Gtray, J.
The relator is a domestic business corporation. In November, 1894, the comptroller of the state, pursuant to the provisions of the Corporation Tax Law, .appraised the value of its capital stock and stated a tax thei;eon for the nine years ending November 1st, 1895, not including the year ending November 1st, 1893. Thereupon, the relator’made application to the comptroller for a revision and readjustment of
the account of taxes for which it was assessed ; hut, upon the rehearing, which was thereupon had, the comptroller determined adversely to the application. This determination of the comptroller was brought under review by writ of certiorari before the Appellate Division of the third department, where it was affirmed.
Upon this appeal, which was taken by the relator from the order of affirmance, the contention of the appellant is limited to the question of whether, within the provisions of the Corporation Tax Law, the Statute of Limitations may not operate upon the comptroller in assessing taxes for past years and penalties for non-payment. On its behalf, it is argued that, as the Statute of Limitations would have been a complete bar. to a suit brought by the comptroller for the collection of the taxes imposed for the two years ending November 1st, 1886, and November 1st, 1887, and for penalties for the six years ending November 1st, 1891, the assessment made included taxes and penalties which could not have been lawfully demanded.
By the provisions of the Tax Law, (Sec. 195), upon an application to the comptroller for the revision and readjustment of an account of taxes, if it is made to appear
“
that any such account included taxes, or other charges, which could not have been lawfully demanded, * * * he shall resettle the same according to law and the facts, and charge or credit, as the case may require, the difference, if any, resulting from such revision or resettlement,” etc. Turning to the Code of Civil Procedure, we find that it provides that certain actions must be commenced within certain periods after the cause of action has accrued. When the action is to recover upon a liability created by statute, the period of limitation is placed at six years, and where the action is to recover a penalty to the People of the state it is two years. It, also, provides that the limitations so prescribed
“
apply alike to actions brought in the name of the People of the state, or for their benefit, and to actions by private persons.” (Secs. 380, 382, 384, 389.) Now as the Corporation Tax Law stood, prior to its amendment in 1885, the remedy for the collection of a
tax upon the capital stock of a corporation was by suit brought by the attorney-general at the instance of the comptroller. In the year 1885, by amendment, the comptroller was given the right, in addition to such an action, to issue a warrant directed to the sheriff' for the collection of the tax. So that, in the present condition of the law, the comptroller has two remedies to enforce the payment of the tax which he has assessed.
The important question to be determined is whether the Statute of Limitations is to be given any effect, when the comptroller’s assessment is objected to, by way.of an applica^tion to him for revision and readjustment of the accounts under the Tax Law. Inasmuch as the limitations prescribed by-the Code are expressly made applicable to actions brought in the name of the People, or for their benefit, we are not embarrassed by considerations of any immunity of the state from Statutes of Limitations. If the limitations prescribed by the Code so operate'd upon the claim of the state for the taxes in question, that the comptroller could not have maintained an action to enforce it, was it not his duty to have resettled the account accordingly, upon the application made to him by the relator ? If it included taxes which could not have been recovered for in an action, can it fairly be said that they were the subject of a lawful demand ? Is this not true, upon the consideration of the provisions of the act in question? The tax which is imposed upon every corporation is made a liability, the amount of which is fixed by its condition at the close of the business on October 31st of the year and which is made due and payable into the state treasury on or before the 15th day of January in each year. (Tax Law 1896, secs. 189, 194.) At the latter date, the corporation has incurred an obligation to the state, which the comptroller, if nothing in the nature of legal proceedings has occurred to delay him, may enforce by action- or warrant. As an officer of the state, charged with the duty to assess and to collect a tax which remains unpaid, he is given very extensive and summary powers in that respect. Is there any reason, in the event of a neglect on his part to perform thei duty, with which he is charged, that the state should not
suffer to the extent that that neglect may subject the claim to the bar of the statute ? Although the corporation has a duty to perform in making a report of its condition, upon which the comptroller is to act in assessing the tax to be paid, its failure to do so devolves upon that officer the duty, and he is fully empowered, to examine into its affairs and, thereupon, to make the proper assessment (Sec. 192). It is his duty to take action upon the corporation’s obligation. The corporation was under a statutory liability and if the comptroller does not take the steps to fix the amount of the tax and to demand its payment, until after the lapse of time which would constitute a bar to a recovery by action, can it be said that it could be “ lawfully demanded ? ” That is the requirement of the statute and if the condition cannot be met, how is the comptroller warranted in refusing to resettle an account of taxes, when, as to all or some, the bar of the statute has fallen against their collection ? It must be borne in mind that the statute is peculiar in its provisions. The tax, which is imposed upon a corporation, is not made a lien upon its property; but constitutes an obligation, for the enforcement of which remedies are prescribed, which the comptroller of the state may avail himself of. As an obligation, it should be regarded in the same light as are the obligations of individuals, in view of the general operation of the Statute of Limitations, and, if not enforceable at law, as in the case of an individual obligation, then it may not be “ lawfully demanded,” within the just meaning of the Corporation Tax Law. There is no reason why the “ Statute of Repose ” should not be given its full and beneficent effect, when the state is a claimant, under the provisions of the act, as fully as in the case of private persons.
