23CA0125 Peo v Stearns 09-18-2025
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS
Court of Appeals No. 23CA0125 La Plata County District Court No. 21CR481 Honorable Suzanne F. Carlson, Judge
The People of the State of Colorado,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Kenneth Allen Stearns,
Defendant-Appellant.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED
Division I Opinion by JUDGE GROVE J. Jones and Schutz, JJ., concur
NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e) Announced September 18, 2025
Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General, Grant R. Fevurly, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee
Megan A. Ring, Colorado State Public Defender, Leah Scaduto, Deputy State Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant ¶1 Defendant, Kenneth Allen Stearns, appeals his judgment of
conviction entered after a jury found him guilty of felony vehicular
eluding.1 We affirm.
I. Background
¶2 A reasonable jury could have found the following facts based
on the evidence presented at trial.
¶3 One afternoon in the fall of 2021, Stearns was driving his
motorcycle when a La Plata County sheriff’s deputy, Dean Brown,
recognized him and determined that Stearns had outstanding arrest
warrants. As Stearns drove on U.S. Highway 160 with a passenger,
later identified as Y.A., seated behind him, Brown (who was
accompanied by a trainee, Deputy Ryan Davis) began following.
After confirming that the motorcycle was registered to Stearns, the
deputies attempted a traffic stop, first by turning on their patrol
car’s red and blue lights, then by sounding its horn, and finally by
turning on its sirens. Stearns ignored the deputies, which led them
to pursue him.
1 At trial, Stearns was also found guilty of two counts of violating a
protection order. He does not challenge those convictions on appeal.
1 ¶4 The pursuit — which was captured in its entirety on the
deputies’ dashboard camera — began near Durango, continued east
on U.S. Highway 160 and then turned south and eventually east on
State Highway 172 before being discontinued due to safety
considerations. Speeds varied, but at times the deputies were going
ten to thirty miles per hour over the speed limit. At their fastest,
deputies hit eighty-seven miles per hour with Stearns still “pulling
away . . . slightly.”
¶5 The dashcam footage begins when Stearns exited U.S.
Highway 160 and entered a parking lot from a side street. The
deputies turned on their patrol car’s lights to initiate a traffic stop,
but instead of slowing, Stearns accelerated, circled the parking lot,
and ran a stop sign back onto the side street.
¶6 Stearns then re-approached U.S. Highway 160 on the side
street. As he neared a stop sign, an SUV was stopped in the left
lane with its left turn signal on, apparently waiting to turn onto the
highway. Stearns approached the stop sign in the right lane and,
without stopping or otherwise yielding to the SUV, turned left from
the right lane onto U.S. Highway 160.
2 ¶7 The deputies followed Stearns onto U.S. Highway 160 going
east. At one point, as Stearns approached an intersection with a
red light, he drifted into the left turn lane but moved back to the
right when the light turned green. After several miles, Stearns
turned right onto State Highway 172. There were signs indicating
road work ahead and also signs marking a school zone, although
the school zone’s reduced speed limits were not in effect at that
time. At one point, Stearns moved into a passing-prohibited turn
lane to pass several cars, which had pulled over to the shoulder to
allow him and the deputies to pass. Later, Stearns approached
another car, which pulled onto the shoulder to let him pass. About
six minutes into the pursuit, the deputies were instructed to
discontinue.
¶8 An hour later, Stearns was arrested by the Southern Ute
Police Department at a gas station. When the police contacted him,
they discovered that he was subject to two protection orders
prohibiting him from contacting Y.A., his passenger. Compliance
with these orders was also a bond condition in one of his two
pending misdemeanor cases.
3 ¶9 At trial, Stearns conceded that he was guilty of the lesser
included offense of careless driving, a misdemeanor, but maintained
that he was not guilty of vehicular eluding. His argument focused
on the lack of risk his flight posed to others and his “efforts to avoid
and slow down for other vehicles on the road.” The jury found
Stearns guilty of vehicular eluding and he was sentenced to four
years of probation.
¶ 10 Stearns now appeals his vehicular eluding conviction,
contending that the district court erred by (1) allowing the deputies
to provide expert testimony without first being qualified as expert
witnesses and allowing them to usurp the jury’s function as fact
finder; and (2) overlooking prosecutorial misconduct in closing
argument. Stearns also contends that these errors cumulatively
deprived him of a fair trial.
II. Deputies’ Testimony
¶ 11 Stearns contends that the district court plainly erred by
allowing certain testimony from Deputies Brown and Davis. We are
not persuaded.
