The opinion of the court was delivered by
Hornblower C. J.
The sum for which the defendant has been arrested, is unusually large; the questions involved are important, as relates to the rights of suitors, the liberty of the citizen and the practice of the courts ; the plaintiffs are acting in a public and official capacity, and there are other circumstances connected with the case, of a peculiar character, all requiring of this court a solemn and deliberate opinion. The application is founded upon that great and salutary principle of the common law, which, when applied to proceedings of a criminal nature, is expressed in the maxim, “ Nemo bis punitur pro eodem delicto.” (4 Co. 48 ; 2 Hawk. P. C. 377) but which, when used in a more general and comprehensive sense, including civil as well as criminal matters, is expressed by the terms, Nemo debit bis vexaripro una et eadem causa.’ Sparry’s case, 32 Eliz. 5 Co. 61, shows that anterior to the time of Hen. 6, a second action could not.be maintained for the same civil injury, though the form of the second action, and the nature of the remedy, might be of a very different character from the first, Assignees of Anderson, a bankrupt, v. Campbell, 3 Wils. R. 304, & seq. But it was denied by the plaintiff’s counsel, that the general doctrine contended for, prohibiting a second arrest for the same capse of action, was a common law principle. They insisted that it had its origin in a simple rule of practice adopted in B. R. in Mich. T. 15, Car. 2 (found in Rich Pr. K. B. 69) and in note to Brown v. Davis, 1 Chit. R. 161, 18 Eng. C. L. R. 56, and that therefore it was not binding on us. Admitting that the doctrine in question was derived from the lex forum of the King’s Bench, it has been so long recognized by all the courts at Westminster Hall, and in this country, and is so congenial to the spirit of liberty, that it must noAV be considered by this court as one of its fundamental rules in the administration of justice. Besides, we have adopted the practice of the Kings Bench, and are uniformly governed by its rules and principles, except so far as the legislature have marked out for us, or we, by our own rules, have prescribed to ourselves a different course of practice. But the correctness of the position, assumed by the plaintiff’s counsel,. [395]*395is not conceded. The rule of M. T. 15 Car. 2, instead of being the foundation of the doctrine contended for, was itself founded upon, and derived its efficiency from the ancient and common law maxim, before quoted. It is certainly true, that at the common law there was no such principle as that a man should not be arrested more than once for the same cause of action ; for, at the common law, no man could be arrested for debt at all. But when the statute authorized a debtor to be arrested and held to bail, it followed from the reason of the thing, that as at the common law a man could not be sued twice for the same matter, so under the statute, a man ought not to be twice arrested and held to bail for the same cause of action.
But this like all other rules, was subject to qualifications and exceptions; and the numerous cases that were cited on the argument, and many others to be found in our books, are only so many instances, in which the rule has been relaxed or modified, so as to effectuate the ends of justice.
In support of this motion it was insisted by the defendant’s counsel—
1st. That the defendant having been once arrested, and discharged for want of a sufficient affidavit for bail, he cannot under any circumstances, be arrested again for the same cause of action. But nót a case was cited on the argument, nor can I find one that goes the length of such a proposition. On the contrary the uniform tenor of the books, seems to be, that in cases of mere mistake, or misconception of the plaintiff’s remedy, a defendant may be held to bail a second time. In the case of Belfonte v. Levy, 2 Str. 1209, the court did not discharge the defendant from the second arrest, because the first affidavit had been defective, but because the plaintiff had been premature in issuing the second writ, before the first suit had been discontinued.
