Jenks,, J.:
The point raised is that the statute whereby Thaw was committed is unconstitutional in that it does not provide for notice and a hearing. Thaw was committed pursuant to a provision contained in that part of the Code of Criminal Procedure which relates to-the trial and the verdict. ' (Part 4, tit. 7,. chap.'3'.) '-This-provision (§454) reads: “ When the defense is, insanity of, the defendant the jury must be instructed, if they acquit him on that ground, to state the fact with their verdict. The court must, thereupon, if the defendant be in custody, and they deem his discharge dangerous to the public peace or safety, order him to be committed to the State lunatic ■ asylum until he becomes sane.” “ The practical effect ” is that the Legislature has prescribed that a successful defense of insanity shall not as a matter of course be followed by the absolute discharge of the defendant (Gleason v. Inhabitants of West Boylston, 136 Mass. 489, 490), but it may be followed by his,commitment until he becomes sane. . As such commitment is not a matter of course, but may be made only by that court, and only of - a defendant in detention whom the court deems dangerous1 to the public peace and safety if discharged, and the commitment lasts- only until the defendant becomes sane, we must' in-fér that tlie Legislature intended that the court would'commit only after its conclusion that at the time of acquittal the defendant was insane so as to be a menace to the public peace and safety. • But as there is no provision for enlightenment [161]*161of the court in any other manner, it must be that the Legislature intended that the court could rest its conclusion upon the evidence given at the trial and the appearance of the defendant thereat. If the defendant’s plea was insanity and it had prevailed, it would follow that insanity was litigated at the trial. Although the inquiry at the trial would be directed to insanity at the time of the commission of the offense, yet the evidence might establish that such insanity- had not ceased, but had continued, that it was chronic, that the defendant might then or thereafter, in the very nature of his disease, be subject to recurrences of a state of mind like unto that in him when he committed the alleged crime. And moreover, such evidence might well bear directly upon the condition of the defendant at the time of trial. For G-bay, J., speaking for the court in People v. Hoch (150 N. Y. 291), says: “ Of course, the issue turns upon the prisoner’s mental condition at the time of the homicide — whethér he was laboring under such a defect of reason as to render him incapable of knowing the nature and quality of the homicidal act, or was incapable of knowing that it was wrong. But there is no apparent reason, and I am aware of no authority, for holding that, in addition to all the other facts, the jury may not be informed, by one competent to speak, as to the mental condition of the defendant at the time of his trial. He stands before them accused, of the crime, with the plea of insanity to shelter him from a conviction at their hands, and, in their consideration of his plea for exoneration, no competent evidence bearing upon his mental condition at the time of the homicide, or since, should be excluded and the evidence objected to, certainly, cannot be said to be prejudicial to any substantial rights of the accused, or to contravene the demands of justice.” Thus the Legislature might well have contemplated that the court might reach its conclusion, enlightened as the court was said to be in People v. McElvame (125 FT. Y. 608): “It had previously tried the defendant for the same crime and had heard the evidence adduced by the defendant to support the plea of insanity. It was familiar with the appearance and conduct of the prisoner during the period of that trial, and had sufficient grounds before it to judge as to the probability of his present sanity.” It is common knowledge that insanity may be chronic, yet with .lucid intervals, that it is [162]*162marked by periods of quiet and of storm, that one insane may at times demean himself as if entirely normal, and yet without warning suddenly become as dangerous as a Malay running amuck. There is no method in actual madness. The plea of insanity is that of a defendant, and he must be regarded as understanding the effect thereof. (Penal Code, § 20.) He, therefore, voluntarily submits the question of his insanity to the court of his trial/ Although the direct issue is insanity at the time of the commission of the alleged crime, yet evidence of such insanity may also show that'it is chronic and continuous or progressive and incurable, or evidence may be given “ as to the mental condition of the defendant at the time of his trial.” (People v. Hoch, supra.) It cannot then be said that a defendant who makes the plea of insanity and seeks to establish it did not have notice under this provision of a hearing that might reveal' his condition of insanity at the time of his trial, and a hear-' ing of which the result might be such commitment upon acquittal for insanity, under the said provision of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as was made in this case. It cannot be said that the trial of a defendant intends that he is sane for the -reason that an- insane man may be tried if he is competent to understand the proceeding and to make his defense. (Penal Code, § 20; Freeman v. People, 4 Den. 9.) The law makes a distinction bétween the mental irresponsibility which precludes trial for a crime and that which excuses from liability for a crime. An act done by a person who is an-idiot, imbecile, lunatic or insane is not a ■ crime, but one is not excused from criminal liability as an idiot, imbecile, lunatic or insane person or of unsound mind, except at the time of the commission of the alleged criminal act lie was laboring under such defect of reason as either not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing or not to know that the act was wrong. But the prohibition against trial, sentence to punishment or punishment is that one cannot be tried or sentenced or punished while in a state of idiocy, imbecility, lunacy or insanity so as to be incapable of understanding the proceeding or making his defense. (Penal Oode, §§20,21.) .