4 A. Additional Facts
¶ 12 Both deputies testified at trial as lay witnesses during direct
examination. Deputy Brown summarized his training and
experience as a police officer, including elaborating on his high-
speed and low-speed driving training. The prosecution then played
the patrol car’s dashcam video of the pursuit while Brown narrated
the events. In response to the prosecutor’s questions, Brown
characterized several of Stearns’s actions during the pursuit as
“dangerous maneuver[s],” including his failure to stop before
turning across U.S. Highway 160, his high rate of speed during the
pursuit, and his decision to pass four cars in a passing-prohibited
middle turning lane. Brown added that this last maneuver was “a
violation of the law.” On redirect, Brown clarified that, even though
Stearns used his turn signal at some points and that road
conditions were not bad, he was still driving dangerously because
he was excessively speeding and running stop signs with a
passenger on his motorcycle. Brown testified that neither personal
injury nor property damage were necessary for driving to be
considered dangerous.
5 ¶ 13 Deputy Davis also recounted his training and certifications on
the stand, including his driving training. Although his testimony
was briefer than Brown’s, he also characterized Stearns’s turn
across traffic onto U.S. Highway 160 and his decision to pass in a
passing-prohibited turning lane as “dangerous maneuver[s].” The
latter, he reiterated, was also a violation of the law.
B. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
¶ 14 CRE 701 defines the scope of lay witness opinion testimony. It
provides that lay witness testimony in the form of opinions or
inferences must be “(a) rationally based on the perception of the
witness, (b) helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’[s]
testimony or the determination of a fact in issue, and (c) not based
on scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the
scope of [CRE] 702.”
¶ 15 CRE 702, on the other hand, concerns the admissibility of
expert testimony. Under this rule, “[i]f scientific, technical, or other
specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the
evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an
expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may
testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.” CRE 702.
6 ¶ 16 In determining whether testimony is lay testimony under CRE
701 or expert testimony under CRE 702, a district court must look
to the basis for the opinion. Venalonzo v. People, 2017 CO 9, ¶ 16.
If the witness provides testimony that could be expected to be based
on an ordinary person’s experience or knowledge, then the witness
is offering lay testimony. Id. If, on the other hand, the witness
provides testimony that could not be offered without specialized
experience, knowledge, or training, then the witness is offering
expert testimony. Id.
¶ 17 To establish the class 5 felony of vehicular eluding, the
prosecution must show that the defendant operating a motor
vehicle “knowingly elud[ed] or attempt[ed] to elude a peace officer
also operating a motor vehicle,” knew or reasonably should have
known that he was “being pursued by said peace officer,” and
operated his vehicle “in a reckless manner.” § 18-9-116.5(1), (2)(a),
C.R.S. 2025. In comparison, the statute for the lesser included
class 2 misdemeanor of careless driving requires the prosecution to
show that the defendant operated a motor vehicle “in a careless and
imprudent manner, without due regard for the width, grade, curves,
7 corners, traffic, and use of the streets and highways.” § 42-4-
1402(1), (2)(a), C.R.S. 2025.
¶ 18 We review evidentiary decisions for an abuse of discretion.
People v. Stewart, 55 P.3d 107, 122 (Colo. 2002). Because Stearns’s
attorney did not object to the testimony that Stearns now
challenges on appeal, we review for plain error. Hagos v. People,
2012 CO 63, ¶ 14. Under the plain error standard of review, a
defendant bears the burden of establishing that an error occurred
and that, at that time, the error was so clear cut and obvious that a
trial judge should have been able to avoid it without benefit of
objection. People v. Conyac, 2014 COA 8M, ¶ 54. And we reverse
only if such an error so undermined the fundamental fairness of the
trial itself as to cast serious doubt on the reliability of the judgment
of conviction. Hagos, ¶ 14.
C. Analysis
¶ 19 As Stearns puts it in his opening brief, the outcome of his trial
“ultimately boiled down to the jurors’ subjective judgment about
whether Stearns’s driving rose to the level of ‘recklessness’ or was
merely ‘careless.’” In other words, the main question that the jurors
8 had to decide was whether or not Stearns drove “in a reckless
manner” during the pursuit. § 18-9-116.5(1).
¶ 20 Given that the jurors were shown dashcam footage depicting
the entire pursuit, we are confident they were able to reasonably
determine on their own whether Stearns drove recklessly during the
chase. Each incident that the deputies described as a “dangerous
maneuver” or a violation of the law was clearly shown in the
footage, and the deputies’ choice of words did not usurp the jury’s
role of determining whether Stearns’s driving qualified as “reckless.”
Nor did the deputies’ assertions regarding the legality of various
actions require any particular expertise. Venalonzo, ¶ 16. Any
licensed driver should know, for example, that running a stop sign
violates traffic laws, as does driving more than thirty miles per hour
over the posted limit.
¶ 21 We acknowledge that some of the deputies’ testimony —
particularly Brown’s description of the reasons for calling off the
chase — may have been closer to crossing the line between lay and
expert testimony. Nonetheless, even if we were to assume that
some of the testimony described above was improperly admitted,
reversal would not be required under the plain error standard.
