22CA0436 Peo v Nardi 10-31-2024
COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS
Court of Appeals No. 22CA0436 Pitkin County District Court No. 13CR33 Honorable Christopher G. Seldin, Judge
The People of the State of Colorado,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Peter Bruno Nardi,
Defendant-Appellant.
ORDER AFFIRMED
Division VII Opinion by JUDGE TOW Pawar and Schutz, JJ., concur
NOT PUBLISHED PURSUANT TO C.A.R. 35(e) Announced October 31, 2024
Philip J. Weiser, Attorney General, Frank R. Lawson, Assistant Attorney General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee
Lucy H. Deakins, Alternate Defense Counsel, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant- Appellant ¶1 Defendant, Peter Bruno Nardi, appeals the postconviction
court’s order denying his Crim. P. 35(c) motion after an evidentiary
hearing. We affirm.
I. Background
¶2 According to the evidence at trial, Nardi and J.B. were in a
romantic relationship for eight months. J.B. called 911 and
reported that Nardi had physically and sexually assaulted her the
night before. J.B. received a sexual assault examination, which
revealed DNA evidence consistent with J.B.’s story.
¶3 Nardi was charged with sexual assault, attempted second
degree assault, two counts of third degree assault, and false
imprisonment. The prosecution later added a violation of bail bond
conditions charge after Nardi missed a court date.
¶4 Nardi, who did not qualify as indigent, was initially
represented by private defense counsel John P. Van Ness. Nardi
signed a fee agreement providing that Van Ness would represent
Nardi in exchange for a $10,000 retainer, $2,500 to be paid on a
specific date, and $1,000 to be paid every two weeks starting on a
later date. The agreement, which was secured by a lien on Nardi’s
1 car, specified that Van Ness would bill Nardi $250 per hour against
the retainer, and expenses greater than $30 were Nardi’s
responsibility, including expert witness fees.
¶5 A few months after Van Ness began representing Nardi, he told
Nardi that he would likely need to hire co-counsel for the trial, as
well as retain an investigator and expert witnesses. Nardi could not
afford these costs, and Van Ness moved to withdraw from the case.
¶6 A few weeks later, before the trial court acted on the
withdrawal request, Van Ness and Nardi signed an amended fee
agreement. They agreed that the current bill for legal services,
which exceeded the initial retainer, would be satisfied by the money
Nardi had already paid in addition to Nardi signing over title to two
vehicles. The amended fee agreement also provided, “In exchange
for 70% of any settlement or collected judgment against [J.B.], I
agree to provide legal services including defense of your four
criminal cases, and prosecution of a civil claim against [J.B.].” In
addition, Nardi and Van Ness agreed that if co-counsel was needed,
Van Ness would be responsible for paying them, but Nardi would be
2 responsible for the likely required expert witness expenses, among
other expenses.
¶7 Van Ness later enlisted Colleen Scissors as co-counsel.
¶8 Approximately two weeks before the jury trial began, Van Ness
filed a motion requesting that the trial court order the state to pay
for the cost of expert witness fees pursuant to Chief Justice
Directive (CJD) 04-04, Appointment of State-Funded Counsel in
Criminal Cases and for Contempt of Court, § V(D) (amended July
2024). This CJD gives a trial court discretion to authorize state-
paid defense experts if “[t]he defendant is receiving private counsel
but becomes indigent during the course of the case, and the court
has determined that the defendant lacks sufficient funds to pay for
court costs, and that it would be too disruptive to the proceedings
to assign the Public Defender or Alternate Defense Counsel to the
case.” CJD 04-04, § V(D)(1)(c). The motion stated that Nardi had
been able to pay Dr. Robert Lantz, a serology expert,1 to date but
that Dr. Lantz’s estimated fee for testifying at trial was $7,000,
which Nardi was unable to pay.
