Hardin, P. J.:
During the trial the defendant offered to show that Mr. Brown requested the defendant to take his horse and go with him and see certain members of the church with reference to that letter. That offer was objected to by the plaintiff, and the court sustained the objection, and the defendant took an exception. It appears by the evidence that the defendant took his horse and carriage and carried Mr. Brown into the country to see some members of the church. That he went to Mr. Eaton, who was a trustee; and from there they went to see Mr. Press, who was a deacon of the church and a trustee, and Mr. Brown read the letter to him and that they all talked about it, and then they went to see Mr. Wilson, “ who is and was a member of our church and congregation ; he didn’t read it to Wilson; he handed it to him and Wilson read it.”
The witness adds: “We did not see anybody else, and the letter was not exhibited to anybody élse, and was never shown to any other person in my presence, or to these men subsequent to that date, or to any one of them in my presence.”
At the close of the plaintiff’s evidence the defendant moved for a nonsuit on the ground that “ the reading of this letter was privileged, and that there is no proof from which malice can be inferred.”
In response to that motion the court observed : “ I will hold under this evidence that it it is not a privileged communication; I will deny the motion.” An exception was then taken for the defendant.
At the close of the entire evidence the defendant made several motions for a nonsuit and for a direction of a verdict in favor of the defendant, which were denied and the defendant excepted. Thereupon the plaintiff’s counsel asked the court to rule “ that the only question for the jury is the assessment of damages.”
[606]*606In response to that request the court observed: “ I think that that is the question upon which you gentlemen may go to the jury on the damages and the damages alone, of course involving the question whether there was malice or not in the manner in which this was circulated or in the circulation of this paper by the defendant.” Thereupon the defendant’s counsel excepted ; and also asked " to go to the jury upon the whole case as to whether there is any liability whatever, even for six cents, in this case.”
One'of the defenses rested on the theory that the occasion upon which the letter was circulated, as well as the circulation of the letter, were prima facie privileged, and that the plaintiff, to recover, was called upon to establish that the accusation was made without probable cause and in bad faith and maliciously.
In the course of the opinion delivered by Selden, J., in Lewis v. Chapman (16 N. Y. 374), he said : " There is no doubt that where the communication is made bona fide, in answer to inquiries from one having an interest in the information sought, or where the relation between the parties by whom and to whom the communication is made is such as to render it reasonable and proper that the information should be given, it will be regarded as privileged.”
It was said, however, near the close of the opinion in that case: “ The defendant is nevertheless liable if there was any want of good faith in making it; but that question must be passed upon by the jury.”
In Klinck v. Colby (46 N. Y. 431) it was said in the course of the opinion : “ But when the paper published is a privileged communication, an additional burden of proof is put upon the plaintiff, and he must show the existence of express malice in the publication of it. (White v. Nicholls, 3 How. [U. S.] 266.) Hence, as a general proposition, it may be said that the question of whether a publication is a privileged communication is one for the jury. That is to say, the court may determine whether the subject-matter to which the alleged libel relates, the interest in it of the defendant, or his relations to it, are such as to furnish the excuse. But the question of good faith, belief in the truth of the statement, and the existence of actual malice remains, although the court should hold that, prima facie, the communication was privileged. And this question is one for the jury.”
In Halstead, v. Nelson (24 Hun, 398), in speaking of a communica[607]*607tion made, Sumí, J., said that if it was made in good faith, without malice, it ivas prima facia privileged, and he adds: “ The case falls within the rule that a communication, made bona fide and without malice upon any subject-matter in reference to which the party communicating has a duty, is privileged if made to a party having a corresponding- duty, although it contain criminatory matter which, without this privilege, would be slanderous and actionable.” In that case the answer set out a communication which was made “ and the circumstances under which it was made, and asserts, in substance, that it was justified by the occasion;” and the learned judge says: “A plea of privileged communication is a plea of justification, and is so spoken of and treated in the books. * * * The defendant was, therefore, entitled to prove any of the circumstances alleged in his answer which tended to show that his communication to the board was in good faith and without malice.” That case was again before the court upon a further appeal and an opinion was delivered in 36 Ilun, 153, and the doctrine already referred to was approved; and it was further said, viz.: “ When the accusation relates to a subject in relation to which the accuser has a duty to perform, and is made to a board of officers whose right and duty it is to act upon the accusation, the accuser is not liable if he had probable cause for making the accusation.” Citing numerous authorities, and further added: “ Actions to recover damages for accusations so made are analogous to actions for malicious prosecution, and a want of probable cause must be shown.” An opinion was delivered in the same case which was reported in 15 New York State Reporter, 790, which recognizes the same doctrine.
