Laughlin, J.:
I am of opinion that the relator cannot be reinstated without extending the grounds of review of the action of- the commissioner of police' on charges preferred against members of the department to an unwarranted extent, and establishing a precedent which will unnecessarily and improperly interfere with the disciplinary power of the-commissioner and will be very prejudicial to the interests of the municipality.
The grounds upon which the action of the police commissioner may be reviewed in a certiorari proceeding of this nature are those enumerated in section 2140 of the Code of Civil Procedure. It is therein expressly provided that they must involve the merits, and there are only five questions which may thus be reviewed. The first is, whether the commissioner had jurisdiction of the .subject-matter. That is not questioned. The fourth is, whether there was any competent proof of the facts necessary to be proved ; and the fifth is, whether upon all the evidence there was such a preponderance of proof against the existence of any material- fact that, a ver[669]*669diet affirming the existence thereof, if rendered in the Supreme Court, would be set aside as against the weight of evidence. No question can arise under either of these subdivisions, for the reason that the charges are sustained by the testimony of several witnesses, and there is no testimony to the contrary. If the review be authorized, therefore, authority must be found in the 2d and 3d subdivisions of this section of the Code. The 2d subdivision authorizes a review of the question as to whether the authority conferred has been pursued in the manner required by law; and the 3d subdivision authorizes a review of the question as to whether, in mating the determination, any rule of law affecting the rights of the relator has been violated to his prejudice. There is no question but that the charges were sufficient, were in proper form,' were duly served upon the relator, and that the deputy commissioner on the return day, the relator and his counsel being present, duly proceeded with the hearing as required by law and duly adjourned the same to a fixed time and place for further hearing, and held three hearings, at which the relator was duly represented by counsel and at which testimony showing that the relator was guilty of the charges was given by many witnesses. The determination is not challenged upon the ground that any evidence was erroneously received or excluded, except that error is predicated on the admission of a declaration made by counsel for the relator tending to show that he did no% as claimed by the relator, absent himself from the hearing owing to illness, which tended to controvert the affidavit of the physician and, therefore, requires no special consideration. In my opinion the record does nbt show that the authority conferred upon the commissioner has not been éxercised as required by law, or that any rule of law affecting the rights of the relator has been violated to his prejudice. The relator was entitled to the benefit of counsel; but he was not denied that right. It was no fault of the commissioner that the counsel for the relator was not present on the adjourned day on which the commissioner had given his counsel two days’ notice that the 1) earing must be closed. The relator knew in the afternoon of the day before the last adjourned hearing that his counsel was ill and would be unable to appear. The relator, instead of applying to or communicating with the commissioner in advance, with a view to ascertaining whether or not the hearing would be adjourned [670]*670upon that ground, and with a view to enabling the commissioner to avoid the inconvenience and expense to the city of procuring the attendance of witnesses and of having members of the force relieved from their positions' and appear at. headquarters as witnesses, and, instead of employing other counsel, let the matter drift Until, the hour of the hearing, .when two witnesses from out. of town and several police officers and other witnesses were on hand to testify ; and his ground of complaint is solely that the commissioner did not adjourn the hearing ■ or subject the city to the expense and loss of requiring these "witnesses to appear on a subsequent day to enable his counsel to cross-examine them. The deputy commissioner was authorized to pass upon the question of the, sufficiency, of the ground presented for an adjournment, and it was his duty to do so. The- relator has neither a constitutional nor a statutory right to an adjournment as of course. He rested his right to an adjournment and to demand- an annulment of the proceedings resulting in-his dismissal from the .force upon.'the ground that it was the duty of . the. deputy commissioner to adjourn the hearing upon the presentation and filing of an affidavit that Ins counsel was ill, , or to require the attendance of the witnesses for cross-examination when the proceeding .was opened for a further hearing. The relator’s counsel was present at the first three hearings, and at.these hearings twelve witnesses in all were examined. The last ■ of those hearings was on February 9, 1907, and the hearing was: then adjourned until the sixteenth- day of the same month. Neither then nor on a subsequent day; when the hearing was reopened, and when the relator and his counsel were present, did he offer to be sworn.to show that he-had a meritorious defense, nor did he present or file an. affidavit of merits with the commissioner. He personally declined to cross-examine the seven new witnesses called on. the last adjourned day in the absence of his counsel, on the ground that he was not competent.to do so, and he, ref used to testify in his own. behalf-or to answer any question put to him by the deputy commissioner. For aught that appears, he.may have no defense to the charges. I am of opinion that this court should not annul the proceedings without anything upon the record tending to show that the rights of the relator have been..prejudiced, for, as I understand it, his rights have hot been prejudiced in law unless he has a meritorious defense to the [671]*671charges. Even in a proceeding or action at law, a party is not entitled to have a hearing or trial adjourned without showing, if required, in addition to the necessity for the adjournment, that he has a meritorious case or defense (Brooklyn Oil Works v. Brown, 7 Abb. Pr. [N. S.] 382, cited with approval in Garfield Nat. Bank v. Colwell, 28 N. Y. St. Repr. 723, 725), and the same rule prevails and should obtain with greater strictness in a hearing of this nature. (People ex rel. Glennon v. Martin, 13 Misc. Rep. 9.) If the determination be regarded as one made against the relator upon evidence by default, that does not aid him. In a court of law, where strict rules prevail and where appeals and other remedies are afforded, judgments and determinations taken by default are neither reversed, .vacated nor annulled without proof of merits of the adverse party’s case or defense, without which there could be no prejudice or injustice caused by the action taken.
