Spring, J.:
Section 18 of the charter of the city of Buffalo (Laws of 1891, chap. 105),- so far as germane, provides: “Every ordinance and resolution-of the common council * * * shall be presented to the mayor before it shall be of force. ‘ If he approves it he shall sign it; but if not, he shall-return it, with his objections, to the city' clerk, who shall lay the same before the board of aldermen at its next-regular meeting thereafter. The hoard of aldermen shall enter [143]*143the objections upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider the ordinance or resolution objected to.”
The required vote to make the reconsideration effective is then provided for, which is not pertinent on this appeal; and if the necessary number of members “agree to pass” the ordinance or resolution, the city clerk is required to present it “ to the board of councilmen at its next meeting, with the objections of the mayor and a report of the action of the board of aldermen. The board of councilmen shall reconsider its action,” and the required number of that body essential to adopt the resolution is then stated. The common council consists of nine councilmen and twenty-five aider-men. The councilmen hold for four years and are elected in the odd numbered years, five and four members alternately. (Charter, § 6, as amd. by Laws of 1895, chap. 805.) The aldermen hold for two years and are elected one from each ward of the city at the election in each odd numbered year (§ 7, as amd. by Laws of 1895, chap. 805); and at the election in 1905 all of the aldermen were elected and their. official duties commenced on January first following. At the same election four members of the board of councilmen were elected, talcing office January 1,1906. On that day another councilman was chosen in place of James E. Adam, who resigned as a member of that body to accept the office of mayor to which he had been elected in the fall of 1905.
The claim of the relators is that the common council is not a continuous body and the members of the new board could not “ reconsider” the question of the confirmation of the assessment for they' had never considered it. If they .were to take action at all it must have been by a vote on the original proposition instead of in over- • riding the veto of the mayor,, or else by commencing the entire proceeding de novo.
The argument is founded somewhat upon the suggested analogy between the common council and the Congress or the State Legislature, where, by inference at least, the body is not a continuous one in that any act passed and disapproved by the Executive within the prescribed time after adjournment cannot be reconsidered by the succeeding Congress or Legislature, but a new enactment must be passed.
There is a necessity for the common council of a city acting as [144]*144an uninterrupted- organization which does not exist in the case of the State or ¡National Legislature.- In the former, proceedings run along for some time and .consist of several distinct acts, each essential before their culmination. The present proceeding .for the pavement of Curtiss street was commenced in January,. 1903, and nearly three years elapsed before the confirmation of the assessment roll was vetoed by the mayor. On December 31, 1903, the term of office of each alderman expired, and changes. :also occurred in the board of councilmen in the same manner, and yet the proceeding was continued by the common council.
With the increasing importance of municipal' affairs the drift has been towards home rule by.enlarging the scope: of the municipal bodies intrusted with legislative functions. The common council of a city .is in session very frequently; its meetings are public; it has general supervision of the local affairs of the municipality and jurisdiction over proceedings of a quasi judicial character. The proceeding for local improvements^ terminating in an assessment roll and tax levy is involved-and embraces many separate stages — often many parties are directly interested and, all have, .a right tó be heard, and not infrequently several years elapse before it is finally concluded. If whenever a change is made in the composition .of the' board of', aldermen the proceeding is to: end much, disorder, expense and hardship would result. Delayt might be the chief weapon to defeat a proceeding of great public benefit.
In - the present proceeding the original resolution required the commissioner of public works to advertise for bids, which was done; and that-functionary so reported to the common council, which body, and the mayor also, approved of his action. The commissioner of public works then reported the bids which he had received- to the common council, which passed a resolution determining the kind of material to be used,- and the expense to be assessed, and directed the board of assessors to make the assessment, yrliich it did, reporting to the common council, and objections were intpji-posed and hearings had by that body, resulting .finally in the relation which- was. vetoed by the , mayor as already mentioned. I l’efpiyto -these steps briefly for the purpose of showing that several of the distinctive municipal organizations .entertained jurisdiction gyqi’^pspqptive stages of the proceeding, and yet in all of them the [145]*145common council was the determining body. The men comprising the body which approved the reports as they were presented to the common council from time to time in 1904 and 1905 were not the same who took the initiative in the original resolution in January, 1903. There had been a new election in the meantime. It is quite probable there were other changes in the membership of the common council, by death or resignation, but no attention was given to the personnel of the body as the proceeding in its varied stages was discussed and embodied in resolutions. If the body is a continuous one when a proceeding is taken up in any of its phases that is a reconsideration, for it is the board of aldermen or board of councilmen as an entity which reconsiders, and not its constituent members. In the present extended authority of the common council it would be impracticable to have each pending proceeding cease whenever changes occur in its individual members. With the contrary rule prevailing, if the report of the commissioner of public works had been sent back by the common council for correction or for the purpose of obtaining additional information, upon the rendering of the further report in conformity to the direction of the common council, the subject would be reconsidered and a change in the persons composing that body would have prevented further action by it.
