Hatch, J.:
The first and second charges against the relator are in pari materia, rest substantially upon the same testimony for their support and may, therefore, be considered together. The first charge in its specifications is for the violation of section 186, rules'and, regulations of the department for 1898 and general order No. 1 issued by the chief of the fire department. Section 186 of the general rules provided that members, of the force shall conform to and promptly and cheerfully obey all laws, rules, etc., for the government of the department or individuals; “ obedience must be prompt,, implicit and unqualified.” The provisions of general order No. 1 were issued on April 5, 1900; and so far as material provide: “ By direction of the Fire Commissioner the attention of each and every member of the uniformed force of. this, department is called to the continued violations, by members of this department of. the provisions of Section 739, Chapter 378, Laws of 1897, and- of Sections 186,. 193 [409] and 216 of the rules and regulations, 1898, relative to officers and members of the Fire Department being affiliated with clubs and organizations (organized under various names for the purpose of evading the law), intended to effect legislation for, (or) on behalf of, the Fire Department, or officers or members thereof, and notice is hereby-given to such members of the department to immediately sever their connections with all such clubs or associations (no matter under what names they may style themselves), under penalty of having charges preferred against them for such violation of the above laws and rules in the future.” Another provision of this order required it to be read by all company commanders at roll call at eight a. m. on the twenty-seventh inst. to all officers and members of their command. It further' directed that commanding officers will prefer charges against officers and members offending its provisions. It appeared by the evidence that this order was read by the relator to his company as was required, and that he was fully informed of the same, of the law and the rule, reference to which was made therein.
The second charge in its specifications is for a violation of section 739 of the Greater New York charter (Laws of 1897, chap. 378, as amd. by Laws of 1901, chap. 466), and of section 193 of the rules and regulations of 1898. This section of the charter reads as follows :
“ The government and discipline of the fire department shall be such as the fire commissioner may, from time to time, by rules, regulations and orders, prescribe. The fire commissioner shall have power, in his discretion, on conviction of a member of the force of' any legal offense or neglect of duty, or violation of rules, or neglect or disobedience of orders, or incapacity, or absence without leave, or-any conduct injurious to the public peace or- welfare, or immoral conduct, or conduct unbecoming an officer or member or other-breach of discipline, to punish the offending party, by reprimand, forfeiting and withholding pay for a specified time, or dismissal from the force, but no more than ten days’ pay shall be forfeited and withheld for any offense. Officers and members of the uniformed force shall be removable only after written charges shall have been preferred against them, and after the charges shall have been publicly examined into, upon such reasonable notice to tho [410] person charged, and in such manner of examination as the rules and regulations of the fire commissioner may prescribe. The examination into such charges shall be conducted by the fire commissioner or by a deputy commissioner, but- no decision shall be final or be enforced until approved by the fire commissioner. No member of the uniformed force shall be permitted to contribute any moneys directly or indirectly to any political fund or to join or become or be a member of any political club or association, or of any club or association intended to affect legislation for or on behalf of the fire department or any officer or member thereof, or to contribute .any money directly or indirectly for such purpose. The rules and regulations now in force shall continue in force until modified or repealed by said commissioner. The .rules and regulations of the fire department, as established from time to time by the fire commissioner, shall'be printed, published and circulated among the officers and members of said department.” This case is to be governed in its disposition by the law as it stood before the amendment. It is not necessary, however, to separate the amendment from the prior law, as nothing contained therein changes the relative legal rights from what they would be had the amendment not been adopted.
