Gray, J.
The relator, a domestic corporation, organized and existing under the Manufacturing Act of 1848, appeals from an order of the General Term of the Supreme Court, which affirmed the determination of the comptroller of the state, upon an application to him for a revision and readjustment of the account of taxes settled against the relator pursuant to the provisions of chapter 542, Laws of 1880; as amended by chapter 361, Laws of 1881; chapter 151, Laws of 1882, and chapters 359 and 501, Laws of 1885. The basis of the application was the allegation that the previous settlement by the comptroller of the account for taxes, for three years ending November 1, 1889, included taxes which could not legally be demanded. The points raised by the relator were that, as it was not doing business in this state during these years, it was not subject to taxation, and that, as no part of its capital was employed here, there was no basis for the tax. The facts are undisputed and show that the relator was incorporated in 1882, with a paid-up capital of $2,000,000, and, by its certificate of incorporation, was “ formed for the purpose of carrying on some part of its business out of the state of New York, but the operations of said corporations are to be conducted and carried on in and from the city, county and state of New York, which is to be the principal place of busin ess of the said company.” During the period in question the company was engaged in dredging, on the Panama canal. It had an office in New York city for the use of its officers and
employes, and it kept bank accounts there. . It made annual reports to the comptroller, as required by the law; from which it appeared that dividends were annually declared and paid upon the capital stock, amounting in 1887 to 42 per cent; in 1888 to 224 per cent, and in 1889 to 7 per cent. , The comptroller in 1890 settled and adjusted an account of taxes against the relator, based upon the dividends declared upon .the amount of capital stock employed in this state.during the years mentioned. This amount he found and determined from figures showing the average monthly balances in the Hew York banks, and the expenditures for salaries and other matters connected with the maintenance of its office in Hew York city-
Certain objections are presented by the attorney-general to the relator’s proceeding through the writ of certiorari herein, which are based upon the provisions contained in certain sections of the various acts of 1880, 1881 and 1885. We think, however, that the sections added by the act of 1889 (Chap. 463) have conferred the power upon the Supreme Court to review in that way the action of the comptroller. The lam g.uage of section 20 of the act is general that his action
“
upon any application made to him by any person or corporation for a revision and resettlement of accounts,” may be reviewed, etc. Unquestionably there results from the several legislative enactments, in amendment of the act of 1880, upon the subject of procedure for a review, considerable confusion, and carelessness in legislation is strongly evidenced. But, unless we give to the sections added by the latest act of 1889 the effect of authorizing the proceeding of the relator here, they would be quite meaningless and purposeless. . As the question is fully discussed in the opinion of the General Term below, and also in the opinion in the case of the
People ex rel.
Brush,
etc., Company,
decided at this term, it need not be further dwelt upon now.
Concerning the main question presented by this appeal, we entertain no doubt. The relator, being a domestic corporation, was liable to pay a tax upon its franchise and business, to be
measured by the amount of its capital stock found to be employed in this state. By section 3 of the act, every corporation is made subject to such a tax, which is incorporated or organized under the laws of this state, or which is incorporated under the laws of any other state or country and is doing business in this state. The qualifying words “ and doing business in this state ” have reference only to foreign corporations. The appellant’s argument, that they prescribe a limitation upon the right to tax a domestic corporation, disregards their proper sense, as gathered from their juxtaposition in the section, and it would import into the legislation a restriction upon the jurisdiction of the state to imposea tax upon domestic corporations, for which there is no reason and which is not supported by authority. As to corporations, created under the laws of this state, the power to tax their franchises and business is undoubted and general; but as to corporations, which are created under the laws of another state or country, jurisdiction for taxing purposes is gained from the business which they do in this state and the tax is one upon that business. Foreign corporations coming into this state, for the purpose of doing some part of their corporate business here, are placed under the obligation to bear some portion of the general burden of taxation, in return for the privileges and benefits enjoyed. The words of this section, which we are considering, may be said to be the recognition by the legislature of the limitation upon its powers, or upon the right to levy taxes, with respect to foreign corporations. Taxation under the act as to such is limited to those
“
doing business in this state ” and the tax is assessed upon that business. In
People
v.
Equitable Trust Co.
(96 N. Y. 387), the defendant, against which this tax law of 1880 was sought to be enforced, was a foreign corporation, having an office in this state. It was there said of the tax that “ so far as section 3 imposes a tax upon corporate franchises, its operation must be confined to corporations created under our laws, and as to foreign corporations the tax is imposed solely upon business.” “ This tax,” Judge Eabl in that case observed, “ upon the business of foreign corporations is a spe
cific tax.” That is to say, that as a specific tax it may be imposed upon the business here of the foreign corporation, as upon' any trade, avocation, or upon any specified article of personal property. What the legislature intended by the enactment in question, as to the corporations mentioned, was to impose not a property tax, but to assess all such, for the benefit of the state treasury, for the right of exercising the privileges which the state grants to them'. So long as the corporation in fact exercises its franchises, and does business, the state exacts from it the payment of a tax for the privilege of doing so. It is needless to discuss the power of the state to impose the tax. It is well settled by frequent decisions that the power to tax is essential to the existence of the government and comprehends all objects within the jurisdiction of the state. The only limitation upon its exercise is such as may be constitutionally imposed. The imposition, otherwise, is unrestricted as to subjects and amount, and rests in the wisdom and in the sense of justice of the legislative body. Except in the case of a corporation, whose powers of management and the exercise of whose chartered privileges may have been lawfully vested in another, every corporation described comes under the obligation to pay the tax levied under this law.