Such a commitment is not for the punishment of Such a defendant, for there can be no punishment for him who has been acquitted,. but it is for protection for the 'public, made in the exercise of the [163]*163police power of the State, which permits the restraint of an insane person who at large would be a danger to the peace and safety of the people. The commitment can last only so long as the defendant is insane, and he has the right at any time under the law to have his sanity determined upon habeas corpus.
Moreover, Freund on the Police Power- (§ 255) says: “ The right to apply at any time for discharge has been. held to reconcile even the absence of hearing in the' first instance with the constitu- ■ tional requirement of due process, and if upon such proceeding the petitioner is found to be insane his detention may be continued.” In Dowdell, Petitioner (169 Mass. 387), the petitioner applied for his discharge from commitment in that the statute was unconstitutional because it did not require any notice to the insane person before the commitment was signed, and so violated the provisions of the Declaration of Eights that no subject shall be deprived of his liberty but by the judgment of his peers and the law of the land, and'the provisions of the fourteenth amendment of the Constitution of the United States that no State shall deprive any person of liberty without due process of law. And the court said: “ The order of commitment settles nothing finally or conclusively against the person committed. It does not take from him the care or control of his property. It is not equivalent to the appointment of a guardian over him. Leggate v. Clarke, 111 Mass. 308, 310. He is entitled as a matter of right to institute judicial proceedings under the statutes, to determine the necessity and propriety of his confinement. He is not denied the same protection of the laws which is enjoyed by all other persons in the Commonwealth under like circumstances. He is not, therefore, deprived of liberty without due process of law, according to the judicial construction which has been put upon those words. Marchant v. Pennsylvania Railroad, 153 U. S. 380. Hallinger v. Davis, 146 U. S. 314, 321. Caldwell v. Texas, 137 U. S. 692. Dent v. West Virginia, 129 U. S. 114. Missouri v. Lewis, 101 U. S. 22. * * * And the right to institute judicial proceedings under the statutes is a sufficient protection of the liberty of the subject to meet constitutional requirements. Wares, Petitioner, 161 Mass. 70, 74. Miller v. Horton, 152 Mass. 540, 543. Farnham v. Pierce, 141 Mass. 203. Jones v. Robbins, 8 Gray, 329,341. Chavannes v. Priestley, 80 Iowa, [164]*164316. Doyle, Petitioner, 16 R. I. 537.” In Le Donne, Petitioner (173 Mass. 550), Le Donne was found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced to the State.prison. Before expiry of his term he was adjudged insane and removed to the 'asylum on a warrant. The contention was that the statute whereunder he was removed to the asylum was unconstitutional. The court, per Moetoy, J., said: “ We discover nothing unconstitutional in the statute under which the petitioner was removed to the asylum and is detained there. . It is not unconstitutional because it authorizes the commitment and detention of an insane person without any previous hearing, or without an order from any judge. The petitioner ‘ is entitled as a matter of right to institute judicial proceedings under the statutes, to determine the necessity and propriety of his confinement.’ The order of confinement settles nothing finally or conclusively against him. ‘And the right to institute judicial proceedings under the statutes is a sufficient protection ’ of his liberty ‘ to meet constitutional requirements.’ Dowdell, Petitioner, 169 Mass. 387.” I think ’ that this provision should be upheld. (See, too, Ex parte Brown, 1 L. B. A. [N. S.] 540; People ex rel. Mooney v. Walsh, 21 Abb. N. C. 299; and further, Regina v. Oxford, 9 C. & P. 525; Queen v. Martin, 1 James [N. Sc.], 322.)
