Peo v. Rocha

• Court: Colorado Court of Appeals
• Decided: November 6, 2025
• Docket: 24CA2065
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

24CA2065 Peo v Rocha 11-06-2025

COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS

Court of Appeals No. 24CA2065 El Paso County District Court No. 09CR609 Honorable Erin Sokol, Judge

The People of the State of Colorado,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

Jose Guadalupe Rocha,

Defendant-Appellant.

ORDER AFFIRMED

Division V Opinion by JUDGE PAWAR Freyre and Yun, JJ., concur

NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e) Announced November 6, 2025

Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General, Jacob R. Lofgren, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee

Jose Guadalupe Rocha, Pro Se ¶1 Defendant, Jose Guadalupe Rocha, appeals the district court’s

order denying his latest postconviction motion without a hearing.

We affirm.

I. Background

¶2 A jury convicted Rocha of several sexual offenses after he twice

sexually assaulted the victim, a thirteen-year-old girl. The court

adjudicated Rocha a habitual criminal and sentenced him to an

aggregate, indeterminate term of 152 years to life in prison.

¶3 A division of this court partially affirmed Rocha’s judgment of

conviction but remanded the case to the district court to vacate

some of his convictions and reinstate another conviction that had

been improperly merged. See People v. Rocha, (Colo. App. No.

11CA1841, Mar. 25, 2015) (not published pursuant to C.A.R. 35(e)).

This court issued the mandate in Rocha’s direct appeal on

November 4, 2015. On December 17, 2015, the district court

resentenced Rocha in accordance with the division’s remand

instructions. Rocha did not directly appeal his sentence. Later, on

January 13, 2016, the district court amended the mittimus to

reflect presentence confinement credit.

1 ¶4 In December 2018, Rocha filed a pro se postconviction motion,

which he signed on December 18 and submitted for mailing on

December 20. Both of those dates were more than three years after

(1) the direct appeal mandate was issued on November 4, 2015, and

(2) Rocha was resentenced on December 17, 2015.

¶5 The district court appointed postconviction counsel for Rocha.

After several years of status hearings and extensions of time,

Rocha’s first postconviction counsel left the public defender’s office

and second postconviction counsel was appointed. Second

postconviction counsel filed a supplement, the prosecution

responded, and the district court scheduled a hearing. At a status

conference before the hearing, counsel requested a continuance and

the prosecution advised that it would file a supplemental motion

arguing that Rocha’s pro se postconviction motion was time barred.

The district court granted the continuance and vacated the hearing

date, and the parties briefed the timeliness issue.

¶6 The district court then denied Rocha’s postconviction motion

without a hearing, concluding that it was untimely because it was

filed more than three years after the mandate was issued in Rocha’s

direct appeal. Moreover, the court rejected postconviction counsel’s

2 assertion that any delay was due to circumstances amounting to

justifiable excuse or excusable neglect.

¶7 A division of this court affirmed the district court’s order. See

People v. Rocha, (Colo. App. No. 22CA0775, Sep. 28, 2023) (not

published pursuant to C.A.R. 35(e)) (Rocha II). The division

concluded that Rocha’s conviction became final, at the latest, when

the district court resentenced him on December 17, 2015.

Accordingly, the three-year limitations period for filing a Crim. P. 35

motion expired on December 17, 2018. Id. at ¶ 10.

¶8 Rocha then filed the postconviction motion at issue in this

appeal. He asserted ineffective assistance of both postconviction

counsel and appellate counsel who represented him in Rocha II.

The district court summarily denied the motion. The court

concluded that Rocha’s first postconviction motion had no

“arguable merit” because it was untimely, therefore Rocha’s

“statutory right to postconviction counsel was never triggered,” and

“any finding that [he] received potentially ineffective assistance from

postconviction counsel would not entitle him to relief.”

¶9 Rocha contends that the district court erred by denying his

postconviction motion without a hearing. We disagree.

3 II. Standard of Review and Governing Law

¶ 10 We review de novo the district court’s denial of a Crim. P. 35(c)

motion for postconviction relief without an evidentiary hearing.

People v. Cali, 2020 CO 20, ¶ 14.

