Page, J.:
This is a quo warranto action brought by the Attorney-General to try the title to the office of judge of the Court of General Sessions of the Peace for New York County.
At the general election held on November 7, 1916, James A. Delehanty was the candidate of the Republican party, and John F. McIntyre was the candidate of the Democratic party for said office. On the official canvass of the ballots it appeared that McIntyre had received 109,709 votes and Delehanty 108,893, thus showing a plurality for McIntyre of 816, and he accordingly received the certificate of election. Thereafter Delehanty obtained an order permitting an inspection of the ballots in the boxes and also of those inclosed in the envelopes and filed with the county clerk as void or protested. As a result of this inspection of the ballots this action was instituted. The result of the recount of the ballots in this proceeding was as follows: Delehanty 106,136,
McIntyre 105,310, thus showing a plurality for Delehanty of 826.
The rulings of the court upon ballots which bore voting marks canceled by being marked over with a lead pencil or other erasures and defects, account very largely for the difference in the count, and no claim of error is made upon any of these rulings of the court. The sole issue, therefore, to be determined was whether the ballots produced for recount in this action were the identical ballots that were counted by the inspectors on election night and in the same condition as they then were. The court submitted this issue to the jury in a very fair, able and comprehensive charge to which no exception was taken by the relator that is urged on this appeal.
The appellant claims that by reason of a stipulation entered into by counsel at the beginning of the trial the inviolability of the boxes and of the ballots was conceded, unless met by direct proof of tampering with a particular box; and as such [47]*47direct proof was not adduced that a verdict should have been directed for the relator. The stipulation reads as follows:
“ We hereby stipulate as follows:
“ 1. That on the trial of this action all the boxes and envelopes shall be opened, and all the voted ballots shall be recounted, and that so far as practicable the boxes and envelopes shall be opened by assembly districts in numerical order.
“ 2. That each party waives preliminary proof as to the condition of the boxes, envelopes and ballots, preparatory to the opening of any box or envelope; but it is expressly agreed that either party shall be at liberty at any time on the trial to offer affirmative proof tending to show such material facts as to the condition of any boxes, envelopes, or ballots, or otherwise, as he may deem expedient.”
In my opinion the effect of this stipulation is not as broad as contended by the appellant, but it means that the preliminary proof/» which it would have been incumbent on the relator to make, concerning the actual custody and condition of each ballot box to enable it to be opened, was waived to expedite the trial. The ballot boxes were then produced and all the ballots therein contained were marked in evidence. This stipulation did not waive all questions of fact and leave only the rulings as a matter of law on the validity of the ballots which were alleged to be void. But as the learned justice stated in denying the motion for a new trial, had all the preliminary evidence been received and as a result thereof the boxes formally received in evidence, upon the evidence in the case there would still have been this question of fact which, from the circumstances proved would have had to be resolved by the jury. This was a correct statement of the situation. In Matter of Metz v. Maddox (189 N. Y. 460., 469) the court said: “ The proof given may tend to show that the box has been preserved inviolate and, therefore, justify the admission of its contents in evidence. On the other hand, there may be evidence tending to show that the box was or could have been tampered with, and there may also be the testimony of the election inspectors and canvassers that on the night of the election the ballots in the box were exactly as returned by them in their statement of the count. [48]*48The vital issue will then be what was the true count of the ballots on election night, and the exclusive determination of that question will belong to a jury.” Upon the evidence at the close of the trial the exact condition described in the above quotation existed. There was no direct proof that the boxes had been unlawfully opened, nor that the ballots had been fraudulently marked, or otherwise changed prior to their production in court. There was, however, circumstantial evidence, from which the jury might fairly infer that the ballots were not in the same condition that they were in on election night.
- Without reviewing in detail the evidence, it may be summarized as follows:
1. The ballot boxes all had a similar lock, so that the keys would interchangeably unlock them, and there were a large number of these keys in possession of many different persons.
2. These boxes were kept in the station* houses of the precincts in which the polling places were situated and not in the custody of the board of elections. The lock on the doors of the rooms was a lock common to all station houses and was known as the “ police lock.” The key to each room was kept either on a nail near the desk of the officer in charge or in a box upon the desk, and no one was allowed to take the key without permission of the lieutenant in charge. It was shown, however, that there were similar keys that would unlock the door in the possession of a large number of persons.
3. There had been three contests for seats in the Assembly and the boxes in these Assembly districts had been opened and the ballots handled by a number of different people.
4. There had been a contest over a seat in Congress which involved certain other election districts and the boxes in these districts had been opened and the ballots handled by a number of different people.
5. All the boxes had been opened and inspected prior to the bringing of this action and as a preliminary thereto, and the ballots handled by a number of different persons.