In fine, I think that the Legislature contemplated that upon the trial for a crime the investigation into the insanity of the defendant at the time of the commission of a crime, pleaded by the defendant, might satisfy the court that if the defendant were entitled to be freed absolutely upon an acquittal based upon such insanity, the verdict would not only exonerate the defendant, but in effect might let loose one then so insane as to be a menace to public peace and safety, and that, therefore, the Legislature expressly limited the effect of such an acquittal in the exercise of the police power, so; that it might not be an absolute discharge in course, but that the court might order thé detention of the defendant as a dangerous insane person, until his reason was restored.
And I think that such a defendant, by this provision of the Code of Criminal Procedure, had notice and a hearing that contemplated the process whereby he niight thus be committed', and that in any event the provisions of express law whereby he could forthwith institute proceedings to establish his sanity and his consequent right [165]*165to instant discharge, satisfy the safeguards invoked against this provision of the law.
The order should be affirmed.
Hiesohbeeg, P. J., and Millee, J., concurred; Gaynob, J., read for reversal of the order and for discharge of the relator, unless within five days .he be committed under the Insanity Law.
Rich, J. :
In Juñe, 1906, Harry E. Thaw was indicted for the crime of murder in the first degree and was tried in the following January.
During the progress of the trial the learned court appointed a commission upon the application of the district attorney to ascertain and report the then mental condition of the prisoner under the provisions of section 658 of the Code of' Criminal Procedure, the question submitted being whether “ Harry E. Thaw is in a state of idiocy, imbecility, lunacy or insanity, as to be incapable of rightly understanding his own condition, the nature of the charges against him and of conducting his defense in a rational manner.” The commissioners answered this question in the negative. The trial thereupon proceeded and the jury disagreed. On January 6, 1908, the prisoner was again placed on trial and through his counsel amended his former plea of “Hot guilty” to “Hot guilty on the ground of insanity at the time of the commission of the offense charged in the indictment,” upon which ground the jury rendered a verdict- of not guilty. Upon the rendition of judgment thereon the learned trial justice said : “ The jury having found a verdict by which the prisoner is found to have1 been insane at the time of the commission of the acts charged in this indictment, an obligation now devolves upon the court to discharge his duty under the law. The testimony in this case, so far as the jury have found testimony of insanity or could have found testimony of insanity, is testimony of manic-depressive insanity as testified to by the experts as well as by Dr. Wells. That testimony has been based upon prior outbreaks upon the part of the defendant as testified to by the nurse in Monte Carlo, by Dr. Wells, by Dr. Bailey, by Dr. Burton-Browne and the other witnesses in the case. It appears from the testimony that the recurrence of these attacks is reasonably if not absolutely certain; that the period of recurrence is incapable of being esti[166]*166mated or even guessed at by human experience,'judgment or foresight. And nobody has testified in this case that there is any possibility of cure from the condition of manic-depressive insanity.' It furthermore appears that in the maniacal form of manic-depressive insanity in its aggravated forms there is danger of assaults or murders being committed by the person who is troubled or afilicted' by this ailment. In the depressive state of this form of the malady it appears from the testimony that there is danger that a person so afflicted will commit suicide. Upon .this testimony in this case apart from any other considerations that might recommend themselves to the court, the court is satisfied that the enlargement of the defendant would be dangerous to the ptiblic safety, and the impressions of the court are very strong as to the duty devolving upon its conscience to see to it that' the defendant'is not now discharged. The court, therefore, orders and determines as follows: The defendant for his trial on the indictment for murder herein having been acquitted by the jury on the ground of insanity and the court being certified of the fact of the 'defendant being in custody and the court deeming his discharge at this time dangerous to the public safety, it is ordered that the said Harry K. Thaw be detained in safe custody and be sent to the Matteawan State Hospital, there to be kept in said hospital until thence discharged by due course of law.”