That case was again before the court, and the doctrine already alluded to was approved in the decision which is found in Hemmens v. Nelson (36 N. Y. St. Repr. 905).
Subsequently the case was taken to the Court of Appeals, and the doctrine which we have referred to was approved, and the decision reported in 36 New York State Reporter, 905, was affirmed, and the final opinion pronounced by the Court of Appeals is found in 138 New York, 524, and in the course of the opinion it was said: “ The question is not whether the charge is true or false, nor whether the defendant had sufficient cause to believe that the plaintiff sent the letter, or acted hastily, or in a mistake, but the ques[608]*608tion is, the occasion being privileged, whether there is evidence for the jury that he knew or believed it to be false. The plaintiff may have arrived at conclusions without sufficient evidence, but the privilege protects him from liability on that ground until the plaintiff has overcome the presumption of good faith by proof of a malicious purpose to defame her character, under cover of the privilege. The plaintiff must be able to point to some evidence in the record that would warrant the jury in imputing this guilty motive to the defend-, ant before her appeal can be sustained.
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Hardin, P. J.:
During the trial the defendant offered to show that Mr. Brown requested the defendant to take his horse and go with him and see certain members of the church with reference to that letter. That offer was objected to by the plaintiff, and the court sustained the objection, and the defendant took an exception. It appears by the evidence that the defendant took his horse and carriage and carried Mr. Brown into the country to see some members of the church. That he went to Mr. Eaton, who was a trustee; and from there they went to see Mr. Press, who was a deacon of the church and a trustee, and Mr. Brown read the letter to him and that they all talked about it, and then they went to see Mr. Wilson, “ who is and was a member of our church and congregation ; he didn’t read it to Wilson; he handed it to him and Wilson read it.”
The witness adds: “We did not see anybody else, and the letter was not exhibited to anybody élse, and was never shown to any other person in my presence, or to these men subsequent to that date, or to any one of them in my presence.”
At the close of the plaintiff’s evidence the defendant moved for a nonsuit on the ground that “ the reading of this letter was privileged, and that there is no proof from which malice can be inferred.”
In response to that motion the court observed : “ I will hold under this evidence that it it is not a privileged communication; I will deny the motion.” An exception was then taken for the defendant.
At the close of the entire evidence the defendant made several motions for a nonsuit and for a direction of a verdict in favor of the defendant, which were denied and the defendant excepted. Thereupon the plaintiff’s counsel asked the court to rule “ that the only question for the jury is the assessment of damages.”
[606]*606In response to that request the court observed: “ I think that that is the question upon which you gentlemen may go to the jury on the damages and the damages alone, of course involving the question whether there was malice or not in the manner in which this was circulated or in the circulation of this paper by the defendant.” Thereupon the defendant’s counsel excepted ; and also asked " to go to the jury upon the whole case as to whether there is any liability whatever, even for six cents, in this case.”
One'of the defenses rested on the theory that the occasion upon which the letter was circulated, as well as the circulation of the letter, were prima facie privileged, and that the plaintiff, to recover, was called upon to establish that the accusation was made without probable cause and in bad faith and maliciously.
In the course of the opinion delivered by Selden, J., in Lewis v. Chapman (16 N. Y. 374), he said : " There is no doubt that where the communication is made bona fide, in answer to inquiries from one having an interest in the information sought, or where the relation between the parties by whom and to whom the communication is made is such as to render it reasonable and proper that the information should be given, it will be regarded as privileged.”
It was said, however, near the close of the opinion in that case: “ The defendant is nevertheless liable if there was any want of good faith in making it; but that question must be passed upon by the jury.”