All of this tended to show opportunity but would have been of no avail unless some evidence was adduced tending [49]*49to show that use had been made of the opportunity. Such evidence was as follows:
a. The inspectors of election who canvassed the ballots on election night testified that the ballots in the box were actually as returned by them in their statement of the count.
b. In election districts where the ballots had been protested and marked by the inspectors, as required by law, thus tending to show the alertness of the- watchers and the careful observance of the law by the inspectors, a number of McIntyre ballots were found similarly marked, in a most conspicuous manner, upon which no indorsement had been made, and which had been counted without protest.
c. In making the preliminary inspection of the ballots a careful record of each questionable ballot had been made and upon the trial there appeared other ballots with obvious marks of which the defendant’s watchers had no record.
d.
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Page, J.:
This is a quo warranto action brought by the Attorney-General to try the title to the office of judge of the Court of General Sessions of the Peace for New York County.
At the general election held on November 7, 1916, James A. Delehanty was the candidate of the Republican party, and John F. McIntyre was the candidate of the Democratic party for said office. On the official canvass of the ballots it appeared that McIntyre had received 109,709 votes and Delehanty 108,893, thus showing a plurality for McIntyre of 816, and he accordingly received the certificate of election. Thereafter Delehanty obtained an order permitting an inspection of the ballots in the boxes and also of those inclosed in the envelopes and filed with the county clerk as void or protested. As a result of this inspection of the ballots this action was instituted. The result of the recount of the ballots in this proceeding was as follows: Delehanty 106,136,
McIntyre 105,310, thus showing a plurality for Delehanty of 826.
The rulings of the court upon ballots which bore voting marks canceled by being marked over with a lead pencil or other erasures and defects, account very largely for the difference in the count, and no claim of error is made upon any of these rulings of the court. The sole issue, therefore, to be determined was whether the ballots produced for recount in this action were the identical ballots that were counted by the inspectors on election night and in the same condition as they then were. The court submitted this issue to the jury in a very fair, able and comprehensive charge to which no exception was taken by the relator that is urged on this appeal.
The appellant claims that by reason of a stipulation entered into by counsel at the beginning of the trial the inviolability of the boxes and of the ballots was conceded, unless met by direct proof of tampering with a particular box; and as such [47]*47direct proof was not adduced that a verdict should have been directed for the relator. The stipulation reads as follows:
“ We hereby stipulate as follows:
“ 1. That on the trial of this action all the boxes and envelopes shall be opened, and all the voted ballots shall be recounted, and that so far as practicable the boxes and envelopes shall be opened by assembly districts in numerical order.
“ 2. That each party waives preliminary proof as to the condition of the boxes, envelopes and ballots, preparatory to the opening of any box or envelope; but it is expressly agreed that either party shall be at liberty at any time on the trial to offer affirmative proof tending to show such material facts as to the condition of any boxes, envelopes, or ballots, or otherwise, as he may deem expedient.”
In my opinion the effect of this stipulation is not as broad as contended by the appellant, but it means that the preliminary proof/» which it would have been incumbent on the relator to make, concerning the actual custody and condition of each ballot box to enable it to be opened, was waived to expedite the trial. The ballot boxes were then produced and all the ballots therein contained were marked in evidence. This stipulation did not waive all questions of fact and leave only the rulings as a matter of law on the validity of the ballots which were alleged to be void. But as the learned justice stated in denying the motion for a new trial, had all the preliminary evidence been received and as a result thereof the boxes formally received in evidence, upon the evidence in the case there would still have been this question of fact which, from the circumstances proved would have had to be resolved by the jury. This was a correct statement of the situation. In Matter of Metz v. Maddox (189 N. Y. 460., 469) the court said: “ The proof given may tend to show that the box has been preserved inviolate and, therefore, justify the admission of its contents in evidence. On the other hand, there may be evidence tending to show that the box was or could have been tampered with, and there may also be the testimony of the election inspectors and canvassers that on the night of the election the ballots in the box were exactly as returned by them in their statement of the count. [48]*48The vital issue will then be what was the true count of the ballots on election night, and the exclusive determination of that question will belong to a jury.” Upon the evidence at the close of the trial the exact condition described in the above quotation existed. There was no direct proof that the boxes had been unlawfully opened, nor that the ballots had been fraudulently marked, or otherwise changed prior to their production in court. There was, however, circumstantial evidence, from which the jury might fairly infer that the ballots were not in the same condition that they were in on election night.
- Without reviewing in detail the evidence, it may be summarized as follows:
1. The ballot boxes all had a similar lock, so that the keys would interchangeably unlock them, and there were a large number of these keys in possession of many different persons.
2. These boxes were kept in the station* houses of the precincts in which the polling places were situated and not in the custody of the board of elections. The lock on the doors of the rooms was a lock common to all station houses and was known as the “ police lock.” The key to each room was kept either on a nail near the desk of the officer in charge or in a box upon the desk, and no one was allowed to take the key without permission of the lieutenant in charge. It was shown, however, that there were similar keys that would unlock the door in the possession of a large number of persons.