It was disclosed by the testimony in support of these charges that prior to 1898 the Mutual Benefit Association, of which the relator was president, had been in existence for many years; that prior to the adoption of the Greater New York charter there was connected with such association a legislative committee for the purpose of influencing legislation by the members thereof for the benefit of themselves and other members of the fire department of the city of New York. In a statement made by the relator to a reporter of the Mail and Express, a newspaper published in the city of New York, which statement was published therein and admitted to be. correct by the relator as published, he said, referring to the Mutual Benefit Association: “ Trouble really began in 1895, when our association had a bill passed giving the men an increase of salary. The officers had had their salaries increased two years before, but when our bill came up for passage we found that they had put on a rider giving officers another increase. We believed the rider would kill the bill, so had it stricken off. The recent, cause of persecution is our petition to the charter revision commission asking [411] that the two platoon system be established so improper transfers may not be made.” It is thus clearly apparent that during the period of the existence of the association, prior to the adoption of the charter, it had, in part at least, interested itself as an organization for the purpose of influencing legislation; that the relator knew of its purpose and was extremely active in the execution of its policy. Upon the adoption of the charter provision to which we have called attention, the legislative committee in connection with the association was abolished, and thereafter ceased to have existence. The influence of the members of the association, however, for such purpose, while not acting as an organization in name, remained as efficient as it did before the committee was abolished. The plan adopted by the members of the association thereafter was to meet and dispose of such business as its benevolent character required, then adjourn, and in the same hall,, after such adjournment, organize themselves, as relator expressed it, into a body of “American citizens,” and then proceed to discuss such measures and adopt such plans as the assémbled body thought most likely to be efficient in procuring legislation in the interests of themselves and the other firemen of the department. Upon one occasion this body, when so organized in their capacity as citizens, received a labor delegate and conferred with him respecting the best method to secure favorable legislation. The relator very fully and frankly detailed the methods by which they acted, the purposes of their action and what they sought to accomplish. He also appeared in company with an associate in the full uniform of the fire department before the charter revision committee and there urged the adoption of the two platoon system, so called. He also made speeches upon public occasions, advocating changes in the fire department and criticising severely in many instances the government of such department. In addition to this he issued circulars, published an article in the Fireman!s Herald, and submitted to interviews in which he recited the grievances of the firemen and criticised the management of the department in severe terms, and, upon occasion, in somewhat intemperate language. All of these matters were admitted by the relator upon the stand, and he neither sought to palliate nor deny anything that he or the members of the,, association had done in this regard. His defense to the charges was [412] tHat of justification, in that what he and his. associate members had done was not as members of the fire department or as firemen, but solely in his and their capacity as American citizens; and it is fair to the relator to say, as evidenced by his signature to circulars and the methods which he adopted, that he made a clear distinction between his right to act as a member of the fire department and the exercise of his privileges as an American citizen. If, therefore, he cannot successfully maintain this distinction, his own evidence shows .him guilty of the offenses with which he was charged beyond a reasonable doubt.
It is manifest that the relator is utterly and entirely wrong in his assumption that he might do as- a citizen what he was not justified in doing under the rules and law applicable to the department as a fireman. It is manifest, also, that the members of the association of Which he was the president "could not, by mere change of form from association -to citizen, do those acts which the statute and rules prohibited their doing as an organized body for that purpose. It is also manifest that what the order which was promulgated sought to accomplish was to abolish,, wipe- out and destroy all associations of the fire department under whatsoever name they might act, which had for their object the promotion of legislation for their benefit.' The provision of the charter clearly authorized the order, and in terms prohibited such combinations of the members of the fire department. This provision of the law is to be construed having reference to the purpose of its enactment. It is readily seen that organizations of such a character, no matter by what name they are called, or how they act, are distinctly inimical to the good of the department, are directly subversive of discipline and, followed to their logical conclusion, would result in the destruction of the efficiency of the force.' Organizations of such a character for such á purpose are opposed to a sound public policy and distinctly violate the provisions of the act for the government of the department.
It cannot be seriously argued, in view of the provisions of the law, that an association, having for its object benefit to its members, could meet for the purpose of transacting its business, and then, under the guise of acting as citizens, do unlawful acts in violation of -the laws and- rules of the department and be supported in so doing under the claim that they were exercising the rights of citi[413] zens. To uphold such an arrangement would sanction an evasion of the statute and the rules, under the thinest guise and the flimsiest pretext. It goes without saying that neither the relator nor the members of the organization found difficulty in making their action as efficient in influencing legislation by these means as though they were authorized to maintain a legislative committee as such or act as an organization in influencing legislation. That this change was a mere pretext is abundantly supported by the fact that the association paid the expenses of the relator from its fund when he went upon a mission to influence legislation, while its books of account show that there was advanced in January, 1900, $1,000, in February, $2,000, and in March, $2,000, making in all $5,000 for which no account whatever was given and in respect to which a member of the association, although knowing where it went, would not testify. NTothing was shown from which it could be reasonably inferred that counsel could be paid such sum for the legitimate purposes of the association. No litigation or other business of the association required it, and as it was expended during the period of a legislative session, it is not unfair to assume that it may have borne some relation to the act then pending in the Legislature of the State, regulating the hours of duty of firemen in the city of New York. The bare statement of these facts leaves no doubt in our minds but that under color, and by means of this organization, its members violated the law and the rules of the department as effectually as though they had been organized and named for that purpose. To permit it to exist and be used in such form would violate the statute and the rules of the department and defeat the whole purpose which the law and the rules sought to enforce.