In either the Congress or the State Legislature the legislative declaration is crystallized into an enactment and there is no series of distinct preliminary acts carried on through the agency of other bodies, all indispensable, as steps leading up to the enactment itself.
The territory of a city is not extensive. ■ Any man competent to act as councilman or alderman is familiar in a general way with the needs of the city, and can soon acquaint himself with the procedure prescribed for assessing real estate for local improvements or any other proceeding entertained by the body of which he is a member.
Applications to amend orders or decisions involving the construction of"those previously made are entertained by appellate tribunals, although the personnel of the court may have changed intervening the decision and the application to amend. The fact that there are members of the court who did not participate in the decision has not been deemed a bar.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Spring, J.:
Section 18 of the charter of the city of Buffalo (Laws of 1891, chap. 105),- so far as germane, provides: “Every ordinance and resolution-of the common council * * * shall be presented to the mayor before it shall be of force. ‘ If he approves it he shall sign it; but if not, he shall-return it, with his objections, to the city' clerk, who shall lay the same before the board of aldermen at its next-regular meeting thereafter. The hoard of aldermen shall enter [143]*143the objections upon its journal, and proceed to reconsider the ordinance or resolution objected to.”
The required vote to make the reconsideration effective is then provided for, which is not pertinent on this appeal; and if the necessary number of members “agree to pass” the ordinance or resolution, the city clerk is required to present it “ to the board of councilmen at its next meeting, with the objections of the mayor and a report of the action of the board of aldermen. The board of councilmen shall reconsider its action,” and the required number of that body essential to adopt the resolution is then stated. The common council consists of nine councilmen and twenty-five aider-men. The councilmen hold for four years and are elected in the odd numbered years, five and four members alternately. (Charter, § 6, as amd. by Laws of 1895, chap. 805.) The aldermen hold for two years and are elected one from each ward of the city at the election in each odd numbered year (§ 7, as amd. by Laws of 1895, chap. 805); and at the election in 1905 all of the aldermen were elected and their. official duties commenced on January first following. At the same election four members of the board of councilmen were elected, talcing office January 1,1906. On that day another councilman was chosen in place of James E. Adam, who resigned as a member of that body to accept the office of mayor to which he had been elected in the fall of 1905.
The claim of the relators is that the common council is not a continuous body and the members of the new board could not “ reconsider” the question of the confirmation of the assessment for they' had never considered it. If they .were to take action at all it must have been by a vote on the original proposition instead of in over- • riding the veto of the mayor,, or else by commencing the entire proceeding de novo.
The argument is founded somewhat upon the suggested analogy between the common council and the Congress or the State Legislature, where, by inference at least, the body is not a continuous one in that any act passed and disapproved by the Executive within the prescribed time after adjournment cannot be reconsidered by the succeeding Congress or Legislature, but a new enactment must be passed.
There is a necessity for the common council of a city acting as [144]*144an uninterrupted- organization which does not exist in the case of the State or ¡National Legislature.- In the former, proceedings run along for some time and .consist of several distinct acts, each essential before their culmination. The present proceeding .for the pavement of Curtiss street was commenced in January,. 1903, and nearly three years elapsed before the confirmation of the assessment roll was vetoed by the mayor. On December 31, 1903, the term of office of each alderman expired, and changes. :also occurred in the board of councilmen in the same manner, and yet the proceeding was continued by the common council.
With the increasing importance of municipal' affairs the drift has been towards home rule by.enlarging the scope: of the municipal bodies intrusted with legislative functions. The common council of a city .is in session very frequently; its meetings are public; it has general supervision of the local affairs of the municipality and jurisdiction over proceedings of a quasi judicial character. The proceeding for local improvements^ terminating in an assessment roll and tax levy is involved-and embraces many separate stages — often many parties are directly interested and, all have, .a right tó be heard, and not infrequently several years elapse before it is finally concluded. If whenever a change is made in the composition .of the' board of', aldermen the proceeding is to: end much, disorder, expense and hardship would result. Delayt might be the chief weapon to defeat a proceeding of great public benefit.
In - the present proceeding the original resolution required the commissioner of public works to advertise for bids, which was done; and that-functionary so reported to the common council, which body, and the mayor also, approved of his action. The commissioner of public works then reported the bids which he had received- to the common council, which passed a resolution determining the kind of material to be used,- and the expense to be assessed, and directed the board of assessors to make the assessment, yrliich it did, reporting to the common council, and objections were intpji-posed and hearings had by that body, resulting .finally in the relation which- was. vetoed by the , mayor as already mentioned. I l’efpiyto -these steps briefly for the purpose of showing that several of the distinctive municipal organizations .entertained jurisdiction gyqi’^pspqptive stages of the proceeding, and yet in all of them the [145]*145common council was the determining body. The men comprising the body which approved the reports as they were presented to the common council from time to time in 1904 and 1905 were not the same who took the initiative in the original resolution in January, 1903. There had been a new election in the meantime. It is quite probable there were other changes in the membership of the common council, by death or resignation, but no attention was given to the personnel of the body as the proceeding in its varied stages was discussed and embodied in resolutions. If the body is a continuous one when a proceeding is taken up in any of its phases that is a reconsideration, for it is the board of aldermen or board of councilmen as an entity which reconsiders, and not its constituent members. In the present extended authority of the common council it would be impracticable to have each pending proceeding cease whenever changes occur in its individual members. With the contrary rule prevailing, if the report of the commissioner of public works had been sent back by the common council for correction or for the purpose of obtaining additional information, upon the rendering of the further report in conformity to the direction of the common council, the subject would be reconsidered and a change in the persons composing that body would have prevented further action by it.