When the comptroller of the state was applied to for a revision and readjustment of the account of taxes rendered to the relator, he was confronted with the fact that, as to two of the earlier years in the account, no action could have been maintained for their recovery, by reason of the bar of the statute and, therefore, that they could not be lawfully demanded. That is to say, there existed a legal defense to the
enforcement by him of the taxes assessed for periods more than six years prior to his official action.
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Gtray, J.
The relator is a domestic business corporation. In November, 1894, the comptroller of the state, pursuant to the provisions of the Corporation Tax Law, .appraised the value of its capital stock and stated a tax thei;eon for the nine years ending November 1st, 1895, not including the year ending November 1st, 1893. Thereupon, the relator’made application to the comptroller for a revision and readjustment of
the account of taxes for which it was assessed ; hut, upon the rehearing, which was thereupon had, the comptroller determined adversely to the application. This determination of the comptroller was brought under review by writ of certiorari before the Appellate Division of the third department, where it was affirmed.
Upon this appeal, which was taken by the relator from the order of affirmance, the contention of the appellant is limited to the question of whether, within the provisions of the Corporation Tax Law, the Statute of Limitations may not operate upon the comptroller in assessing taxes for past years and penalties for non-payment. On its behalf, it is argued that, as the Statute of Limitations would have been a complete bar. to a suit brought by the comptroller for the collection of the taxes imposed for the two years ending November 1st, 1886, and November 1st, 1887, and for penalties for the six years ending November 1st, 1891, the assessment made included taxes and penalties which could not have been lawfully demanded.
By the provisions of the Tax Law, (Sec. 195), upon an application to the comptroller for the revision and readjustment of an account of taxes, if it is made to appear
“
that any such account included taxes, or other charges, which could not have been lawfully demanded, * * * he shall resettle the same according to law and the facts, and charge or credit, as the case may require, the difference, if any, resulting from such revision or resettlement,” etc. Turning to the Code of Civil Procedure, we find that it provides that certain actions must be commenced within certain periods after the cause of action has accrued. When the action is to recover upon a liability created by statute, the period of limitation is placed at six years, and where the action is to recover a penalty to the People of the state it is two years. It, also, provides that the limitations so prescribed
“
apply alike to actions brought in the name of the People of the state, or for their benefit, and to actions by private persons.” (Secs. 380, 382, 384, 389.) Now as the Corporation Tax Law stood, prior to its amendment in 1885, the remedy for the collection of a
tax upon the capital stock of a corporation was by suit brought by the attorney-general at the instance of the comptroller. In the year 1885, by amendment, the comptroller was given the right, in addition to such an action, to issue a warrant directed to the sheriff' for the collection of the tax. So that, in the present condition of the law, the comptroller has two remedies to enforce the payment of the tax which he has assessed.
The important question to be determined is whether the Statute of Limitations is to be given any effect, when the comptroller’s assessment is objected to, by way.of an applica^tion to him for revision and readjustment of the accounts under the Tax Law. Inasmuch as the limitations prescribed by-the Code are expressly made applicable to actions brought in the name of the People, or for their benefit, we are not embarrassed by considerations of any immunity of the state from Statutes of Limitations. If the limitations prescribed by the Code so operate'd upon the claim of the state for the taxes in question, that the comptroller could not have maintained an action to enforce it, was it not his duty to have resettled the account accordingly, upon the application made to him by the relator ? If it included taxes which could not have been recovered for in an action, can it fairly be said that they were the subject of a lawful demand ? Is this not true, upon the consideration of the provisions of the act in question? The tax which is imposed upon every corporation is made a liability, the amount of which is fixed by its condition at the close of the business on October 31st of the year and which is made due and payable into the state treasury on or before the 15th day of January in each year. (Tax Law 1896, secs. 189, 194.) At the latter date, the corporation has incurred an obligation to the state, which the comptroller, if nothing in the nature of legal proceedings has occurred to delay him, may enforce by action- or warrant. As an officer of the state, charged with the duty to assess and to collect a tax which remains unpaid, he is given very extensive and summary powers in that respect. Is there any reason, in the event of a neglect on his part to perform thei duty, with which he is charged, that the state should not
suffer to the extent that that neglect may subject the claim to the bar of the statute ? Although the corporation has a duty to perform in making a report of its condition, upon which the comptroller is to act in assessing the tax to be paid, its failure to do so devolves upon that officer the duty, and he is fully empowered, to examine into its affairs and, thereupon, to make the proper assessment (Sec. 192). It is his duty to take action upon the corporation’s obligation. The corporation was under a statutory liability and if the comptroller does not take the steps to fix the amount of the tax and to demand its payment, until after the lapse of time which would constitute a bar to a recovery by action, can it be said that it could be “ lawfully demanded ? ” That is the requirement of the statute and if the condition cannot be met, how is the comptroller warranted in refusing to resettle an account of taxes, when, as to all or some, the bar of the statute has fallen against their collection ? It must be borne in mind that the statute is peculiar in its provisions. The tax, which is imposed upon a corporation, is not made a lien upon its property; but constitutes an obligation, for the enforcement of which remedies are prescribed, which the comptroller of the state may avail himself of. As an obligation, it should be regarded in the same light as are the obligations of individuals, in view of the general operation of the Statute of Limitations, and, if not enforceable at law, as in the case of an individual obligation, then it may not be “ lawfully demanded,” within the just meaning of the Corporation Tax Law. There is no reason why the “ Statute of Repose ” should not be given its full and beneficent effect, when the state is a claimant, under the provisions of the act, as fully as in the case of private persons.
