By the Court.*—Potter, J.
The defendants took ten several exceptions to the findings of the justice who tried the issues, founded on the pleadings to the alternative mandamus. We will examine them in their order.
First. “ That the judge found that the road laid out and altered by the referees, and as set forth in the writ of mandamus, is the same road or alteration as that applied for by the relator.” The eastern terminus of the new road is the same as that applied for by the relator. This seems to be conceded. Where the western terminus of the road applied for was, was a question of fact, and upon which there was a conflict of oral evidence. The written application was obscure in this particular, and oral testimony became necessary; and even with the explanation of maps, the place of beginning is about as applicable to the one as to the other of the localities claimed. The statute (§ 74) of the present highway act requires the notice of the application “ to specify, as near as may le, the route of the proposed highway and the tracts of land through which it is proposed to be laid;” but the terms of the application itself are not required to be given; nor is the application itself required to specify the courses and distances. “ Commencing at the turn of the road or highway, southeast of the dwelling-house of the undersigned, and runs thence in a southeasterly direction, &c.” is the language of the written application. There seems to be two highways, and a turn in each, about, or near to, a southeasterly direction from the relator’s house; and, in a comparative sense, both near to his dwelling: one on what is called the Sygert road; the other more southeasterly, and is upon the road proposed to be altered. Unexplained by the evidence, I should, perhaps, have selected the latter, but the judge who heard all [308] the evidence in the case, and decided the facts, could better determine, and has determined it; and I do not see that we can disturb his finding in this particular: and even were the weight of evidence strongly in favor of the more southwesterly of the two locations in question, there was not, in my judgment, such an extravagant or material departure from the point of termination claimed by the defendant, as to enable the court to hold, as a matter of law, that it was not substantially the same. It was the same general course; it effected the same general object. The spirit of the authorities is, that strict, technical exactness is not held to be jurisdictional to the referees; and their judgments will not generally be interfered with, if they exercise a reasonable discretion in the matter. (Hallock a. Woolsey, 23 Wend., 328; People a. Judges of Dutchess, Ib., 360, 363; People a. Taylor, 34 Barb., 484.)
The powers.of referees in such cases are somewhat anomalous, not strictly appellate. They may hear and decide the appeal, as well on facts existing at the time of the hearing before them, as upon the facts existing at the time of the original application (People a. Goodwin, 5 N. Y., 568); and in case of reversing the decision of the commissioners, they may make such order in relation to laying out the road, as in their judgment the commissioners should have made. (People a. Commissioners of Cherry Valley, &c., 8 N. Y, 476.)
Second. “ That the judge found, and decided, that the road so laid out by the referees runs through the inclosed, improved, and cultivated lands of John and Jane Shafer, with the consent of the said John and Jane Shafer.”
This finding, certainly, is a finding offact. So far as relates to the land of the Shafers being cultivated and improved, and so much of the finding as relates to the consent, it is a finding partaking of law and fact combined. There is evidence of a verbal consent, by all persons being or claiming to be occupants; and I think the law, in the absence of evidence of a revocation of such consent, sustains this as a legal finding. (See Highway Statutes, § 73, (59); People a. Goodwin, 5 H. Y, 568.)
Third. “ That the said Shafers had due and legal notice of the time and place at which the commissioners would meet to decide ■ on the application of the relator, and of the time and place at which the referees would meet to hear and determine the appeal [309] of the relator.” It can hardly be disputed, as a legal proposition, that a party may waive his right to a statute benefit, or protection; and though without an express waiver of notice, the occupant or owner of cultivated or improved lands, is entitled to the protection afforded by the notices referred to, the law does not however demand such absurd formalities to begone through with as the actual service of notice, where the party who only is ■ interested, himself waives or releases it. The waiver, is equivalent to notice, and dispenses with its necessity. I think this exception is not well taken.
Fourth. “ That the said Shafers duly consented to the alteration of said highway as made by said referees, and that they duly released all damages that they or either of them were entitled to by reason of the same passing through their lands.”
The question of due consent, we examined in reviewing the the second exception. If we are right in the view we took of that question, á release was entirely unnecessary, and that finding by the judge was entirely immaterial.
