Peabody, J.
—In this case, which is in substance an action to determine the rights of the defendants to offices into which they have entered, the plaintiffs rely on the invalidity of the law under which the defendants have derived their appointment. They allege that the statute, by virtue of which the defendants claim that they now hold the offices, is in conflict with the constitution of the State, and, therefore, void ; and being so, they ask the judgment of this court to that effect, and that defendants be ousted from the offices which they claim to hold.
This is the ultimate relief sought in this action, and to this relief plaintiffs seem to be entitled if the law be, as they aver it is, unconstitutional.
. They also seek, however, the immediate aid of a temporary injunction, by which defendants shall be restrained from exercising any of the functions of their offices, pending the litigation, and until the decision of the question as to the validity of the law under which they claim to hold.
To this end, they have presented their application to a justice of this court (ex parte, as is our practice), who, after hearing counsel on behalf of the application, has made an order restraining defendants from exercising the rights or performing the duties pertaining to the offices as above stated.
This order the defendants now move to vacate, and they urge their motion on several grounds :—
1. That the claim of plaintiffs that the law is unconstitutional is not well founded, but that the statute is, on the contrary, consistent with the constitution, and valid.
2. That the remedy by injunction in an action of this kind is not authorized by law in any case.
3. That if an injunction can issue at all in an action of this kind, the facts shown in this case are not sufficient to warrant it.
The first ground embraces the principal question at issue and to be determined in the suit—the constitutionality of the law— and inasmuch as that question will very shortly come before this [337]*337court for decision, on the argument of the whole case made by the plaintiffs, it is quite proper that I should refrain from passing upon it now, unless it shall become necessary for me to do so in deciding this motion.
The secoñd ground on which this motion is put is one which relates to practice, and having no bearing on the general proposition on which the final result of the suit depends, may be decided without reference to any thing by which that will be affected.
Is the relief by injunction allowed in an action of quo warranto by our practice in any case?
That there is no precedent for it in an action of this kind, is admitted on all hands. But plaintiffs say that the absence of a precedent furnishes little grounds for an argument against their position; that it is easily accounted for in a manner not inconsistent with their claim that it is now a legitimate remedy. And it is true, as argued by them, that prior to the adoption of our constitution of 1846, the only courts in which an action of this kind could be brought were courts having only common law powers, and hence no court having cognizance of such a suit could administer the exclusively equitable relief of injunction. And it is also true, that until the enactment of our Code of Procedure (1848) suits of this kind were classed among, and denominated criminal rather than civil remedies, and courts of equity had a general rule ,of refraining from interference in criminal matters. Whereas, this court, as now constituted, has full chancery and common law powers, and having possession of this suit for general purposes, can aid the plaintiffs by injunction, if they are entitled to that aid ; and since the Oode went into effect (1848) suits of this kind have been, and by law now are, classed among and denominated civil remedies, so that the rule that equity will not interfere in criminal matters is no longer an obstacle to equitable relief in an action of this kind.
If, therefore, the mere absence of machinery to grant injunctions in the courts in which alone suits of this nature could heretofore be properly brought, and the fact that remedies of this kind were called criminal, are the reasons why relief by injunction has never hitherto been known: these reasons being done away, there would seem to be no longer any obstacles to that kind of relief. Actions of this kind, however, really were no [338]*338more criminal in their nature, purposes, or effects, formerly than they are now, although then called criminal and now civil. And equitable relief by injunction was then as well known, and as proper in principle, and as well adapted to the wants of litigants in this description of actions, as it is now, although it was not, it is true, administered by the same court which had ■ jurisdiction to try the case. Yet, if it had been then proper and desirable, it could have been had by application to a court of chancery, which had power to grant it in aid of the legal remedy in a proper case. I am not satisfied that these reasons of convenience and habit of the courts suggested are the real causes that this description of relief has never been known in this country or in England. On the contrary, I am inclined to look for reasons more substantial in their nature, and having better foundation in principle or policy.
I am inclined to-think that such relief has not been deemed consistent with the interest of the State, with enlightened public policy, or with the general principles which must govern as to an office emanating from the sovereign power,' and hence has never been adopted in practice; that the public welfare has been deemed to require that an actual incumbent of an office should not be forbidden to perform the duties of it for the time being, even though his title to the office were doubtful; that the public should not be deprived of the benefit of an office merely because it was uncertain whether the person in and ready to perform the duties of it was there rightfully, even while the title of the 'party-assuming,to act should be in controversy.
To restrain the action of the incumbent is to restrain all the functions of the office; for he being in—even if wrongfully— must act, or no one can. And it is not at all difficult to see that in very many, and in most cases, the public interest would require that the duties of an office should not be suspended, and its functions cease, until the matter of personal right between rival claimants could be determined.
This, then, I take to be the reason that no cases of the kind are to be found in the reports—that the wisdom of the times has not approved of the principle on which such remedy is allowed, or has not deemed it discreet to adopt such practice, and that therefore it has never prevailed. (Thompson [339]*339a. The Commissioners of the Canal Fund, 2 Ablotts’ Pr. R., 248.)