¶ 11 A postconviction court should consider, among other things,

whether a Crim. P. 35(c) motion is timely under section 16-5-402,

C.R.S. 2025, and may deny the motion without a hearing if “the

motion and the files and record of the case show to the satisfaction

of the court that the defendant is not entitled to relief.” Crim. P.

35(c)(3)(IV). The right to postconviction counsel is triggered only if

the motion survives the postconviction court’s initial review under

Crim. P. 35(c)(3)(IV). See Crim. P. 35(c)(3)(V).

¶ 12 A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to the effective

assistance of counsel. People v. Rainey, 2023 CO 14, ¶ 1. To

prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a defendant

must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient, meaning it

fell below an objective standard of reasonableness; and (2) counsel’s

deficient performance prejudiced the defense, meaning there is a

reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient performance,

the result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland v.

4 Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88 (1984). “Because a defendant

must show both deficient performance and prejudice, a court may

resolve the claim solely on the basis that the defendant has failed in

either regard.” People v. Karpierz, 165 P.3d 753, 759 (Colo. App.

2006).

¶ 13 The same two-prong Strickland test applies to claims of

ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. People v. Long, 126 P.3d

284, 286 (Colo. App. 2005). But “[a]ppellate counsel is not required

to raise on appeal every nonfrivolous issue a defendant desires to

raise.” People v. Trujillo, 169 P.3d 235, 238 (Colo. App. 2007).

Under the Strickland test in the appellate context, a defendant must

show that (1) the omitted appellate issue was clearly stronger than

those appealed; and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but

for counsel’s errors, the defendant would have prevailed on appeal.

Long, 126 P.3d at 286.

¶ 14 Although a court must broadly construe a pro se litigant’s

pleadings, it is not a court’s role to rewrite those pleadings or act as

the litigant’s advocate. Cali, ¶ 34.

5 III. Analysis

¶ 15 Rocha raises three issues on appeal. He asserts that the

district court erred in concluding that his right to postconviction

counsel was never triggered. He reasserts his claims of ineffective

assistance of postconviction counsel and appellate counsel. And he

asserts that “his right to due process was violated as a result of

prior postconviction counsels’ deficiencies.” We address and reject

each contention in turn.

A. Right to Postconviction Counsel

¶ 16 Rocha argues that, even if his first postconviction motion was

untimely, he had justifiable excuse or excusable neglect because his

initial filing complied with Leyva v. People, 184 P.3d 48 (Colo.

2008). Rocha contends that under his interpretation of Leyva, the

district court’s January 2016 correction of the mittimus renewed

the three-year period to file his first Crim. P. 35(c) motion. Thus, in

his view, he was entitled to postconviction counsel in his first

postconviction proceedings. For two reasons, Rocha’s argument is

unavailing.

¶ 17 First, consistent with Rocha II, the district court correctly

applied Hunsaker v. People, 2021 CO 83, to conclude that Rocha’s

6 initial postconviction motion was untimely. Although Rocha

contends that, under Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288 (1989), the

district court should not have applied Hunsaker retroactively,

Teague applies only to “new constitutional rules of criminal

procedure.” See People v. Cooper, 2023 COA 113, ¶ 9 (citation

omitted). “If the new rule is not founded on constitutional

concerns, it does not implicate Teague.” Id. (citation omitted).

Hunsaker did not announce a new constitutional rule of criminal

procedure; rather, it clarified that under a proper understanding of

Leyva, the correction of an illegal sentence renews the Crim. P.

35(c) limitations period only for arguments related to the illegality in

the sentence. See Hunsaker, ¶¶ 26-29, 35.

¶ 18 Second, Rocha’s original postconviction motion would have

been untimely even under his interpretation of Leyva. Rocha

argues that under Leyva, the district court’s January 2016

correction of the mittimus reset the deadline for filing a

postconviction motion. But the district court issued its corrected

mittimus only to note the amount of presentence confinement

credit. And presentence confinement credit “is not a component of

the sentence.” People v. Baker, 2019 CO 97M, ¶ 11. Correcting a

7 mittimus to reflect the proper presentence confinement credit does

not alter a sentence or impact the finality of the original judgment

of conviction, and therefore, Rocha’s original Rule 35(c) motion had

to be filed no more than three years after the district court

resentenced him on December 17, 2015, even under his

interpretation of Leyva. See Baker, ¶ 22.