1 Serology is the study of bodily fluids.
3 ¶9 The day before the jury trial began, Nardi filed an affidavit of
financial condition, in which he asserted he had been employed for
forty hours a week since the end of the previous year but because
the ski season had just ended his hours had dropped to twenty per
week. He requested that the state pay for the cost of the expert
witness fees at trial. The same day, the trial court found that Nardi
was indigent and was therefore eligible to have the state pay his
expert fees pursuant to CJD 04-04, but the court denied the motion
without prejudice to renew, noting that Nardi requested an amount
much greater than the maximum permitted under CJD 12-03,
which at the time set the maximum amount for state-paid expert
fees at $1,000. See CJD 12-03, Directive Concerning Court
Compensation of Expert Witnesses and Professionals Conducting
Mental Health Evaluations, Sanity Evaluations, and Competency
Evaluations, § I(D) (effective until July 1, 2015). Ten days into the
trial, after Nardi filed a renewed motion, the trial court ordered the
state to pay a total of $2,000 for Dr. Lantz’s expert fees, again
finding that Nardi was indigent but that it would be too disruptive
to appoint a public defender or alternate defense counsel to the
4 case. Ultimately, Dr. Lantz did not testify on behalf of Nardi at trial
because he was unwilling to accept the state rate. No other expert
witness testified for Nardi.
¶ 10 The jury convicted Nardi on all counts. The court sentenced
him to an indeterminate term of eleven years to life for the sexual
assault conviction and three years for the attempted second degree
assault conviction in the custody of the Department of Corrections
with an additional one-year consecutive sentence on the bail bond
violation conviction. (On the remaining convictions, the court
imposed jail sentences to run concurrently with the attempted
assault sentence.)
¶ 11 Nardi’s conviction was affirmed on direct appeal, though the
division concluded that the trial court had used an incorrect
sentencing range for the sexual assault conviction and remanded
the matter for resentencing. People v. Nardi, (Colo. App. No.
14CA1643, Mar. 8, 2018) (not published pursuant to C.A.R. 35(e)).
After Nardi was resentenced, he filed a timely pro se Crim. P. 35(c)
motion, which was later supplemented by appointed counsel.
5 Following an evidentiary hearing, the postconviction court denied
the motion.
¶ 12 Nardi appeals.
II. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
¶ 13 A postconviction court’s ruling on a Rule 35(c) motion after a
hearing presents a mixed question of fact and law. People v. Sharp,
2019 COA 133, ¶ 12. “We defer to the court’s findings of fact if they
have record support, but we review any legal conclusions de novo.”
Id. The postconviction court determines the weight and credibility
to be given to the testimony of witnesses in a Crim. P. 35(c) hearing.
People v. Hardin, 2016 COA 175, ¶ 39.
¶ 14 When evaluating most claims of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel, we apply the two-prong test set forth in Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Ardolino v. People, 69 P.3d 73,
76 (Colo. 2003); People v. Long, 126 P.3d 284, 286 (Colo. App.
2005). To prevail on such a claim, a defendant must show that
(1) counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) the deficient
performance prejudiced him. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686.
6 ¶ 15 To establish deficient performance, a defendant must prove
that counsel’s representation “fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness.” Id. at 688. “[A] court must indulge a strong
presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of
reasonable professional assistance; that is, the defendant must
overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the
challenged action ‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’” Id. at
689 (citation omitted). To establish prejudice, a defendant must
show that there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors,
“the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694.
A postconviction court may reject an ineffective assistance of
counsel claim if the defendant fails to demonstrate either deficient
performance or prejudice. People v. Aguilar, 2012 COA 181, ¶ 9.
¶ 16 Strickland’s familiar standard, however, does not always
govern an ineffective assistance of counsel claim. In United States
v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 658-61 (1984), the Supreme Court
identified three situations in which a defendant can prove
ineffective assistance of counsel without having to establish
prejudice: (1) there is a complete denial of counsel; (2) “counsel
7 entirely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful
adversarial testing”; or (3) “although counsel is available to assist
the accused during trial, the likelihood that any lawyer, even a fully
competent one, could provide effective assistance is so small that a
presumption of prejudice is appropriate.” See also Bell v. Cone, 535
U.S. 685, 695-96 (2002).
¶ 17 Another scenario in which prejudice is presumed is when a
defendant’s counsel labored under an actual conflict of interest.