If this be the reason, the absence of precedent is important and entitled to weight in considering this question.
In this view I am sustained by the decision of the chancellor of this State, in Tappan a. Gray (9 Paige, 507), and by the judgment of the Court of Errors in the same case (7 Hill, 259).
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Peabody, J.
—In this case, which is in substance an action to determine the rights of the defendants to offices into which they have entered, the plaintiffs rely on the invalidity of the law under which the defendants have derived their appointment. They allege that the statute, by virtue of which the defendants claim that they now hold the offices, is in conflict with the constitution of the State, and, therefore, void ; and being so, they ask the judgment of this court to that effect, and that defendants be ousted from the offices which they claim to hold.
This is the ultimate relief sought in this action, and to this relief plaintiffs seem to be entitled if the law be, as they aver it is, unconstitutional.
. They also seek, however, the immediate aid of a temporary injunction, by which defendants shall be restrained from exercising any of the functions of their offices, pending the litigation, and until the decision of the question as to the validity of the law under which they claim to hold.
To this end, they have presented their application to a justice of this court (ex parte, as is our practice), who, after hearing counsel on behalf of the application, has made an order restraining defendants from exercising the rights or performing the duties pertaining to the offices as above stated.
This order the defendants now move to vacate, and they urge their motion on several grounds :—
1. That the claim of plaintiffs that the law is unconstitutional is not well founded, but that the statute is, on the contrary, consistent with the constitution, and valid.
2. That the remedy by injunction in an action of this kind is not authorized by law in any case.
3. That if an injunction can issue at all in an action of this kind, the facts shown in this case are not sufficient to warrant it.
The first ground embraces the principal question at issue and to be determined in the suit—the constitutionality of the law— and inasmuch as that question will very shortly come before this [337]*337court for decision, on the argument of the whole case made by the plaintiffs, it is quite proper that I should refrain from passing upon it now, unless it shall become necessary for me to do so in deciding this motion.
The secoñd ground on which this motion is put is one which relates to practice, and having no bearing on the general proposition on which the final result of the suit depends, may be decided without reference to any thing by which that will be affected.
Is the relief by injunction allowed in an action of quo warranto by our practice in any case?
That there is no precedent for it in an action of this kind, is admitted on all hands. But plaintiffs say that the absence of a precedent furnishes little grounds for an argument against their position; that it is easily accounted for in a manner not inconsistent with their claim that it is now a legitimate remedy. And it is true, as argued by them, that prior to the adoption of our constitution of 1846, the only courts in which an action of this kind could be brought were courts having only common law powers, and hence no court having cognizance of such a suit could administer the exclusively equitable relief of injunction. And it is also true, that until the enactment of our Code of Procedure (1848) suits of this kind were classed among, and denominated criminal rather than civil remedies, and courts of equity had a general rule ,of refraining from interference in criminal matters. Whereas, this court, as now constituted, has full chancery and common law powers, and having possession of this suit for general purposes, can aid the plaintiffs by injunction, if they are entitled to that aid ; and since the Oode went into effect (1848) suits of this kind have been, and by law now are, classed among and denominated civil remedies, so that the rule that equity will not interfere in criminal matters is no longer an obstacle to equitable relief in an action of this kind.
If, therefore, the mere absence of machinery to grant injunctions in the courts in which alone suits of this nature could heretofore be properly brought, and the fact that remedies of this kind were called criminal, are the reasons why relief by injunction has never hitherto been known: these reasons being done away, there would seem to be no longer any obstacles to that kind of relief. Actions of this kind, however, really were no [338]*338more criminal in their nature, purposes, or effects, formerly than they are now, although then called criminal and now civil. And equitable relief by injunction was then as well known, and as proper in principle, and as well adapted to the wants of litigants in this description of actions, as it is now, although it was not, it is true, administered by the same court which had ■ jurisdiction to try the case. Yet, if it had been then proper and desirable, it could have been had by application to a court of chancery, which had power to grant it in aid of the legal remedy in a proper case. I am not satisfied that these reasons of convenience and habit of the courts suggested are the real causes that this description of relief has never been known in this country or in England. On the contrary, I am inclined to look for reasons more substantial in their nature, and having better foundation in principle or policy.
I am inclined to-think that such relief has not been deemed consistent with the interest of the State, with enlightened public policy, or with the general principles which must govern as to an office emanating from the sovereign power,' and hence has never been adopted in practice; that the public welfare has been deemed to require that an actual incumbent of an office should not be forbidden to perform the duties of it for the time being, even though his title to the office were doubtful; that the public should not be deprived of the benefit of an office merely because it was uncertain whether the person in and ready to perform the duties of it was there rightfully, even while the title of the 'party-assuming,to act should be in controversy.
To restrain the action of the incumbent is to restrain all the functions of the office; for he being in—even if wrongfully— must act, or no one can. And it is not at all difficult to see that in very many, and in most cases, the public interest would require that the duties of an office should not be suspended, and its functions cease, until the matter of personal right between rival claimants could be determined.