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Laughlin, J.:
I am of opinion that the relator cannot be reinstated without extending the grounds of review of the action of- the commissioner of police' on charges preferred against members of the department to an unwarranted extent, and establishing a precedent which will unnecessarily and improperly interfere with the disciplinary power of the-commissioner and will be very prejudicial to the interests of the municipality.
The grounds upon which the action of the police commissioner may be reviewed in a certiorari proceeding of this nature are those enumerated in section 2140 of the Code of Civil Procedure. It is therein expressly provided that they must involve the merits, and there are only five questions which may thus be reviewed. The first is, whether the commissioner had jurisdiction of the .subject-matter. That is not questioned. The fourth is, whether there was any competent proof of the facts necessary to be proved ; and the fifth is, whether upon all the evidence there was such a preponderance of proof against the existence of any material- fact that, a ver[669]*669diet affirming the existence thereof, if rendered in the Supreme Court, would be set aside as against the weight of evidence. No question can arise under either of these subdivisions, for the reason that the charges are sustained by the testimony of several witnesses, and there is no testimony to the contrary. If the review be authorized, therefore, authority must be found in the 2d and 3d subdivisions of this section of the Code. The 2d subdivision authorizes a review of the question as to whether the authority conferred has been pursued in the manner required by law; and the 3d subdivision authorizes a review of the question as to whether, in mating the determination, any rule of law affecting the rights of the relator has been violated to his prejudice. There is no question but that the charges were sufficient, were in proper form,' were duly served upon the relator, and that the deputy commissioner on the return day, the relator and his counsel being present, duly proceeded with the hearing as required by law and duly adjourned the same to a fixed time and place for further hearing, and held three hearings, at which the relator was duly represented by counsel and at which testimony showing that the relator was guilty of the charges was given by many witnesses. The determination is not challenged upon the ground that any evidence was erroneously received or excluded, except that error is predicated on the admission of a declaration made by counsel for the relator tending to show that he did no% as claimed by the relator, absent himself from the hearing owing to illness, which tended to controvert the affidavit of the physician and, therefore, requires no special consideration. In my opinion the record does nbt show that the authority conferred upon the commissioner has not been éxercised as required by law, or that any rule of law affecting the rights of the relator has been violated to his prejudice. The relator was entitled to the benefit of counsel; but he was not denied that right. It was no fault of the commissioner that the counsel for the relator was not present on the adjourned day on which the commissioner had given his counsel two days’ notice that the 1) earing must be closed. The relator knew in the afternoon of the day before the last adjourned hearing that his counsel was ill and would be unable to appear. The relator, instead of applying to or communicating with the commissioner in advance, with a view to ascertaining whether or not the hearing would be adjourned [670]*670upon that ground, and with a view to enabling the commissioner to avoid the inconvenience and expense to the city of procuring the attendance of witnesses and of having members of the force relieved from their positions' and appear at. headquarters as witnesses, and, instead of employing other counsel, let the matter drift Until, the hour of the hearing, .when two witnesses from out. of town and several police officers and other witnesses were on hand to testify ; and his ground of complaint is solely that the commissioner did not adjourn the hearing ■ or subject the city to the expense and loss of requiring these "witnesses to appear on a subsequent day to enable his counsel to cross-examine them. The deputy commissioner was authorized to pass upon the question of the, sufficiency, of the ground presented for an adjournment, and it was his duty to do so. The- relator has neither a constitutional nor a statutory right to an adjournment as of course. He rested his right to an adjournment and to demand- an annulment of the proceedings resulting in-his dismissal from the .force upon.'the ground that it was the duty of . the. deputy commissioner to adjourn the hearing upon the presentation and filing of an affidavit that Ins counsel was ill, , or to require the attendance of the witnesses for cross-examination when the proceeding .was opened for a further hearing. The relator’s counsel was present at the first three hearings, and at.these hearings twelve witnesses in all were examined. The last ■ of those hearings was on February 9, 1907, and the hearing was: then adjourned until the sixteenth- day of the same month. Neither then nor on a subsequent day; when the hearing was reopened, and when the relator and his counsel were present, did he offer to be sworn.to show that he-had a meritorious defense, nor did he present or file an. affidavit of merits with the commissioner. He personally declined to cross-examine the seven new witnesses called on. the last adjourned day in the absence of his counsel, on the ground that he was not competent.to do so, and