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By the Court.*—Potter, J.
The defendants took ten several exceptions to the findings of the justice who tried the issues, founded on the pleadings to the alternative mandamus. We will examine them in their order.
First. “ That the judge found that the road laid out and altered by the referees, and as set forth in the writ of mandamus, is the same road or alteration as that applied for by the relator.” The eastern terminus of the new road is the same as that applied for by the relator. This seems to be conceded. Where the western terminus of the road applied for was, was a question of fact, and upon which there was a conflict of oral evidence. The written application was obscure in this particular, and oral testimony became necessary; and even with the explanation of maps, the place of beginning is about as applicable to the one as to the other of the localities claimed. The statute (§ 74) of the present highway act requires the notice of the application “ to specify, as near as may le, the route of the proposed highway and the tracts of land through which it is proposed to be laid;” but the terms of the application itself are not required to be given; nor is the application itself required to specify the courses and distances. “ Commencing at the turn of the road or highway, southeast of the dwelling-house of the undersigned, and runs thence in a southeasterly direction, &c.” is the language of the written application. There seems to be two highways, and a turn in each, about, or near to, a southeasterly direction from the relator’s house; and, in a comparative sense, both near to his dwelling: one on what is called the Sygert road; the other more southeasterly, and is upon the road proposed to be altered. Unexplained by the evidence, I should, perhaps, have selected the latter, but the judge who heard all [308] the evidence in the case, and decided the facts, could better determine, and has determined it; and I do not see that we can disturb his finding in this particular: and even were the weight of evidence strongly in favor of the more southwesterly of the two locations in question, there was not, in my judgment, such an extravagant or material departure from the point of termination claimed by the defendant, as to enable the court to hold, as a matter of law, that it was not substantially the same. It was the same general course; it effected the same general object. The spirit of the authorities is, that strict, technical exactness is not held to be jurisdictional to the referees; and their judgments will not generally be interfered with, if they exercise a reasonable discretion in the matter. (Hallock a. Woolsey, 23 Wend., 328; People a. Judges of Dutchess, Ib., 360, 363; People a. Taylor, 34 Barb., 484.)
The powers.of referees in such cases are somewhat anomalous, not strictly appellate. They may hear and decide the appeal, as well on facts existing at the time of the hearing before them, as upon the facts existing at the time of the original application (People a. Goodwin, 5 N. Y., 568); and in case of reversing the decision of the commissioners, they may make such order in relation to laying out the road, as in their judgment the commissioners should have made. (People a. Commissioners of Cherry Valley, &c., 8 N. Y, 476.)
Second. “ That the judge found, and decided, that the road so laid out by the referees runs through the inclosed, improved, and cultivated lands of John and Jane Shafer, with the consent of the said John and Jane Shafer.”
This finding, certainly, is a finding offact. So far as relates to the land of the Shafers being cultivated and improved, and so much of the finding as relates to the consent, it is a finding partaking of law and fact combined. There is evidence of a verbal consent, by all persons being or claiming to be occupants; and I think the law, in the absence of evidence of a revocation of such consent, sustains this as a legal finding. (See Highway Statutes, § 73, (59); People a. Goodwin, 5 H. Y, 568.)
Third. “ That the said Shafers had due and legal notice of the time and place at which the commissioners would meet to decide ■ on the application of the relator, and of the time and place at which the referees would meet to hear and determine the appeal [309] of the relator.” It can hardly be disputed, as a legal proposition, that a party may waive his right to a statute benefit, or protection; and though without an express waiver of notice, the occupant or owner of cultivated or improved lands, is entitled to the protection afforded by the notices referred to, the law does not however demand such absurd formalities to begone through with as the actual service of notice, where the party who only is ■ interested, himself waives or releases it. The waiver, is equivalent to notice, and dispenses with its necessity. I think this exception is not well taken.
Fourth. “ That the said Shafers duly consented to the alteration of said highway as made by said referees, and that they duly released all damages that they or either of them were entitled to by reason of the same passing through their lands.”