In Bates v. Barry, 2 Wils. R. 381, the plaintiff had brought an action on the case, instead of covenant. Ho discovered his mistake, discontinued on payment of costs, and issued a new writ. The court said, “ this seems to be a mere mistake, and not done with any intent to oppress or harrass the defendant. If any such intent had appeared, the court would certainly have [396]*396discharged the defendant upon common bail; but it would be too much to say, the defendant shall lose his bail by a mere slip of his attorney.” So in Imlay v. Ellefsen, 3 East, 309, the court say, there are many cases where a second arrest has been sustained, where the plaintiff has erroneously commenced his action, or mistaken his remedy, and has discontinued in due time, without oppression or laches. In Archer v. Champneys, 1 Brod. & Bing. 289, and 5 Eng. Com. L.R. 86, the court says, that cases of non suit and discontinuance are exceptions, if not vexations. The same principle is found in Williams v. Thacker, 1 Brod. & Bing. 514; and 5 Eng. C. L. R. 171. The case of Kearney v. King, 1 Chitt. R. 273, and 18 Eng. C. L. R. 77, and the note to that case and the cases there referred to, all show that if there is no oppression, vexation or laches, a defendant may be held to bail a second time. So again in Brown v. Davis, 1 Chitt. R. 161, and 18 Eng. C. L. R. 56, after a compromise, a defendant may be again arrested if the plaintiff’s conduct has not been vexatious. So a second arrest was allowed, after judgment in the first action had been reversed in error, Cartwright v. Kealey, 7 Taunt. 192. In Cox v. Chubb, 2 Bl. R. 809, the plaintiff had been non prossed for not declaring ; the second arrest was set aside; but, the court put it expressly on the ground that the plaintiff’s conduct had been vexatious. Accordingly in Peck v. Hozier, & al. 14 Johns. R. 347, the court say, where plaintiff is non prossed for not declaring, or -discontinues on payment of costs, he may arrest the defendant de novo, unless there is evidence of oppression or vexation. It is not indeed necessary, that the plaintiff’s motive or intention must be to vex or harrass a defendant. If through such unskilfulness, inattention or laches, as amount to crassa negligentia, he subjects a defendant to a second arrest, it will be set aside, Wheelwright v. Joseph, 5 Maul, & Selw. 93. As however, the rule of law forbids a second arrest for the same cause of action, such second arrest is in all cases prima facie, unlawful; and the court must take it to be so, unless the contrary appears from the facts and circumstances of the case—(see Archer v. Champneys, and Williams v. Thacker, above cited.) If therefore the defendant has himself been guilty of fraud or contrivanoe to defeat the effect of the first process (Olmius v. Delaney, 2 Str.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Hornblower C. J.
The sum for which the defendant has been arrested, is unusually large; the questions involved are important, as relates to the rights of suitors, the liberty of the citizen and the practice of the courts ; the plaintiffs are acting in a public and official capacity, and there are other circumstances connected with the case, of a peculiar character, all requiring of this court a solemn and deliberate opinion. The application is founded upon that great and salutary principle of the common law, which, when applied to proceedings of a criminal nature, is expressed in the maxim, “ Nemo bis punitur pro eodem delicto.” (4 Co. 48 ; 2 Hawk. P. C. 377) but which, when used in a more general and comprehensive sense, including civil as well as criminal matters, is expressed by the terms, Nemo debit bis vexaripro una et eadem causa.’ Sparry’s case, 32 Eliz. 5 Co. 61, shows that anterior to the time of Hen. 6, a second action could not.be maintained for the same civil injury, though the form of the second action, and the nature of the remedy, might be of a very different character from the first, Assignees of Anderson, a bankrupt, v. Campbell, 3 Wils. R. 304, & seq. But it was denied by the plaintiff’s counsel, that the general doctrine contended for, prohibiting a second arrest for the same capse of action, was a common law principle. They insisted that it had its origin in a simple rule of practice adopted in B. R. in Mich. T. 15, Car. 2 (found in Rich Pr. K. B. 69) and in note to Brown v. Davis, 1 Chit. R. 161, 18 Eng. C. L. R. 56, and that therefore it was not binding on us. Admitting that the doctrine in question was derived from the lex forum of the King’s Bench, it has been so long recognized by all the courts at Westminster Hall, and in this country, and is so congenial to the spirit of liberty, that it must noAV be considered by this court as one of its fundamental rules in the administration of justice. Besides, we have adopted the practice of the Kings Bench, and are uniformly governed by its rules and principles, except so far as the legislature have marked out for us, or we, by our own rules, have prescribed to ourselves a different course of practice. But the correctness of the position, assumed by the plaintiff’s counsel,. [395]*395is not conceded. The rule of M. T. 15 Car. 2, instead of being the foundation of the doctrine contended for, was itself founded upon, and derived its efficiency from the ancient and common law maxim, before quoted. It is certainly true, that at the common law there was no such principle as that a man should not be arrested more than once for the same cause of action ; for, at the common law, no man could be arrested for debt at all. But when the statute authorized a debtor to be arrested and held to bail, it followed from the reason of the thing, that as at the common law a man could not be sued twice for the same matter, so under the statute, a man ought not to be twice arrested and held to bail for the same cause of action.
But this like all other rules, was subject to qualifications and exceptions; and the numerous cases that were cited on the argument, and many others to be found in our books, are only so many instances, in which the rule has been relaxed or modified, so as to effectuate the ends of justice.