West v. People, 2015 CO 5, ¶ 57; see also Cronic, 466 U.S. at 662
n.31 (citing Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. 335, 348-49 (1980)). An
actual conflict is one that adversely affected counsel’s performance.
Mickens v. Taylor, 535 U.S. 162, 172 n.5 (2002).
[T]o show an adverse effect, a defendant must (1) identify a plausible alternative defense strategy or tactic that counsel could have pursued, (2) show that the alternative strategy or tactic was objectively reasonable under the facts known to counsel at the time of the strategic decision, and (3) establish that counsel’s failure to pursue the strategy or tactic was linked to the conflict.
West, ¶ 57.
8 III. Analysis
¶ 18 Nardi contends that he established his ineffective assistance
claim under all three theories — an actual conflict of interest under
West, a prejudicial substandard performance under Strickland, and
the failure to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful
adversarial testing under Cronic. We address and reject each claim.
A. West: Actual Conflict of Interest
¶ 19 Nardi claims that the contingency fee agreement created a
conflict of interest for his counsel. Specifically, he argues that
under the amended fee agreement, Van Ness would only get paid if
Nardi was acquitted and then recovered a judgment against J.B. in
a civil matter Nardi planned to file based on her purportedly false
allegations. Because Van Ness’s ability to get paid relied entirely on
Nardi’s exoneration, he argues, his counsel could not take any steps
— or advise Nardi to take any action — that might result in a
conviction even for a lesser offense. We discern no actual conflict of
interest.
¶ 20 As a threshold matter, we note that the postconviction court
found that Scissors, not Van Ness, was lead trial counsel. Nardi
does not challenge that finding. Recall that Van Ness was 9 responsible for paying Scissors. There is nothing in the record to
suggest that Scissors would not get paid unless Nardi recovered a
civil judgment against J.B. Indeed, at the postconviction hearing,
Scissors testified that she did not learn of the contingent fee
agreement between Van Ness and Nardi until the commencement of
the postconviction proceedings. Thus, because Scissors was the
captain of the ship regarding trial strategies (including the decision
whether to tender a lesser included offense instruction) and she did
not labor under any conflict flowing from Nardi’s fee agreement with
Van Ness, Nardi’s claim that the failure to tender a lesser included
offense instruction ran afoul of West fails.
¶ 21 As to Nardi’s claim that Van Ness labored under an actual
conflict, we follow the postconviction court’s lead and assume,
without deciding, that the amended fee agreement created a conflict
of interest for Van Ness. We therefore turn to whether Nardi
showed an adverse effect resulting from that purported conflict.
¶ 22 Nardi identifies what he asserts are two plausible alternative
defense strategies that Van Ness could have, but did not, pursue:
(1) seeking a plea deal or conviction on lesser charges and
10 (2) invoking Nardi’s indigency earlier to facilitate either Van Ness’s
replacement with a public defender or state funds to pay for an
expert witness.
¶ 23 The postconviction court found that it was not objectively
reasonable for Van Ness to initiate plea negotiations because Nardi
steadfastly maintained his innocence and even provided statements
to a newspaper proclaiming as much.
¶ 24 Relying on Carmichael v. People, 206 P.3d 800, 806 (Colo.
2009), Nardi argues that his innocence claims do not relieve his
counsel from the obligation to seek a plea agreement. But Nardi
ignores significant differences between Carmichael and this case.
There, notwithstanding the defendant’s protestation of innocence,
the defendant instructed his counsel to seek a plea agreement, and
his counsel and the prosecution were actively negotiating.
Carmichael, 206 P.3d at 807. To the contrary, here, no plea offer
was extended, and there is no evidence that Nardi ever instructed
Van Ness to pursue a plea offer.
¶ 25 Thus, Carmichael does not stand for the proposition to which
Nardi’s argument would inexorably lead: that an attorney must
11 always solicit a plea bargain or offer instructions on a lesser
included offense. Indeed, as the postconviction court noted, the law
in Colorado appears to be the opposite — defense counsel has no
duty to initiate plea negotiations when the defendant adamantly
maintains his innocence. See People v. Sherman, 172 P.3d 911,
913 (Colo. App. 2006).