A formal order was accordingly entered and the prisoner delivered to the superintendent of said hospital. This procedure was taken under the provisions of section 454 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
On April 25, 1908, a writ of habeas corpus issued, and Thaw was produced at a Special Term on May 4, 1908. The issues raised in that proceeding were whether section 454 of the Code of Criminal Procedure was constitutional, and whether Thaw was then sane or insane. The Special Term proceeded without objection to try the sole issue of fact as to whether or not the prisoner was then sane or insane. The issues were determined adversely to Mm, and on June twenty-seventh a final order was entered dismissing the writ and remanding him back to. the custody of the superintendent of the Matteawan State Hospital. In Ms findings and opinion, the learned court says: “I am satisfied from the evidence adduced before me [167]*167that the mental condition of Harry K. Thaw has not changed; and I find that he is now insane and that it is so manifest as to make it unsafe for him to be at large.” (People ex rel. Peabody v. Baker, 59 Mise. Rep. 359.) On June 26, 1908, another writ of habeas corpus was allowed by another justice, returnable June twenty-ninth ; upon the return day the relator in behalf of Thaw moved for a jury trial, first, as matter of right, and second, as' matter of judicial discretion, both of which motions were denied. He then moved for his discharge upon several grounds involving the constitutionality of section 454 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, and the validity of the original order of commitment, which motion was denied. Exceptions were taken to each of these rulings. The record shows that the learned justice at Special Term ruled that the issue of fact, of whether or not the relator was sane, was before him for trial, and announced that he would lay aside all other business and hear the evidence upon that issue at such time as counsel could agree upon. In answer to His inquiry, “ Have you any evidence to offer in behalf of the prisoner or relator upon that issue ? ” counsel for the relator replied: “ We desire to stand upon our points of law and upon the constitutional points raised,” to which the court responded: “ I have already held that the burden of proof upon the issue of the present sanity or insanity rests upon the prisoner, or those who appear in his béhalf; that I am bound here to take the verdict of the jury which found him insane as true, and that the commitment of Mr. Justice Dowling is well made; I have overruled the objections upon constitutional grounds which have been presented, and no evidence being offered, therefore, I have but one thing to do, that is to dismiss the proceedings and remand the prisoner to the Matteáwan State Hospital.” From the order accordingly entered this appeal is taken, and three questions are presented for our consideration and determination:
First. Is section 454 of the Code of Criminal Procedure constitutional ?
Second. Was the original commitment void as being an indefinite sentence amounting in reality to perpetual imprisonment % And,
Third. Did the Special Term err in denying the relator’s motion for a trial by jury, either as matter of right or of discretion ?
Hpon the first and second questions the relator’s contention is [168]*168based' upon the assumption that a commitment under this section must rest upon the presumption that the insanity of the defendant, existing út' the time of the commission of the crime, continued down to- the time or the commitment, and that the Legislature cannot constitutionally empower the court to act upon such a presumption ; that it authorizes the commitment of a defendant, acquitted of the- crime' for which he has been tried, to a State lunatic asylum, and provides no way in which he can be discharged other than one dependent upon the volition of the superintendent of such asylum, and that it. makes no provision for notice to the defendant, arid an opportunity to be heard, upon the question' of his mental condition at the time the commitment is made. These contentions are based, I think, upon erroneous assumptions of the purpose and legal effect of the section, and give no consideration to the police power óf the State and the manner of its exercise, or to the evidence' upon which Mr. Justice Dowling acted in committing Thaw to the State hospital. The jurisdiction of the State is inherent over a person deprived of his mental faculties; it is its duty to protect the public, as well as the unfortunate himself, from, the danger incidéüt'to Iris disordered mental condition and insane acts, and it has the authority, under its police power,, to act summarily in so doing. The discharge of this duty is accomplished, in the, case of a lunatic not charged with crime, . under the provisions of the Insanity Law (Laws of' 1896,. chap. 545,. § 60 et seq., as amd.) authorizing summary commitment to an insane ásylum by a judge upon the certificate of two medical examiners of existing insanity, and in criminal case's by the provisions of section 454 of the Code of Criminal'Procedure, authorizing a trial justice before whom a prisoner has been tried for a crime and acquitted by the jury upon the ground of his insanity at the time the crime was committed, if he deems discharge dangerous to the public peace of safety, to summarily commit the defendant to the State lunatic aSylum if he be then in custody. Both are temporary expedients, exercised for the purpose of discharging the duty the State owes the public of protection from the danger. incident to permitting freedom to a person mentally deranged; The same principles of law are applicable in the one case as in the other, the same objects are accomplished and the same results obtained. If the statute [169]*169under the provisions of which a lunatic is, by a civil proceeding, temporarily restrained of his liberty, with its prescribed summary procedure, is constitutional — which cannot be seriously questioned — the statute under which a person charged with crime, who is acquitted because of insanity at the time the crime was committed, may be summarily deprived of his liberty for the protection of the public while his insanity and dangerous proclivities continue, .is constitutional. In other words, if the State has . the authority and legal light to summarily deprive an alleged insane person, not charged with crime, of his liberty temporarily, upon evidence contained’ in the certificates of two medical examiners, in the discharge of its duty to protect the public from the danger liable to result from his disordered and insane acts, it is charged with the same duty and has the same authority and legal right (upon sworn testimony received upon the trial, in the presence of the lunatic and his representatives, which it is his right to controvert, if not true) to act summarily in depriving the defendant of his liberty temporarily, for the protection of the public.