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Gray, J.
The relator, a domestic corporation, organized and existing under the Manufacturing Act of 1848, appeals from an order of the General Term of the Supreme Court, which affirmed the determination of the comptroller of the state, upon an application to him for a revision and readjustment of the account of taxes settled against the relator pursuant to the provisions of chapter 542, Laws of 1880; as amended by chapter 361, Laws of 1881; chapter 151, Laws of 1882, and chapters 359 and 501, Laws of 1885. The basis of the application was the allegation that the previous settlement by the comptroller of the account for taxes, for three years ending November 1, 1889, included taxes which could not legally be demanded. The points raised by the relator were that, as it was not doing business in this state during these years, it was not subject to taxation, and that, as no part of its capital was employed here, there was no basis for the tax. The facts are undisputed and show that the relator was incorporated in 1882, with a paid-up capital of $2,000,000, and, by its certificate of incorporation, was “ formed for the purpose of carrying on some part of its business out of the state of New York, but the operations of said corporations are to be conducted and carried on in and from the city, county and state of New York, which is to be the principal place of busin ess of the said company.” During the period in question the company was engaged in dredging, on the Panama canal. It had an office in New York city for the use of its officers and
employes, and it kept bank accounts there. . It made annual reports to the comptroller, as required by the law; from which it appeared that dividends were annually declared and paid upon the capital stock, amounting in 1887 to 42 per cent; in 1888 to 224 per cent, and in 1889 to 7 per cent. , The comptroller in 1890 settled and adjusted an account of taxes against the relator, based upon the dividends declared upon .the amount of capital stock employed in this state.during the years mentioned. This amount he found and determined from figures showing the average monthly balances in the Hew York banks, and the expenditures for salaries and other matters connected with the maintenance of its office in Hew York city-
Certain objections are presented by the attorney-general to the relator’s proceeding through the writ of certiorari herein, which are based upon the provisions contained in certain sections of the various acts of 1880, 1881 and 1885. We think, however, that the sections added by the act of 1889 (Chap. 463) have conferred the power upon the Supreme Court to review in that way the action of the comptroller. The lam g.uage of section 20 of the act is general that his action
“
upon any application made to him by any person or corporation for a revision and resettlement of accounts,” may be reviewed, etc. Unquestionably there results from the several legislative enactments, in amendment of the act of 1880, upon the subject of procedure for a review, considerable confusion, and carelessness in legislation is strongly evidenced. But, unless we give to the sections added by the latest act of 1889 the effect of authorizing the proceeding of the relator here, they would be quite meaningless and purposeless. . As the question is fully discussed in the opinion of the General Term below, and also in the opinion in the case of the
People ex rel.
Brush,
etc., Company,
decided at this term, it need not be further dwelt upon now.
Concerning the main question presented by this appeal, we entertain no doubt. The relator, being a domestic corporation, was liable to pay a tax upon its franchise and business, to be
measured by the amount of its capital stock found to be employed in this state. By section 3 of the act, every corporation is made subject to such a tax, which is incorporated or organized under the laws of this state, or which is incorporated under the laws of any other state or country and is doing business in this state. The qualifying words “ and doing business in this state ” have reference only to foreign corporations. The appellant’s argument, that they prescribe a limitation upon the right to tax a domestic corporation, disregards their proper sense, as gathered from their juxtaposition in the section, and it would import into the legislation a restriction upon the jurisdiction of the state to imposea tax upon domestic corporations, for which there is no reason and which is not supported by authority. As to corporations, created under the laws of this state, the power to tax their franchises and business is undoubted and general; but as to corporations, which are created under the laws of another state or country, jurisdiction for taxing purposes is gained from the business which they do in this state and the tax is one upon that business. Foreign corporations coming into this state, for the purpose of doing some part of their corporate business here, are placed under the obligation to bear some portion of the general burden of taxation, in return for the privileges and benefits enjoyed. The words of this section, which we are considering, may be said to be the recognition by the legislature of the limitation upon its powers, or upon the right to levy taxes, with respect to foreign corporations. Taxation under the act as to such is limited to those
“
doing business in this state ” and the tax is assessed upon that business. In
People
v.
Equitable Trust Co.