¶ 19 Consequently, the district court should have denied Rocha’s

initial postconviction motion as untimely when it was filed, and

thus, the court, in denying Rocha’s second Crim. P. 35(c) motion,

correctly concluded that his right to postconviction counsel was

never triggered. See Crim. P. 35(c)(3)(IV).

B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

1. Postconviction Counsel

¶ 20 Rocha contends that the “cumulative deficiencies” of his two

postconviction counsel prejudiced him. But because his first

postconviction motion was untimely and his right to postconviction

counsel was not triggered, we agree with the district court that “any

finding that [Rocha] received potentially ineffective assistance from

postconviction counsel would not entitle him to relief.” Even so, we

8 conclude that Rocha did not receive ineffective assistance of

postconviction counsel.

¶ 21 Rocha argues that his first postconviction counsel “wasted

nearly two years,” made no progress on the case, and

misrepresented to the court that he was actively working on Rocha’s

case. But Rocha does not explain how counsel’s delay and inaction

prejudiced him. Any delay caused by first postconviction counsel’s

inaction occurred after Rocha untimely filed his pro se motion. And

after Rocha’s first postconviction counsel left the public defender’s

office, his second postconviction counsel completed the

investigation of his postconviction claims and filed a Brief in

Support of Application for Postconviction Review.

¶ 22 Rocha argues that his second postconviction counsel

inadequately challenged the retroactive application of Hunsaker,

failed to argue that his initial motion was timely under Leyva, or, in

the alternative, did not argue justifiable excuse or excusable

neglect.

¶ 23 In a motion to strike the prosecution’s supplemental objection

to Rocha’s initial postconviction motion, second postconviction

counsel argued that excusable neglect or justifiable excuse existed

9 because Rocha filed his motion pro se and due to newly discovered

evidence. Thus, the record directly refutes Rocha’s claim that

second postconviction counsel failed to raise excusable neglect or

justifiable excuse. See People v. Duran, 2025 COA 34, ¶ 15 (a

postconviction court may deny a Crim. P. 35(c) motion without an

evidentiary hearing if the record directly refutes the allegations).

¶ 24 And, as examined above, retroactive application of Hunsaker

was appropriate and application of Leyva would not have saved

Rocha’s motion. Therefore, second postconviction counsel’s failure

to challenge the retroactive application of Hunsaker or argue the

timeliness under Leyva does not constitute deficient performance.

2. Postconviction Appellate Counsel

¶ 25 Rocha contends that appellate counsel was ineffective in

failing to argue justifiable excuse or excusable neglect on appeal.

But Rocha does not identify, either on appeal or in his second

postconviction motion, facts that would, if true, establish justifiable

excuse or excusable neglect for his late filing (other than his

misplaced reliance on Leyva). See People v. Clouse, 74 P.3d 336,

340 (Colo. App. 2002).

10 ¶ 26 And, based on our analysis above, the argument Rocha faults

appellate counsel for not raising lacked merit. See Trujillo, 169 P.3d

at 238 (claims of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel may

stem from overlooking a meritorious argument that was more likely

to succeed than the argument presented). The first postconviction

motion would have been time barred even under Rocha’s

interpretation of Leyva; it was thus reasonable for appellate counsel

not to raise the issue on appeal.

¶ 27 We therefore conclude that appellate counsel’s performance

did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness. See

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688-89.

3. Due Process Violations

¶ 28 Rocha’s due process argument appears to be a restatement of

his earlier arguments that relied on Leyva and asserted that the

district court should not have applied Hunsaker retroactively, which

we analyzed and rejected above.

¶ 29 However, to the extent that Rocha’s due process argument is a

standalone claim, he did not raise such a claim in his pro se Crim.

P. 35(c) motion. Thus, it is not properly before us. See Cali, ¶ 34

(“[A]lthough we will broadly construe a pro se litigant’s pleadings to

11 effectuate the[ir] substance, rather than the[ir] form, . . . we will not

consider issues not raised before the district court in a motion for

postconviction relief.”)

IV. Disposition

¶ 30 The order is affirmed.

JUDGE FREYRE and JUDGE YUN concur.