3. There had been three contests for seats in the Assembly and the boxes in these Assembly districts had been opened and the ballots handled by a number of different people.
4. There had been a contest over a seat in Congress which involved certain other election districts and the boxes in these districts had been opened and the ballots handled by a number of different people.
5. All the boxes had been opened and inspected prior to the bringing of this action and as a preliminary thereto, and the ballots handled by a number of different persons.
All of this tended to show opportunity but would have been of no avail unless some evidence was adduced tending [49]*49to show that use had been made of the opportunity. Such evidence was as follows:
a. The inspectors of election who canvassed the ballots on election night testified that the ballots in the box were actually as returned by them in their statement of the count.
b. In election districts where the ballots had been protested and marked by the inspectors, as required by law, thus tending to show the alertness of the- watchers and the careful observance of the law by the inspectors, a number of McIntyre ballots were found similarly marked, in a most conspicuous manner, upon which no indorsement had been made, and which had been counted without protest.
c. In making the preliminary inspection of the ballots a careful record of each questionable ballot had been made and upon the trial there appeared other ballots with obvious marks of which the defendant’s watchers had no record.
d. In one box were found ballots which showed that the stubs had been separated from them in pairs, as the tom edges exactly conformed to each other.
e. In another box were found unvoted ballots.
f. Upon the trial it was testified that one of the Delehanty watchers deliberately mutilated a ballot in the courtroom.
From these facts the jury were warranted in drawing the conclusion that the ballots produced in court had been tampered with. The jury not only found a verdict in favor of McIntyre but specifically found that “ the ballots were not in the same condition as on the night of election.”
The only exception taken to the charge to the jury related to the incident of the mutilation of a ballot in the courtroom by Jarecki, a Delehanty watcher. The appellant argues first that there was no evidence in the case on which the jury could find that Jarecki had actually mutilated any ballot. There was, however, the direct evidence of an eye witness that he saw Jarecki smudge a voting mark on a ballot with his wet thumb in the presence and with the apparent connivance of the relator’s brother. The ballot was produced, exhibited to the judge, and was directed by him to be counted. Second, the appellant contends that even if such a finding could be made, it could not be made the basis for a further [50]*50finding that Jarecki had committed further or different fraudulent acts, citing in support of this latter proposition People ex rel. Judson v. Thacher (55 N. Y. 525, 532). “ The fact that votes had been fraudulently taken from the box or table would not alone justify the inference that a further or different fraud had been committed.” In the instant case the question was not the removal of a ballot, but the mutilation of documentary evidence in such manner as to destroy its probative value. It was a fraud exactly similar to others claimed to have been theretofore perpetrated, and by reason of which the reversal of the result of the count on election night had been accomplished. Jarecki admitted on cross-examination that he had personally examined every ballot in the Congressional contest, and in one of the Assembly contests. He had abundant opportunity, therefore, to perpetrate similar frauds. The learned justice correctly charged that if the jury found that Jarecki did mutilate that ballot intentionally and deliberately “ then that fact is to be considered by you in connection with all these other facts as bearing' upon the likelihood that these ballots have been tampered with between election and recount here, because of course, while it does not necessarily follow, yet it is human experience that a person who has the disposition to do a wrongful thing once, and carries it into effect, will do it again if he has a chance.” He further said that if they found Jarecki did mutilate the ballot and should find circumstances surrounding the entire transaction which led them to believe that either Judge Delehanty or those who were acting in his behalf knew about it and consented to it in advance, then they might treat it as an admission on their part of the weakness of their case, and as an admission that they were disposed to bolster up their case improperly; but that neither Delehanty nor those acting for him could be charged with such admission, “ if it was done without any connivance or knowledge or approval by them.” This part of the charge was a correct statement of the law and of the inferences that the jury might draw from the facts proved.
The appellants devote a good deal of space in their brief to arguing an alleged fallacy in the charge, in that the court charged the jury that the law presumed an official discharged [51]*51his duty. If there was error, the same charge as to the presumption that the election officers did their duty, which would favor the defendant, was made in regard to the officials having charge of the ballot boxes, which would favor the relator.
The appellants assume that the jury knew the difference, without being instructed, between a presumption of law, which is conclusive, and a presumption of fact, which may be rebutted. The court, however, charged that these presumptions would yield to proof to the contrary. Therefore, the criticism of the charge in this respect is unfounded. Furthermore, there was no exception taken to this charge or request for a "further charge. If it had been called to the judge’s attention that the charge was capable of such a construction, he would undoubtedly have corrected it.
The judgment and order should be affirmed, with costs.
Clarke, P. J., Dowling, Smith and Greenbaum, JJ., concur.
Judgment and order affirmed, with costs.