It is said, however, that, unless the acts of the relator in this respect be upheld, then his rights as a citizen are abridged, and, therefore, the act and the rule are in violation of the State Oonstitution (Art. 1, §§ 1, 8). There is no foundation for the claim either in law or reason. Neither the fire department, acting through its officers, nor the Legislature of the State, has in the slightest degree abridged the rights of the relator in any respect. The fire department, like all other large bodies of men, requires rules for its maintenance and discipline, without which it would be a mere mob uncontrolled and uncontrollable, and destroyed in every sense for efficiency of service. [414] What is true'of it is also-true of all the other branches of' government where many men are employed and where control must-be had and discipline maintained. The right of the relator to freely petition with others, to exercise the right of free speech, to write for publication, is as perfect at the present moment as it ever was, but for the purpose of discipline, absolutely necessary for the maintenance of the fire department as an efficient corps,, he may not do such things in connection with such department while he is a member of it, either openly as a fireman, or under the guise of an American citizen. By becoming a member of the force he at the same time became subject to discipline, according to its rules, and those rules he must obey or be the subject of dismissal. He may not then freely write, speak or publish, if thereby the law and the rules be violated. .It is to them that he owes obedience, and if he be not willing to yield it, his right is as free, and untrammelled as it ever was to emancipate himself from the shackles of the department. and exercise his right as an American citizen, whether it violate the rules of the department or not. It is, therefore, erroneous to say that his right of citizenship is abridged in any particular, and the courts have so held. (United States v. Newton, 20 D. C. 226; United States v. Curtis, 12 Fed. Rep. 824; Ex parte Curtis, 106 U. S. 371.) The relator, being a member of the uniformed fire force of the fire department, was clearly subject to the rules and regulations of such department, and if he violated them was subject to dismissal. (People ex rel. Donovam v. Fire Commissioners, 77 N. Y. 153.) The power of removal by the commissioner exists for violation of the rule, and such power has been frequently exercised under similar circumstances. (People ex rel. Flanagan v. Board Police Comrs., 93 N. Y. 97; People ex rel. Connolly v. Police Comrs., 11 Hun, 403; People ex rel. Fitzpatrick v. French, 32 id. 112.)
It is said that the relator did not have a fair trial, for the reason that the commissioner was prejudiced against him and had given expression to such prejudice in a public interview. Assuming all that the relator claims in this respect, it is clear that the relator was properly convicted and dismissed from the force. The evidence which proved his violation of the law came from his owu lips. . He frankly stated, as we have already observed, the acts and things [415] which he did. His defense was a justification and if that fell, as we hold it did, then he was guilty under the charges and specifications and it became the duty of the commissioner to remove him. It is evident, however, that the relator had a free, full and fair trial. He was allowed the fullest opportunity for explanation of his acts as the voluminous record upon this appeal testifies. In no sense or view, therefore, was he or could he be prejudiced. That his acts were utterly subversive of the proper discipline of the force was proved beyond a doubt. It may be that he acted in good faith and did what he believed to be for the best interests of the department and its members, but if so, it was, nevertheless, a clear violation of the rules and an offense against the law. So far as the other charges are concerned we find them to be abundantly sustained by the testimony. It is not needful, however, that we discuss them in detail.
We think the proceedings before the commissioner should, therefore, be affirmed and the writ be dismissed, with fifty dollars costs and disbursements.
Van Brunt, P. J., Patterson and Ingraham, JJ., concurred; Laughlin, J., concurred in result and in all the discussion of third and fourth specifications.
Proceedings affirmed and writ dismissed, with fifty dollars costs and disbursements.