9 Hagos, ¶ 14. The deputies’ narration of the footage did not occur in
a vacuum. The defense extensively cross-examined Brown and,
while the dashcam video played, pointed out that many of Brown’s
opinions about the dangerousness of Stearns’s maneuvers were
based on hypothetical circumstances that did not actually occur.
Similarly, defense counsel’s cross-examination of Davis drew an
admission that the supposed risks related to Stearns’s dangerous
driving had not occurred. Most importantly, though, the jurors
viewed the dashcam footage themselves, and in our view, nothing in
either deputy’s testimony seriously undermined the jurors’ ability to
rely on their own observations to assess whether Stearns drove
recklessly during the pursuit. Accordingly, even if some of the
deputies’ testimony was improperly admitted, the error was not
plain.
III. Prosecutorial Misconduct
¶ 22 Stearns next argues that the district court erred by failing to
intervene when the prosecutor allegedly (1) expressed his personal
opinion that Stearns was guilty; (2) misstated the facts and law of
the case; and (3) made a “golden rule” argument during closing. We
disagree.
10 A. Applicable Law and Standard of Review
¶ 23 In reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, we conduct a
two-step analysis. Wend v. People, 235 P.3d 1089, 1096 (Colo.
2010). We determine first whether “the prosecutor’s questionable
conduct was improper based on the totality of the circumstances
and, second, whether such actions warrant reversal according to
the proper standard of review.” Id.
¶ 24 Because “[a]dvocates must be able to present their best case to
achieve just results,” prosecutors have “wide latitude in the
language and presentation style used to obtain justice.” Domingo-
Gomez v. People, 125 P.3d 1043, 1048 (Colo. 2005). During closing
argument, a prosecutor “may refer to the strength and significance
of the evidence, conflicting evidence, and reasonable inferences that
may be drawn from the evidence.” People v. Walters, 148 P.3d 331,
334 (Colo. App. 2006). However, a prosecutor’s “arguments and
rhetorical flourishes must stay within the ethical boundaries” that
our supreme court has drawn. Domingo-Gomez, 125 P.3d at 1048.
¶ 25 Three of those ethical boundaries are not “express[ing] a
personal belief or opinion as to [the] truth or falsity of [a witness’s]
testimony,” Wilson v. People, 743 P.2d 415, 419 (Colo. 1987); not
11 intentionally misstating the evidence or the law, Domingo-Gomez,
125 P.3d at 1048-49; and not making “golden rule” arguments
because “they encourage the jury to decide the case based on
personal interest . . . rather than on a rational assessment of the
evidence,” People v. Munsey, 232 P.3d 113, 123 (Colo. App. 2009).
¶ 26 Where, as here, a defendant did not preserve a claim of error
by objecting at trial, appellate review is circumscribed by the plain
error standard of Crim. P. 52(b). The defendant must show that the
prosecutor’s arguments were “flagrantly, glaringly, or tremendously
improper.” Domingo-Gomez, 125 P.3d at 1053 (citation omitted).
Also, because courts do not reverse convictions to punish
prosecutors, the defendant must show that the arguments so
undermined the trial’s fundamental fairness as to cast doubt on the
judgment’s reliability. People v. McBride, 228 P.3d 216, 221 (Colo.
App. 2009). Given these demanding requirements, “[p]rosecutorial
misconduct in closing argument rarely constitutes plain error.” Id.
(alteration in original) (quoting Liggett v. People, 135 P.3d 725, 735
(Colo. 2006)).
12 B. Additional Facts
¶ 27 Stearns contends that the following statements, all of which
occurred during the prosecutor’s closing argument, require reversal
for plain error:
(1) “[T]he argument comes down to whether or not Mr.
Stearns’[s] driving was reckless, and I want to tell you his
driving was indeed reckless.”
(2) “[W]e heard . . . the police deemed [the pursuit] too
dangerous to continue. In their professional driving, they
deemed this too dangerous to continue. They terminated
due to a substantial and unjustifiable risk to the
defendant himself, to the passenger, to the public, and to
the officers themselves.”
(3) “[Stearns] consciously disregarded everyone’s safety and
he drove this way, this way that we all saw on the dash
cam.”
(4) “He drove this way . . . over the safety of everyone in La
Plata County.”
(5) “[Stearns’s driving was] a conscious disregard for a
substantial risk; a risk to himself, a risk to his
13 passenger, and a risk to the public as a whole. He put
the community at risk when he made that conscious
decision.”
¶ 28 During rebuttal closing, the prosecutor made the following
statement:
(6) “The very nature of running from the police is a
conscious disregard for a substantial risk. There is a
substantial risk that something is going to happen when
you run from the police, and [Stearns] made that decision
consciously to continue driving.”