he, ref used to testify in his own. behalf-or to answer any question put to him by the deputy commissioner. For aught that appears, he.may have no defense to the charges. I am of opinion that this court should not annul the proceedings without anything upon the record tending to show that the rights of the relator have been..prejudiced, for, as I understand it, his rights have hot been prejudiced in law unless he has a meritorious defense to the [671]*671charges. Even in a proceeding or action at law, a party is not entitled to have a hearing or trial adjourned without showing, if required, in addition to the necessity for the adjournment, that he has a meritorious case or defense (Brooklyn Oil Works v. Brown, 7 Abb. Pr. [N. S.] 382, cited with approval in Garfield Nat. Bank v. Colwell, 28 N. Y. St. Repr. 723, 725), and the same rule prevails and should obtain with greater strictness in a hearing of this nature. (People ex rel. Glennon v. Martin, 13 Misc. Rep. 9.) If the determination be regarded as one made against the relator upon evidence by default, that does not aid him. In a court of law, where strict rules prevail and where appeals and other remedies are afforded, judgments and determinations taken by default are neither reversed, .vacated nor annulled without proof of merits of the adverse party’s case or defense, without which there could be no prejudice or injustice caused by the action taken.
Since a member of the uniformed force of the department of police is entitled to a hearing and to be represented by counsel, doubtless a record might be presented showing such an abuse of the discretionary power of the commissioner or of his representative in refusing to adjourn a hearing in a case' showing a meritorious defense to the charges, as would warrant the court in holding that the authority conferred upon the commissioner had not been pursued in the manner required by law; but it is manifest that the court should not interfere for such cause except in a very extreme case, and never, I think, without some evidence upon the record tending to show that the relator has a defense to the charges. The question is, whether the removal of the relator had been had by due process of law. He was entitled to be represented by counsel and to be given a reasonable opportunity of having counsel cross-examine the witnesses produced against him. This, of course, does not mean that the party proceeded against must in all cases and at ■all times be represented by counsel. No provision of law requires the people or the city to furnish counsel to a member of the police force against whom charges are presented. It is optional with himself whether or not he shall have counsel. It is evident that. his right in these circumstances to counsel involves only the right to have a reasonable opportunity to obtain counsel. If the record discloses that he has been afforded a reasonable opportunity to obtain [672]*672counsel, then clearly no provision or rule of law affecting Iris rights . has been violated. The mere fact that he retained a particular member of the bar at the outset did not give him the absolute right to have the proceeding adjourned from time to time until the particular attorney was able to appear for him. The commissioner is necessarily vested with discretion with respect to adjournments and with respect to the time within which the hearing is to be closed. The interests of the public require that members of the force against whom charges are made, which, if sustained, show them unfit to hold the office, should be speedily heard, and decided. Where the adjournment is asked by the party on trial, the Commissioner has a right to consider the disturbance of the detail of the members of the force and the interference with the public service incident to requiring them to appear from time to time on such hearings, and also the expense to which the city is .subjected in subpoenaing other witnesses, and the importance of having an early decision upon the charges.. If the ground of the adjournment be the absence of counsel, he is to determine the sufficiency of the excuse for his non-attendance, and as to whether the client had a reasonable time and opportunity to engage other counsel. He should not, of course, arbitrarily or unnecessarily subject a member of the force to the expense of changing counsel during the progress of the hearing.- Ho hard and fast rule may be laid down for his guidance. It can neither be maintained that the relator had an ■ absolute constitutional or statutory right to an adjournment upon ' filing, an affidavit that his counsel was ill and unable to appear, nor, on the other hand, can it be affirmed that the commissioner was, vested with discretionary power to grant or refuse the adjournment at will. It was his duty to act reasonably and to afford the relator a reasonable opportunity to meet the charges and to be represented by counsel; but when the relator desired an adjournment, it was his duty either to file an affidavit showing that he had á meritorious defense or to submit to an examination' by the commissioner with respect to the charges, as he was requested to do in the case at bar. Having failed to do either of these things, he comes before us with a record showing that he was guilty of the charges,'and with nothing to show that he has a defense on the merits ; .and, therefore, the" record is barren of evidence showing that he was prejudiced by the fail[673]*673ure of the commissioner to adjourn the hearing or to require the attendance of the witnesses after the hearing was reopened.
The proceeding should, therefore, be affirmed, and the writ dismissed, with costs.
Patterson, P. J., Ingraham and Clarke, JJ., concurred; Scott, J., dissented.