This question, in the case of an alleged lunatic not charged with crime, has been very recently considered by the Court of Appeals in Sporza v. German Savings Bank (192 N. Y. 8) in which Judge Haight and Judge WillAbd Baetlett wrote exhaustive opinions. Judge Haight, referring to former procedure, says : “ It was common practice for the relatives and next of kin of persons who had become insane, if violent, to restrain them and place them in some retreat or institution for their care and medical treatment. The writ of habeas corpus was always available to inquire into the cause of such detention and to release such persons in case they were found sane; but if insane, their detention was sanctioned under the police power of the State on account of the necessity of protecting them and the public from their disordered minds and insane acts.” He considers at length the jurisdiction possessed by the State over lunatics, and the conclusion is reached that the summary methods of their commitment are constitutional and valid. Judge Baetlett says : “ In considering the question whether a finding of .incompetency by a jury is a condition precedent to the appointment of a committee it is important to distinguish between proceedings having this end in view and proceedings instituted in the exercise of the [170]*170police power for the temporary restraint of an insane person prior to the appointment of any committee. It is essential, of course, not only for the welfare of incompetent persons themselves but for the protection of. their relatives and the community at large that authority should exist somewhere to restrain those manifesting evidence of insanity, to the end that they may be properly treated for the purpose of effecting a cure and to protect those who may be endangered by violence at their hands. At common law any one, even though not a relative, might interfere to restrain an insane person who was dangerous to himself or others. * * * A dangerous maniac might always be restrained temporarily. * * * The provisions of our Insanity Law (Laws of 1896, chap. 545, art. Ill) relating to the commitment of alleged incompetent persons upon medical certificates and similar statutory provisions generally are designed to effect the same object under legal sanction as was accomplished at common law by the interference of private persons to restrain a lunatic in order to prevent him from doing harm to himself or others. To this end persons alleged to be insane may be committed to institutions for the custody and treatment of such patients upon an order made by a justice of the Supreme Court or other judge of a court of record.. Such commitment is based upon an order ‘adjudging such person to be insane upon a certificate of lunacy • made by two qualified medical examiners in lunacy.’ (Laws, of 1896, chap. 545, § 6(b) * . *' * ■ The proceedings thus provided for by the Insanity Law are in no wise designed a,s a substitute for those upon an inquisition de lunático inquirendo. The purposes of the Insanity Law are protective merely, although an order for a commitment thereunder is described as ‘ adjudging such person to be insane. The order is not strictly speaking a judgment at all, for it does not affect the status of the person allegéd to be insane. This has been held in regard to a similar statute in Massachusetts, where it was said: ‘ The order of commitment settles nothing finally • or conclusively against the person committed. It- does not take from him the care or control of his property. It is not equivalent to the appointment of a guardian over him.. He is entitled as a matter of right to institute judicial proceedings under the statutes, to determine the necessity and propriety of his confinement.’ (Matter of Dowdell [171]*171169 Mass. 387.) ¡Notwithstanding a commitment under the Insanity Law, a person thus committed remains liable to service of civil process (Code Civ. Pro. § 427), and until a committee has lawfully been appointed for him, his legal right to control his property remains unaffected. The so-called adjudication made upon the certificate of the medical examiners in lunacy merely affords judicial warrant for the detention and treatment of the alleged incompetent in a State hospital or other institution licensed by the State for the care and treatment of the insane.”