(96 N. Y. 387), the defendant, against which this tax law of 1880 was sought to be enforced, was a foreign corporation, having an office in this state. It was there said of the tax that “ so far as section 3 imposes a tax upon corporate franchises, its operation must be confined to corporations created under our laws, and as to foreign corporations the tax is imposed solely upon business.” “ This tax,” Judge Eabl in that case observed, “ upon the business of foreign corporations is a spe
cific tax.” That is to say, that as a specific tax it may be imposed upon the business here of the foreign corporation, as upon' any trade, avocation, or upon any specified article of personal property. What the legislature intended by the enactment in question, as to the corporations mentioned, was to impose not a property tax, but to assess all such, for the benefit of the state treasury, for the right of exercising the privileges which the state grants to them'. So long as the corporation in fact exercises its franchises, and does business, the state exacts from it the payment of a tax for the privilege of doing so. It is needless to discuss the power of the state to impose the tax. It is well settled by frequent decisions that the power to tax is essential to the existence of the government and comprehends all objects within the jurisdiction of the state. The only limitation upon its exercise is such as may be constitutionally imposed. The imposition, otherwise, is unrestricted as to subjects and amount, and rests in the wisdom and in the sense of justice of the legislative body. Except in the case of a corporation, whose powers of management and the exercise of whose chartered privileges may have been lawfully vested in another, every corporation described comes under the obligation to pay the tax levied under this law. What the language of the act subjects to its requirements are, quite plainly, such corporations as are in the full exercise of their particular privileges and hence are able to and, therefore, should comply with them. This subject, of the object and intent of the statutes of 1880 and 1881, was carefully considered by this court in the case of
People
v.
Home Ins. Co.
(92 N. Y. 328), where it was distinctly held that 'the tax was upon the right of corporations to exercise the privileges conferred upon them and that it was .not a property tax. It was said there “the amount of the tax is dependent upon the business prosperity as evidenced by their capacity to declare dividends, instead of upon the value of the corporate property,” and the proposition that the tax, by force of the provisions for its assessment by appraisement of the value of the capital stock, made it “ a tax upon capital stock and not upon
franchise,” was denied. “We also think,” said Ruger, Ch. J., in that case, “ it may safely be assumed that so long as a corporation continues business under its charter, the privilege of so doing is of some pecuniary value to it and that there is no valid reason why the value of the capital stock may not be used as an element for determining the amount of tax levied upon franchise.” The corporation and the franchise are as distinct as are the substance and its attribute. The franchise of the corporation is the exclusive exercise of the rights granted. (Kyd on Corp. p. 15.)
The legislation of 1880 and 1881 was the creation of a new system of taxation of corporations and provided a new method of regulating the contribution by them to the payment of state expenses by assessments, not upon property, but upon privilege and business. The scheme is a complete and independent one. It is made just and perfect in this respect by the declaration in section 8 that the corporations, joint stock companies and associations, mentioned in the act as taxable, shall thereafter be exempt from assessment and taxation for state purposes, except upon their real estate, and as therein provided; but shall in all other respects be liable to assessment and taxation as heretofore.
(People
v.
Gold & Stock Tel. Co.,
98 N. Y. 67.)
A consideration of the provisions of this law, which was framed so as to bring all the domestic corporations, joint stock companies and associations described under the obligation to pay a tax into the state treasury, to be assessed upon their franchises and business, and exempting them from taxation otherwise for state purposes, except upon their real estate and as in the law provided, warrants the conclusion that the liability is in no sense restricted to such as do business in this state, and that a just measure of liability is arrived at, in those cases where the capital stock is partially employed in this state, by fixing the basis for the tax by the amount which is employed here.
The relator being, then, subject to taxation under the act, the determination of the comptroller as to the assessment and taxation, unless clearly shown to have been erroneous, should not be disturbed. This principle has been asserted in cases
where it has been sought to review the decisions of public officers charged with the duty of determining the valuation of property for the purpose of assessment and taxation, and is applicable here.
(People ex rel. Westchester Fire Ins. Co. v. Davenport,
91 N. Y. 581;
People ex rel. Osgood
v.
Commissioners, etc.,
99 id. 154;
People ex rel. Panama R. R. Co.
v.
Commissioners, etc.,
104 id. 240.)
There was sufficient evidence here, upon which the comptroller could act in finding a basis for assessment.
The relator will be presumed to have employed some of its capital in the city of New York; for there, according to its certificate of incorporation, was its principal place of business, and from there were its operation's conducted; it kept bank accounts there and paid out moneys for matters connected with, and more or less essential to the purposes of its incorporation ; and, if the comptroller fixed the amount of capital so employed here in the way he did, the company has little reason to complain of his account against it. In the eye of the law and as matter of fact some 'capital was employed here and we cannót see that the comptroller erred in his determination.
The judgment of the General Term should be affirmed, with costs.
All concur.
Judgment affirmed.