When the comptroller of the state was applied to for a revision and readjustment of the account of taxes rendered to the relator, he was confronted with the fact that, as to two of the earlier years in the account, no action could have been maintained for their recovery, by reason of the bar of the statute and, therefore, that they could not be lawfully demanded. That is to say, there existed a legal defense to the
enforcement by him of the taxes assessed for periods more than six years prior to his official action. It cannot well be maintained, and I do not understand that it is argued on behalf of the comptroller, if the bar of the statute operated to defeat an action, that, by giving the additional remedy by warrant, the time was enlarged within which a tax could be lawfully assessed. This additional remedy was given in 1885 and nothing in the amended law tends to show that it was the intention of the legislature, thereby, to extend the comptroller’s time to fix a tax and to leave that time absolutely unlimited. The statute continues to contain the provision -for the bringing of an action by the attorney-general at the instance of the comptroller, to recover the amount of any account, .and it seems to me clear, where two remedies are given for the enforcement of a party’s rights, the one by action and the other by a summary method, that the latter cannot be available if an action is barred by statute. No reason appears for inferring from the additional remedy given by warrant an intention to extend the time of the comptroller to assess the tax. The effect of the amendment was, simply, to afford a summary remedy of collection by the comptroller, .not to extend his time to act.
However this question is looked at, it seems to me, as long as the Statute of Limitations is made expressly applicable to the state, as well as to private suitors, that it cannot be within the power of the comptroller to fix a tax, to the collection of which a legal defense exists under the Statute of Limitations. That cannot be made the subject of a lawful demand, which is incapable of enforcement by the remedy provided and that test seems to give point' and applicability to section T95 of the Tax Law, governing the proceedings for revision.
On behalf of the comptroller, it is argued that the Statute of Limitations does not apply; because the statute, authorizing the comptroller to state an account for taxes due the state and to entertain an application for the revision and adjustment of the account, does not bring such proceedings within the category of actions, or special proceedings, under the Code of
Civil Procedure. But that does not meet the point of the contention ; which is whether it is not made the duty of the comptroller, having stated an account of taxes, in which were included some, the liability for which accrued more than six years before, and which, .therefore, would be unenforceable by' action, by operation of the Statute of Limitations, upon an application for a revision, when the inability to enforce such taxes is made to appear, to resettle his account
“
according to law and the facts,” by striking off the uncollectible taxes and giving credit to the corporation for the difference, as the statute provides shall be done. The effect of the Statute of Limitations, which is sought to be given here, is not that it operated as a bar to the proceedings of the comptroller for the statement of the account of taxes, or upon the application for revision and readjustment ; but that it constituted such a legal defense to the recovery of certain of the taxes claimed to be due, as made them no longer the subject of a lawful demand, when the objection was taken. The construction, which I think should be given to the Corporation Tax Law, accords with a reasonable and just view of the relative duties and obligations of the state and of corporations formed under its laws. To hold that the time is absolutely unlimited, within which the state officer can assess a corporation for taxes, would be harsh and quite without the spirit and the letter of the law. A corporation, which, whether for some apparently satisfactory reason, or not, has remained in the past unassessed, may be intolerably harassed by future claims, without other reason than under some new view of its obligation.
It results from the views which have been expressed that it was equally incompetent for the comptroller to assess penalties for more than two years prior to the date of the assessment, when a recovery of the same could not be had by action.
I think that the order and judgment of the court below and the determination of the comptroller should be reversed and that it should be remitted to the comptroller to readjust the account of taxes and penalties, in accordance with the principle of our decision.
All concur, except Bartlett, Martin and Vann, JJ., who dissent upon the ground that, assuming the Statute of Limitations applies to this proceeding, it does not begin to run against the state until the tax is due, and the remedy to proceed by action or warrant is complete.
Judgment and order reversed, etc.