The question of due consent, we examined in reviewing the the second exception. If we are right in the view we took of that question, á release was entirely unnecessary, and that finding by the judge was entirely immaterial.
Fifth, “ That the said judge found and decided that the said referees by their decision and determination duly altered a public highway in the town of New Scotland, and said referees did not, by said decision and determination, lay out a new road.” I have regarded this exception as involving the principal question of doubt in the case. The finding is a combination of facts and of law. Whether we have all the facts in the case before us is not certified. It is certain that we have no facts to inform us where are the termini of the road purposed to be altered. Whether it begins or has one termination westerly of Jacob-street, Martin’s house, and of the Sygert road, or whether at the junction or union of the Sygert road with the other westerly of Martin’s house, it is the same or a different road, we are not shown by the case; and so also at the other end, whether the road proposed to be altered terminates at the road to Salem, or continues on, and how far, are very important facts in the decision of the question, whether it is an alteration of a road, or the laying out of a new road. If the highway which the relator applied to have altered extends beyond the termini of the new road as laid out, then, as both ends of the proposed improvement ran into the same road of two rods in width, it would be with great propriety called an alteration! [310] of the same road. If both termini were upon different roads, and of different widths, it would not then be an alteration of a highway. The intention of the relator and his application was an alteration. It was an alteration that the commissioners refused, and upon the legal presumption that public officers have performed their duty, and upon taking the record made by the referees as evidence, it was an alteration of the present highway that they intended to make. This record seems to be the .only evidence before us that the termini are upon the same highway. Referring to the application, the referees say: “ Beginning at a point on the north side of the present highway,” &c., and after detailing the survey, they state that “they set stakes at each angle of said lines, and also at the termination ; the said line being meant for the centre of said alteration of said highway,” &c. I find no exception to the effect that the judge had not sufficient evidence to sustain his finding of the fact. The exception may be intended to refer to his legal conclusion upon the facts. By the case we are not informed upon this point. It was the duty of the appellants to make this clear. If the facts are sufficient, the legal conclusion is right". We ought not to review the facts in obscurity. They are not shown to be insufficient to sustain the finding. This exception, I think, is not available to the defendants, and must be held not good for all the reasons above stated.
Sixth. The sixth exception is to the direction of the judge, that a mandamus should issue to compel the defendants to do what is therein prescribed. This exception is not good, if we are right in our view of the former exceptions. If they are overruled, this direction of the judge was right.
Seventh. The seventh exception is to the granting of costs by the judge. I think this, if not in his discretion, was an absolute right. (3 Rev. Stat., 5 ed., 898, § 17 ; Ib., 909, § 9.)
Eighth. The eighth exception is, “that the judge did not find a certain fact.” The remedy for this objection is by special motion, to have it referred back for correction to the judge who tried the action. This exception is not the subject of review on appeal.
Ninth. The ninth exception is of like character with the eighth. The merits of both the latter objections are also passed upon in the review of the first five exceptions.
[311] Tenth. This exception is, that the judge did not find that this road should have been laid out three rods wide. The answer to this exception is, that he found it to be an alteration of a two-rod road. If he was right in that finding, this exception fails.
These are all the exceptions filed after the trial. On the argutnent, the defendants presented one other question, upon an exception taken during the trial. The relator, Jacob H. Martin, was offered on the trial as a witness, and was objected to by the defendants, as party plaintiff with the people, and not competent as a witness. The objection was overruled, and the defendants excepted. This is urged here as a good objection. This- case was an issue of fact, tried in the Supreme Court (3 Dev. Stat., 5 ed., 898, § 16), upon which judgment in this court is to be given. (Ib., § 17.) It is called an action. (Ib., §§ 18, 19.) It would have been an action at common law. (People a. Colborn, 20 How. Pr., 380.) By the Code, as amended in 1857 (§ 399), parties “to actions and special proceedings” are competent witnesses. In this section, the Legislature “did otherwise provide,” in 1857, so that section 471 of the Code does not exclude the provision of that amendment. This exception, I think, is not well taken upon the whole case. I ana of opinion that judgment should be affirmed.