In Klinck v. Colby (46 N. Y. 431) it was said in the course of the opinion : “ But when the paper published is a privileged communication, an additional burden of proof is put upon the plaintiff, and he must show the existence of express malice in the publication of it. (White v. Nicholls, 3 How. [U. S.] 266.) Hence, as a general proposition, it may be said that the question of whether a publication is a privileged communication is one for the jury. That is to say, the court may determine whether the subject-matter to which the alleged libel relates, the interest in it of the defendant, or his relations to it, are such as to furnish the excuse. But the question of good faith, belief in the truth of the statement, and the existence of actual malice remains, although the court should hold that, prima facie, the communication was privileged. And this question is one for the jury.”
In Halstead, v. Nelson (24 Hun, 398), in speaking of a communica[607]*607tion made, Sumí, J., said that if it was made in good faith, without malice, it ivas prima facia privileged, and he adds: “ The case falls within the rule that a communication, made bona fide and without malice upon any subject-matter in reference to which the party communicating has a duty, is privileged if made to a party having a corresponding- duty, although it contain criminatory matter which, without this privilege, would be slanderous and actionable.” In that case the answer set out a communication which was made “ and the circumstances under which it was made, and asserts, in substance, that it was justified by the occasion;” and the learned judge says: “A plea of privileged communication is a plea of justification, and is so spoken of and treated in the books. * * * The defendant was, therefore, entitled to prove any of the circumstances alleged in his answer which tended to show that his communication to the board was in good faith and without malice.” That case was again before the court upon a further appeal and an opinion was delivered in 36 Ilun, 153, and the doctrine already referred to was approved; and it was further said, viz.: “ When the accusation relates to a subject in relation to which the accuser has a duty to perform, and is made to a board of officers whose right and duty it is to act upon the accusation, the accuser is not liable if he had probable cause for making the accusation.” Citing numerous authorities, and further added: “ Actions to recover damages for accusations so made are analogous to actions for malicious prosecution, and a want of probable cause must be shown.” An opinion was delivered in the same case which was reported in 15 New York State Reporter, 790, which recognizes the same doctrine.
That case was again before the court, and the doctrine already alluded to was approved in the decision which is found in Hemmens v. Nelson (36 N. Y. St. Repr. 905).
Subsequently the case was taken to the Court of Appeals, and the doctrine which we have referred to was approved, and the decision reported in 36 New York State Reporter, 905, was affirmed, and the final opinion pronounced by the Court of Appeals is found in 138 New York, 524, and in the course of the opinion it was said: “ The question is not whether the charge is true or false, nor whether the defendant had sufficient cause to believe that the plaintiff sent the letter, or acted hastily, or in a mistake, but the ques[608]*608tion is, the occasion being privileged, whether there is evidence for the jury that he knew or believed it to be false. The plaintiff may have arrived at conclusions without sufficient evidence, but the privilege protects him from liability on that ground until the plaintiff has overcome the presumption of good faith by proof of a malicious purpose to defame her character, under cover of the privilege. The plaintiff must be able to point to some evidence in the record that would warrant the jury in imputing this guilty motive to the defend-, ant before her appeal can be sustained. As malice was an essential element of her case, not to be implied from the charge itself, but quite the contrary from the occasion on which it was made, the burden of establishing that fact was upon her.”
After the delivery of the body of the charge the defendant requested the court to charge the jury “ That the publication of the Livingston letter as published by the defendant was privileged.”
The court refused and an exception was taken. Thereupon the counsel for the defendant asked the court “ to charge the jury that, if the publication to the members of the church was made by the defendant in good faith, believing it to be true, such publication was privileged, although it contained defamatory matter, which, without such privilege, would be actionable and slanderous.” The court refused and an exception was taken. We think the exceptions present error. The court was further requested to charge the jury “ That there is no evidence upon which the jury may be permitted to find malicious defamation on the part of the defendant.” The court refused to so charge, and the counsel excepted.
We think when the court refused to instruct the jury “ that, if the publication to the members of the church was made by the defendant in good faith, believing it to be true, such publication was privileged,” the court fell into an error. (See Harwood v. Keech, 4 Hun, 389, and the authorities already referred to; Harriett v. Plimpton, 44 N. E. Repr. 992.)
The foregoing views lead to the conclusion that a new trial should be granted.
All concurred, except Green, J., not sitting.
Judgment and order reversed and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event.