In either the Congress or the State Legislature the legislative declaration is crystallized into an enactment and there is no series of distinct preliminary acts carried on through the agency of other bodies, all indispensable, as steps leading up to the enactment itself.
The territory of a city is not extensive. ■ Any man competent to act as councilman or alderman is familiar in a general way with the needs of the city, and can soon acquaint himself with the procedure prescribed for assessing real estate for local improvements or any other proceeding entertained by the body of which he is a member.
Applications to amend orders or decisions involving the construction of"those previously made are entertained by appellate tribunals, although the personnel of the court may have changed intervening the decision and the application to amend. The fact that there are members of the court who did not participate in the decision has not been deemed a bar. to granting the application.
[146]*146. I appreciate that the decision in Wetmore v. Story (22 Barb. 414) is adverse to the construction here' adopted. In that case there was the slight distinction that the resolution was adopted by the' board of assistants, which Was one branch of the governing body in one year, and the next year by the board of aldermen, which was the complementary branch; and in the meantime the terms of the members of the board of aldermen had expired by the election and qualification of successors. .In other words, the newly-elected body, which was a part of the legislative department at the time of .the final passage of the resolution, had not taken any part in its adoption. The board of aldermen and the board of councilmen of the city of Buffalo each voted to override the veto in January. The Wetmore case was decided in 1856. It was approved.of reluctantly in two cases shortly thereafter (Matter of Beekman, 19 How. Pr. 518; Matter of Beams, 17 id. 459); and in these cases. the distinction adverted, to existed. The changes in local self-government, as applied to cities, have been so extensive in the fifty years which have passed since the Wetmore-Story case, and the powers-intrusted to the governing bodies of municipalities have been so much enlarged and the circumstances and conditions have so manifestly altered that we do not feel bound by this decision. (See Booth v. Bayonne, 56 N. J. L. 268.)
It is claimed by the learned' counsel for thp appellants that it may not have been necessary to. commence the. entire proceeding anew, but the confirmation of the assessment roll which was vetoed by the mayor should have been .passed again as an original resolution and resubmitted to the mayor for. his action, and if ■ vetoed it could then have been reconsidered. .This seems plausible, but let us test it. The confirmation of the assessment roll was merely one step in the proceeding. If the common council is not a continuous organization, then whenever aiiy phase of the procedure comes before that body after a change in its membership no action can be taken. The basis of the claimed inability to act is that the new members have.not participated in the legislation and are not familiar with it. It must be from' the initial resolution to its close before the same men in order.to make, their action effective. - If the resolution vetoed cannot be revived by the board -because of its new members, then, by parity of reasoning, that body cannot, pass the [147]*147resolution over again, because that confirms all the antecedent steps in. which these same new members have taken no part.
Again, a majority vote only would have been' required to pass the resolution. This might have been done in the event of a veto message by the newly-elected mayor, and the same vote which overruled his predecessor’s objection would again have resulted in the confirmation of the report of the board of assessors. The, mode of procedure adopted as a practical question, therefore, is not very important; and that would be so' in any case where there are votes enough to disagree with the veto of the mayor. Whatever the course taken may have been, there were votes in this case sufficient either to reconsider or adopt the resolution anew, and again repass it, in case- the newly-elected mayor saw fit to disapprove of the resolution.
The common council followed strictly the course prescribed by the charter. The veto message was required to be laid before the board of aldermen, and it pursued the course defined in the charter. It was then submitted to the upper house, which acted upon it, all of which was in precise accord with the duties- imposed. These bodies could not ignore the objections of the mayor for the charter made their duty plain.
It is urged that the resolution, was not acted upon by the board of aldermen at its “next'regular meeting” after receiving the vet( message of the mayor. There is no drastic requirement of that kind. The clerk must “ lay the same before the board ” at that meeting. The board must'“ proceed to reconsider the * * * resolution objected to.” It is not essential .that its action be engrafted into a resolution at once. With a body of new members not entirely familiar ivith the situation, time for reconsideration might be needed. The objection of the mayor should be fairly weighed, and discussion may have been advisable. The board was' expected to act .with reasonable dispatch; and this was done, for the resolution was passed within fifteen days after it was transmitted to it by the mayor.
The order should be affirmed, with costs.
All concurred. "
Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.