¶ 26 The record supports the postconviction court’s finding that,
under the circumstances, counsel’s decision to forego pursuing a
plea bargain was objectively reasonable. Further, we note that the
postconviction court did not explicitly address Nardi’s argument
regarding Van Ness failing to offer a lesser included offense
instruction (most likely because it had concluded that Scissors, not
Van Ness, was responsible for the decision not to do so). But even
assuming it was Van Ness’s decision, the logic underpinning the
court’s resolution of the plea bargain issue — that pursuing that
path was objectively unreasonable in light of Nardi’s steadfast
claims of innocence — applies equally to the pursuit of a lesser
included offense conviction.
12 ¶ 27 As to Van Ness’s efforts to invoke Nardi’s indigency, the
postconviction court found that Van Ness pursued experts and
sought state funds to obtain an expert at trial. The court further
found that Nardi was not indigent until right before trial, implicitly
finding that it would not have been reasonable to try to replace Van
Ness with a public defender or obtain a state-funded expert before
that point.
¶ 28 Because the record supports the postconviction court’s factual
findings, we will not disturb them. And based on those findings, we
see no basis to disturb the postconviction court’s determination
that any conflict that might have flowed from the fee agreement did
not have an adverse effect on the representation. Thus, Nardi’s
West claim fails.
B. Strickland: Prejudicial Subpar Performance
¶ 29 In the alternative, Nardi contends that, even if there was no
actual conflict of interest, Van Ness and Scissors provided
ineffective assistance of counsel under the Strickland standard in
two ways: (1) the fee agreement fell below the standard of conduct,
13 and (2) counsel failed to present expert testimony in serology and
DNA. Again, we disagree.
1. The Fee Agreement
¶ 30 Nardi argues that, because the fee agreement was in
derogation of Van Ness’s ethical obligations, it necessarily fell below
the standard of conduct. Even assuming this were true, however,
Nardi would need to establish prejudice to satisfy the Strickland
standard. But other than his argument that the agreement created
an actual conflict — which we have rejected — Nardi does not
explain how there is a reasonable probability that, but for the
existence of that agreement, the result of the proceeding would have
been different. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695. Thus, Nardi has
failed to establish prejudice on this claim.
¶ 31 Further, Nardi contends that the nature and effect of the fee
agreement caused him to be “prejudiced by the lack of effective
assistance of counsel because he was not able to make fully
informed decisions.” As we noted above, however, this conclusory
contention is belied by the fact that there was no decision to make
because no plea deal was offered. See People v. Villanueva, 2016
14 COA 70, ¶ 68 (a conclusory allegation of prejudice is insufficient
under Strickland); cf. People v. Sudduth, 991 P.2d 315, 317 (Colo.
App. 1999) (concluding that the record belied the defendant’s
allegation that he was insufficiently advised and that the trial court
properly rejected the claim without a hearing).
¶ 32 Thus, the postconviction court did not err by denying this
claim.
2. Experts
¶ 33 The postconviction court concluded that the decision not to
present testimony from a DNA expert at trial was not deficient
performance. The court also found that defense counsel consulted
with a serology expert. And the court concluded that Nardi was not
prejudiced.
¶ 34 Defense counsel has final authority to make decisions that are
regarded as strategic or tactical in nature. Arko v. People, 183 P.3d
555, 558 (Colo. 2008). Such decisions include whether to consult
or retain an expert. People v. Smith, 2022 COA 56, ¶ 30, rev’d,
2024 CO 3. And the postconviction court found, with record
support, that the crux of the defense was the presence or absence
15 of saliva, not DNA. Thus, prioritizing a serology expert over a DNA
expert was a reasonable strategic choice.
¶ 35 As to the serology expert, Nardi contends that Van Ness was
unwilling to pay for Dr. Lantz’s services out of pocket or to advance
funds. We agree with the postconviction court that this was not
ineffective assistance of counsel. And Nardi does not cite any
authority, nor are we aware of any, suggesting that a private
defense attorney must pay for an expert witness when the
defendant cannot.
