young children are deserving of longer
sentences than sex offenses against adults or nonsex offenses.” (People v. Gomez (2018)
30 Cal.App.5th 493, 502.) Amaya compares California law to sentence ranges for similar
crimes from 10 other states, many of which have a minimum sentence of less than 25
7 years, but three of which (Kansas, Nevada, and Florida) have equal or greater minimum
sentences. Even if we were to assume for the sake of argument that this makes California
“among the most extreme in the nation”—it does not—the California Constitution “does
not require California to march in lockstep with other states in fashioning a penal code. It
does not require ‘conforming our Penal Code to the “majority rule” or the least common
denominator of penalties nationwide.’” (People v. Martinez (1999) 71 Cal.App.4th 1502,
1516.) At bottom, Amaya’s sentence does not “shock[] the conscience” or “offend[]
fundamental notions of human dignity.” (Lynch, supra, 8 Cal.3d at p. 424.) His
contention that he has been subjected to cruel and unusual punishment is without merit.
B. Sentencing Discretion
Amaya next contends that the trial court misunderstood the extent of its sentencing
discretion (specifically, whether it had discretion to impose the two 25-year terms
concurrently or consecutively), and that remand is necessary for the court to properly
exercise such discretion.
Section 669 gives a trial court discretion to determine whether the terms of
imprisonment for two or more convictions are to run concurrently or consecutively. (See
§ 669, subd. (a).) “The Legislature may remove this discretion for certain crimes, but
exceptions are typically made clear in the statutory language of the offense.” (People v.
Leon (2016) 243 Cal.App.4th 1003, 1025.) Here, Amaya contends that the trial court had
discretion under section 669, and the People, not mentioning section 669 in their
respondent’s brief, have tacitly conceded the point.
8 Portions of the record suggest that the trial court believed that the two 25-year
terms must run consecutively. For instance, at sentencing, Amaya’s trial counsel
requested that the counts be imposed concurrently, and the trial court stated its belief it
had to be fully consecutive:
“[Counsel]: I would urge the Court, if it’s possible—and I probably—I don’t
believe it is—but I would ask the Court to at least hold count—the sentence for Count 1
maybe concurrent to Count 2 so it would be 28 to life. I’m not sure if the Court can or if
the Court has no discretion at all because it’s gotta be fully consecutive.
“[Court]: I believe it has to be fully consecutive.”
On the other hand, the trial court also noted that it would impose the counts
consecutively because “[t]his does involve multiple acts at different times.” (See Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 4.425(a)(3) [whether or not the “crimes were committed at different
times or separate places” is a factor to consider in determining whether to impose
concurrent or consecutive sentences].)
Whether or not the trial court actually misunderstood the scope of its discretion
here, however, remand is unnecessary. The court expressly stated that it would have
imposed consecutive sentences even if it had discretion to do otherwise. “‘[W]hen the
record shows that the trial court proceeded with sentencing on the . . . assumption it
lacked discretion, remand is necessary so that the trial court may have the opportunity to
exercise its sentencing discretion at a new sentencing hearing.” “But if ‘“the record
shows that the trial court would not have exercised its discretion even if it believed it
9 could do so, then remand would be an idle act and is not required.”’” (People v.
McDaniels (2018) 22 Cal.App.5th 420, 425.) At sentencing, after detailing the lasting
effects Amaya’s crimes would have on Doe’s life, the trial court stated that, “for all those
reasons, the Court thinks the statutorily prescribed sentence is appropriate and I would
not exercise whatever discretion I may have to do anything different.” Because the trial
court clearly stated it would not exercise whatever discretion it had, Amaya’s contention
that the trial court’s remarks here were only made in rejecting a claim of cruel and
unusual punishment is unfounded. The record contains a clear indication that the trial
court would not exercise its discretion to impose the two 25-year sentences concurrently,
so no remand is necessary.
C. Dueñas Error
While this case was pending, another district of this Court of Appeal decided
Dueñas, supra, 30 Cal.App.5th 1157, which held that a trial court must “conduct an
ability to pay hearing and ascertain a defendant’s present ability to pay” before requiring
a defendant to pay a restitution fine under section 1202.4 or assessments under section
1465.8 and Government Code section 70373. (Id. at p. 1164.) Amaya contends that the
trial court improperly imposed a $3,000 restitution fine and $140 in fees under these
statutes without first considering his ability to pay.
10 Here, the probation report requested that Amaya be ordered to pay $10,000 in
restitution fines, the maximum amount allowable for felony convictions under section
1202.4, subdivision (b)(1). At sentencing, Amaya’s trial counsel objected to the amount,
characterizing it as “excessive” and noting that, “[w]ith 53 to life, he’s never gonna be
able to get out or pay that.” The trial court ultimately reduced the restitution fine to
$3,000.
Under these circumstances, it is perplexing that Amaya contends here the trial
court committed Dueñas error regarding the restitution fine. Section 1202.4, subdivision
(c) states that “[i]nability to pay may be considered” in increasing the restitution fine
above the $300 minimum, trial counsel specifically noted Amaya’s inability to pay, and
the trial court ordered an amount lower than what the People requested. This all
collectively indicates that the trial court did consider ability to pay, even if it did not say
as much on the record. We therefore reject any contention that Dueñas error could have
occurred here, at least to the restitution fine. While it is possible Amaya meant to
contend that Dueñas error exists if the finding is not explicit, or that there is error simply
because there was no separate hearing on ability to pay, he does not make these specific
arguments with any citation to authority or significant discussion, so we consider such
arguments waived. (See Cahill v. San Diego Gas & Electric Co. (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th
939, 956.)
With regard to the remaining $140, Amaya was sentenced to 53 years to life with
1,604 days’ credit for presentence custody and conduct. “Wages in prison range from
11 $12 to $56 per month, depending on the job and skill level involved. [Citation.] Fifty
percent of [Amaya’s] wages and trust account deposits will be deducted to pay any
outstanding restitution fine, plus another 5 percent for the administrative costs of this
deduction.” (People v. Taylor, supra, 43 Cal.App.5th at p. 402.) With at least $5.40 per
month available to pay $140, Amaya will be able to pay off these amounts in less than
three years into his over 50-year sentence. Thus, even assuming that these fines were
wrongfully imposed under Dueñas,2 the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
(People v. Jones, supra, 36 Cal.App.5th at p. 1035.)
D. Clerical Error in the Abstract of Judgment
Even though the trial court imposed $140 in fees under section 1465.8 and
Government Code section 70373, the abstract of judgment lists only one $70 fee under
section 1465.8. “Courts may correct clerical errors at any time,” and “[i]t is, of course,
important that courts correct errors and omissions in abstracts of judgment.” (People v.
Mitchell (2001) 26 Cal.4th 181, 185.) We order that the abstract of judgment be
corrected.
III. DISPOSITION
The judgment of conviction is affirmed. The trial court is directed to modify the
abstract of judgment to correctly indicate the imposition of fees and assessments under
2 The issue is currently pending before the California Supreme Court. (See People v. Kopp (2019) 38 Cal.App.5th 47, review granted Nov. 13, 2019, S257844.)
12 section 1465.8 and Government Code section 70373 and forward a copy of the amended
abstract of judgment to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.
NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
RAPHAEL J.
We concur:
CODRINGTON Acting P. J.
MENETREZ J.