This, then, I take to be the reason that no cases of the kind are to be found in the reports—that the wisdom of the times has not approved of the principle on which such remedy is allowed, or has not deemed it discreet to adopt such practice, and that therefore it has never prevailed. (Thompson [339]*339a. The Commissioners of the Canal Fund, 2 Ablotts’ Pr. R., 248.)
If this be the reason, the absence of precedent is important and entitled to weight in considering this question.
In this view I am sustained by the decision of the chancellor of this State, in Tappan a. Gray (9 Paige, 507), and by the judgment of the Court of Errors in the same case (7 Hill, 259). In that case the chancellor refused to interfere, even incidentally, pending litigation as to the title to the office, to protect the fund arising from the emolument of the office, in favor of a plaintiff whom he pronounced entitled to it, against an insolvent intruder exercising the powers and receiving the fees for the time being; and he put his refusal on the ground that the public interest required the duties of the office to be performed by the incumbent, whether in it rightfully or not; and with so much delicacy did he regard the interests of the public in the matter, that he declined to interfere even with the emoluments of the office, in which the public had no interest, lest such interference should interrupt incidentally the discharge of the duties of it, in which the public was interested.
The Court of Errors (then our court of last resort) unanimously affirmed this decision; and so far as opinions were expressed, affirmed it for the same reasons as were given by the chancellor.
At the time of the adoption of the Code, then (1848), no such practice as is contended for by the plaintiffs in this case had ever been sanctioned, and the principle upon which, if at all, it must prevail, had been, not only thus negatively, but in the case I have cited if in no other, affirmatively repudiated.
But it is said that public officers have often been restrained in the performance of acts under the warrant of their offices, when those acts have been shown to be unauthorized by law. Doubtless they have been, and will continue to be, very properly. But restraining a person from doing a particular act, because the act itself is not proper to be done, is a very different thing from restraining the entire functions of a public office, on the ground that though the discharge of those functions is necessary to the public welfare, as it is by law declared to be, and no one else but the incumbent for the time can discharge them, still as there is a doubt whether the incumbent is the proper person for the place, he shall refrain from acting, and the public dispense [340]*340with the benefits of the office until the question of title can be decided by the tedious process of law. It may very well be, that a man being a public officer may be restrained in a proper case from doing a particular act of an official character, but it by no means follows that a public officer may be restrained from dispensing the benefits of the office to the public. That is a very different matter. The practical utility, or benefit to the public of an office cannot be questioned before a court. The' law hy creating it has settled that question, and from that decision courts of justice entertain no appeal. The office itself is not only an emanation from sovereignty, but it represents, and in a measure embraces, the principle of sovereignty itself. Courts, .therefore, will not undertake to restrain the action or operation of it, which they would in effect do if they should restrain generally the incumbent, he of necessity being for the time the only person through whom the public can have the benefit of the functions of the office. •
It is not, as I understand, pretended that this remedy has been given of late by any express enactment. There is no pretence that it is expressly provided for in our present system of practice.
The claim is, rather, that nothing in our present system forbids it, and that there is no good reason in the nature of things why this and the other provisional remedies in the Code should not be available to a plaintiff in this suit as in others. I have endeavored to show that there is good reason why it should not exist in cases of this kind—that it is opposed to and inconsistent with principle and an enlightened policy, and if I have succeeded in this effort, I have shown sufficient reason why its existence should not be inferred from the absence of any thing negativing the idea; and I might stop here, but a glance at the statute by which the present action of quo warranto was created to take the place of the former writ of the same name, and of information in the nature of it, will not be unprofitable.
The first remarks on the subject of this action, its uses and powers, are as follows (Code, § 428)—“ The remedies heretofore obtainable in these forms” (meaning writs of quo warrramío, &c., which the preceding part of the sentence had abolished) “ may be obtained by civil actions under the provisions of this chapter.” “ Remedies heretofore obtained in these forms may be [341]*341obtained, &c., &c., under the provisions of this chapter.” This remedy I have shown was not theretofore obtainable under the forms there referred to, and this language is far from suggesting that any new ones were to be created. Indeed it not only says that the old ones may, but by implication it suggests that only those theretofore obtainable may be obtained under the provisions of that chapter.
The language, to be sure, is affirmative,—that certain remedies may hereafter be obtained; but it is pregnant with the suggestion of a negative,—that other remedies were not generally to be had thereunder.
Other sections of the Code in expressly providing for this and other of the provisional remedies in certain cases in this action, strengthen the presumption that neither this nor the other provisional "remedies are intended to be applicable to it, except where they are expressly declared in terms to be so—and on the whole I am satisfied that it is not authorized by that system. See section 435, providing for arrest in specified cases; section 444, &c.
The Code affords many other evidences that its general provisions as to actions do not apply to the action treated of in this chapter, to wit—scire facias and quo warranto.
It may be said that some of this reasoning does not apply to a case in which the validity of the offices is in controversy. It is not necessary that it should, for this is not such a case. The existence of the offices is admitted necessarily in this suit, and the title of the defendants to them is alone in question. My conclusion is, that an injunction, restraining generally the functions of officers, in a case of this kind, is not authorized by law. The consideration of the other points made by defendants becomes unnecessary in the view I have taken. The injunction must be dissolved.