That the commitment of Thaw was essentially temporary cannot be seriously questioned. His detention under its provisions was to continue until he should become sane, for the time being, awaiting a contingency, to wit, the restoration to sanity. Other statutory provisions-were amply sufficient to procure his release and discharge in the event that he became sane. Under section 2015 of the Code of Civil Procedure he (or his friends acting for him and in his behalf) was at all times entitled to a writ of habeas corpus to determine the legality of his detention, and upon establishing in such proceeding his then sanity, he was entitled to be discharged. He could not be detained a moment after establishing his restoration to sanity. By section 74 of the Insanity Law (as amd. by Laws of 1905, chap.-490, and Laws of 1908, chap. 261) the lunacy commission is authorized to discharge any patient improperly detained in any State institution. The detention of Thaw, if sane, would have been improper and would have conferred jurisdiction upon the commission to act. This section also provides that “ A patient, held upon an order of a court or judge having criminal jurisdiction, in an action or proceeding arising from a criminal offense, may be discharged upon the superintendent’s certificate of recovery, approved by any such court or judge.” While it is true that Thaw is not given the right of appeal from the final order committing him, which, under the provisions of section 63 of the Insanity Law, is given a lunatic committed under the provisions of that statute, such appeal was not at common law, and is not now, a necessary element of due process of law. It is wholly within the discretion of the State to allow or not to allow such a review. (McKane v. Durston, 153 U. S. 684.) It is clearly apparent, in the light of the provisions authorizing the summary commitment of an ordinary lunatic, and [172]*172the summary commitment of a defendant in a criminal proceeding, that it was the legislative intent to authorize a ¡>rqceeding under which the same summary commitment of an insane defendant, acquitted in a criminal case, should be available. Each is committed upon the order of a judge in a judicial proceeding, acting in the one case upon certificates of medical examiners, and in the other upon evidence taken in open court,, during the progress of the trial, resulting in the acquittal of the defendant because of insanity existing at the time of the commission of the crime, and I know of no reason why the State may not confine such a person while his condition continues. Neither case requires the intervention of a jury to constitute due process of law. The statutes of this State afforded Thaw a simple and ready means of release available at any time when he could establish his restoration to reason, which differentiates the case at bar from the Michigan and North Carolina
I do not overlook the contention of the learned counsel for the State that the custody of Thaw is under the final order of the justice in the first habeas corpus proceedings, which it is claimed superseded the original commitment, thus eliminating from the case the necessity of our considering the questions raised by the appellant, which are based upon the original commitment. . Without determining the question presented by this contention, I have regarded it advisable to consider the detention of Thaw as being under the original order and commitment, and to give due consideration to such questions arising thereunder as are brought to our attention by the learned counsel for the appellant.
The relator’s exceptions to the refusal of the Special Term to discharge Thaw upon the grounds presented to that court, do not present reversible error. Upon his trial Thaw had established his insanity at the time the crime was committed. It is presumed to [174]*174continue until the contrary is shown, which in this case has not been done. His condition had led to one murder, and it cannot be said that the duty devolving upon the court to-safeguard the public by the detention of the prisoner under the provisions of section 454 of the Code of Criminal Procedure was improperly exercised ; the order was a valid adjudication of his then insanity to an extent rendering. his liberty dangerous to the public. (People ex rel. Morrell v. Dold, 189 N. Y. 546, cited with approval in the Sporza Case, supra.) It was the right of the prisoner at any time thereafter, however, to. allege his restoration to reason, and consequent sanity,, and, if such allegation was denied, to demand that the issue be tried, and to enforce .this right he and his friends had at their command the writ of habeas corpus.
■I am unable to find any authority under which Thaw was entitled to have the question of fact as to his sanity or insanity tried by the jury as a matter of right; the discretion of the learned justice at Special Term was properly exercised, and it follows that the order must be affirmed.
Hibsohbebg, P. J., concurred.
See Underwood v. People and Matter of Boyett (post, p. 175).—[Rep.