1. Personal Opinion
¶ 29 Stearns first contends that the prosecutor impermissibly gave
his personal opinion that Stearns was driving recklessly when he
said, “I want to tell you his driving was indeed reckless.” After
considering this statement in context, we disagree. Rather than
representing an improper personal opinion, the prosecutor’s
assertion was instead a rhetorical device that served to introduce a
detailed discussion of the evidence. See People v. Esquivel-Alaniz,
985 P.2d 22, 23 (Colo. App. 1999) (“A contention that the
14 prosecution engaged in improper argument must be evaluated in
the context of the argument as a whole and in light of the
evidence.”); People v. Ortega, 2016 COA 148, ¶ 27 (“[B]ecause
arguments delivered in the heat of trial are not always perfectly
scripted, reviewing courts accord prosecutors the benefit of the
doubt when their remarks are ambiguous or simply inartful.”
(citation omitted)). Consistent with that interpretation, we note that
the prosecutor’s subsequent remarks included highlighting
Stearns’s left turn from the right lane onto U.S. Highway 160, his
speeding, and his decision to pass in a no-passing lane.
Accordingly, the record does not support Stearns’s contention that
the prosecutor’s statement improperly injected his personal opinion
of Stearns’s guilt. See People v. Kendall, 174 P.3d 791, 798 (Colo.
App. 2007) (holding that the prosecutor’s statement, “[F]ind the
defendant guilty of kidnapping, because that’s what he did,” was
not a personal opinion but rather a reiteration of the prosecution’s
position that the defendant was guilty of kidnapping).
2. Misstating the Facts and Law
¶ 30 Stearns next asserts that the prosecutor misstated the facts
when he said, “[I]n [the deputies’] professional driving experience,
15 they deemed [the pursuit] too dangerous to continue.” He contends
that this statement implied that the deputies provided expert
testimony rather than lay testimony, and that it therefore “imbued
the officers’ testimony with the weight of expertise.” Again, we
disagree. The challenged statement was a reference to the reasons
that the deputies were ordered to call off the chase, which included
factors like traffic conditions, the type of vehicle Stearns was
driving, and the fact that he had a passenger, among others. It was
a practical summation of the deputies’ description of the pursuit
and an accurate explanation for why it was terminated after six
minutes.
¶ 31 Even assuming the prosecutor’s phrasing could have been
understood as suggesting that the deputies gave expert rather than
lay testimony, reversal would not be required under the plain error
standard. See Hagos, ¶ 14; Ortega, ¶ 27. Many of the factors that
led to the termination of the pursuit were visible on the dashcam
footage, and the reasoning underlying that decision was just one of
many pieces of evidence that the prosecutor urged the jury to
consider when deciding whether Stearns drove recklessly.
16 ¶ 32 Stearns also argues that the prosecutor lowered the burden of
proof during rebuttal closing when he said, “The very nature of
running from the police is a conscious disregard for a substantial
risk.” He contends that this statement suggested to the jury that
any flight from the police qualifies as vehicular eluding, regardless
of whether it is done recklessly. But when this statement is read
together with the remainder of the closing argument, it becomes
clear that the prosecutor was not suggesting that the jury should
minimize — much less dispense with — the requirement that
Stearns drove recklessly during his flight from police. Indeed, the
prosecutor repeatedly highlighted Stearns’s actions throughout his
closing and rebuttal arguments, urging the jury each time to find
that those acts were done recklessly. Given this context, we
conclude that this statement does not substantially undermine our
faith in his conviction.
3. Golden Rule
¶ 33 Finally, Stearns asserts that the prosecutor made an
impermissible “golden rule” argument when he argued that Stearns
put running from his warrants “over the safety of everyone in La
Plata County” and “put the community at risk” by choosing to flee
17 from the deputies. This generalized statement accurately reflected
the “clear intent” of the vehicular eluding statute: “[T]o protect
members of the public from the dangers created by a driver
attempting to elude a police officer.” People v. Fury, 872 P.2d 1280,
1283 (Colo. App. 1993). It did not ask the jurors “to place
themselves in the victim’s position” or otherwise “encourage the jury
to decide the case based on personal interest and emotion rather
than on a rational assessment of the evidence.” Munsey, 232 P.3d
at 123. It was therefore not improper.
IV. Cumulative Error
¶ 34 Because the district court did not commit multiple errors,
reversal is not warranted for cumulative error. Howard-Walker v.
People, 2019 CO 69, ¶ 26 (“[R]eversal is warranted when numerous
errors in the aggregate show the absence of a fair trial, even if
individually the errors were harmless or did not affect the
defendant’s substantial rights.”).
V. Disposition
¶ 35 We affirm Stearns’s judgment of conviction.
JUDGE J. JONES and JUDGE SCHUTZ concur.