¶ 36 Nardi next contends that Van Ness failed to withdraw from the
case or timely request state funds to pay for a serology expert, even
though Van Ness had information that Nardi would be unable to
pay for the expert himself. Again, the district court found, with
record support, that Nardi did not become indigent until shortly
before trial and that Van Ness requested that the state pay for the
serology expert at that time.
¶ 37 Nardi next contends that even after filing the motion
requesting a state-funded expert, Van Ness failed to request a
hearing on an expedited basis in order to find an available expert to
16 work for the amount authorized by the court. And he contends that
Phillip Danielson, an expert in “forensic biology DNA,” had relevant
expertise and was willing to work for the state rate.
¶ 38 Even assuming, without deciding, that this was ineffective
assistance of counsel, Nardi does not show how he was prejudiced.
Nardi contends that Dr. Danielson would have testified that there
was DNA from at least one male other than Nardi in the areas that
J.B. said Nardi had touched or spit on her: J.B.’s eyelid, neck, and
genitalia. At the postconviction hearing Dr. Danielson testified that
the vaginal swab had DNA from only one male on it, and this DNA
profile matched Nardi’s. And Dr. Danielson testified that it was not
uncommon to find people’s DNA on exposed parts of the body, such
as the neck and eyelids. Not only is part of Nardi’s allegation belied
by the record, but Nardi does not explain how admitting testimony
about the presence of DNA from someone other than Nardi on J.B.’s
neck and eyelids — both exposed body parts — would have changed
the outcome of the trial. See People v. Phipps, 2016 COA 190M,
¶ 36; People v. McDowell, 219 P.3d 332, 340 (Colo. App. 2009); see
also Villanueva, ¶ 67 (“At this stage in the proceedings, [the
17 defendant] must do more than simply allege that other evidence
could have aided his defense; he must identify the evidence and
demonstrate that it would have advanced his defense.”).
¶ 39 Thus, the postconviction court did not err by denying this
C. Cronic: Meaningful Adversarial Testing
¶ 40 Finally, relying on Cronic, Nardi contends that prejudice
should be presumed because counsel did not subject the
prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing. In particular,
Nardi argues that counsel failed to (1) hire an investigator; (2) file a
CRE 404(b) motion (or warn co-counsel about the lack of filing one);
(3) request a continuance when Nardi was sick at the time he was
supposed to testify; and (4) understand the consequences of not
getting an expert (and not getting an expert to testify). We disagree.
¶ 41 As discussed, the Cronic presumption applies when counsel
completely fails to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful
adversarial testing, thereby making the adversary process itself
presumptively unreliable. Cronic, 466 U.S. at 659; see also
Krutsinger v. People, 219 P.3d 1054, 1061 (Colo. 2009) (preventing
18 defendant from presenting evidence caused a failure of the
adversarial process); Bell, 535 U.S. at 697 (Under Cronic, “the
attorney’s failure [to test the prosecutor’s case] must be complete.”).
In contrast, a claim relying on trial counsel’s specific errors must be
reviewed under Strickland’s two-prong test. Cronic, 466 U.S. at 666
n.41.
¶ 42 Nardi’s argument is not that Van Ness failed to oppose the
prosecution’s case throughout the case; instead, he challenges
specific instances of counsels’ allegedly deficient performance. See
Bell, 535 U.S. at 697. Such claims are governed by Strickland not
Cronic. Cronic, 466 U.S. at 666 n.41. Indeed, in its oral ruling, the
postconviction court correctly noted that the thrust of Nardi’s claim
was properly characterized as a Strickland claim.
¶ 43 To the extent Nardi attempts to assert a Cronic claim, there is
no basis on this record to conclude that either Van Ness or Scissors
entirely failed to subject the prosecution’s case to meaningful
adversarial testing. And to the extent his claim actually falls under
the Strickland rubric, Nardi is required to establish prejudice. But
his assertions of how these specific purported failings by counsel
19 prejudiced him are conclusory and insufficient. See Villanueva,
¶ 68. Thus, the postconviction court did not err by denying this
IV. Disposition
¶ 44 The order is affirmed.
JUDGE PAWAR and JUDGE SCHUTZ concur.