In support of this motion it was insisted by the defendant’s counsel—
1st. That the defendant having been once arrested, and discharged for want of a sufficient affidavit for bail, he cannot under any circumstances, be arrested again for the same cause of action. But nót a case was cited on the argument, nor can I find one that goes the length of such a proposition. On the contrary the uniform tenor of the books, seems to be, that in cases of mere mistake, or misconception of the plaintiff’s remedy, a defendant may be held to bail a second time. In the case of Belfonte v. Levy, 2 Str. 1209, the court did not discharge the defendant from the second arrest, because the first affidavit had been defective, but because the plaintiff had been premature in issuing the second writ, before the first suit had been discontinued.
In Bates v. Barry, 2 Wils. R. 381, the plaintiff had brought an action on the case, instead of covenant. Ho discovered his mistake, discontinued on payment of costs, and issued a new writ. The court said, “ this seems to be a mere mistake, and not done with any intent to oppress or harrass the defendant. If any such intent had appeared, the court would certainly have [396]*396discharged the defendant upon common bail; but it would be too much to say, the defendant shall lose his bail by a mere slip of his attorney.” So in Imlay v. Ellefsen, 3 East, 309, the court say, there are many cases where a second arrest has been sustained, where the plaintiff has erroneously commenced his action, or mistaken his remedy, and has discontinued in due time, without oppression or laches. In Archer v. Champneys, 1 Brod. & Bing. 289, and 5 Eng. Com. L.R. 86, the court says, that cases of non suit and discontinuance are exceptions, if not vexations. The same principle is found in Williams v. Thacker, 1 Brod. & Bing. 514; and 5 Eng. C. L. R. 171. The case of Kearney v. King, 1 Chitt. R. 273, and 18 Eng. C. L. R. 77, and the note to that case and the cases there referred to, all show that if there is no oppression, vexation or laches, a defendant may be held to bail a second time. So again in Brown v. Davis, 1 Chitt. R. 161, and 18 Eng. C. L. R. 56, after a compromise, a defendant may be again arrested if the plaintiff’s conduct has not been vexatious. So a second arrest was allowed, after judgment in the first action had been reversed in error, Cartwright v. Kealey, 7 Taunt. 192. In Cox v. Chubb, 2 Bl. R. 809, the plaintiff had been non prossed for not declaring ; the second arrest was set aside; but, the court put it expressly on the ground that the plaintiff’s conduct had been vexatious. Accordingly in Peck v. Hozier, & al. 14 Johns. R. 347, the court say, where plaintiff is non prossed for not declaring, or -discontinues on payment of costs, he may arrest the defendant de novo, unless there is evidence of oppression or vexation. It is not indeed necessary, that the plaintiff’s motive or intention must be to vex or harrass a defendant. If through such unskilfulness, inattention or laches, as amount to crassa negligentia, he subjects a defendant to a second arrest, it will be set aside, Wheelwright v. Joseph, 5 Maul, & Selw. 93. As however, the rule of law forbids a second arrest for the same cause of action, such second arrest is in all cases prima facie, unlawful; and the court must take it to be so, unless the contrary appears from the facts and circumstances of the case—(see Archer v. Champneys, and Williams v. Thacker, above cited.) If therefore the defendant has himself been guilty of fraud or contrivanoe to defeat the effect of the first process (Olmius v. Delaney, 2 Str. 1216) or if [397]*397by the fault of the officer, or by other means not under the control of the plaintiff, (Housin v. Barrow, 6 T. R. 218) or if, by one of those slips, or mistakes, to which men of ordinary intelligence and care, are liable, the plaintiff has lost the benefit of his writ, he may hold the defendant to bail a second time; Kitchen & al. v. Campbell, 3 Wils. R. 308—9; Whalley v. Martin, Barnes’ notes, 63 ; Tarton v. Hayes, 1 Str. 439, and cases already cited.
If, therefore, the defendant’s case rested alone on the fact, that the first affidavit for bail was defective, the court being satisfied, as they are, that it was a mere slip of the attorney, would not, on that ground, discharge the defendant; but
2d. It was insisted, that the conduct of the plaintiffs in this case has been vexatious and oppressive; that anticipating the discharge of the defendant from the first arrest, they contrived, by means of the writ for twelve thousand dollars, out of the Common Pleas, to keep him in confinement until they could get a regular writ out of this court.
It is not easy to shut our eyes against the design and the effect of that proceeding ; nevertheless, if it was a lawful one, the plaintiffs have a right to the benefit ’of it. It is said, however, in the first place, that the bank having instituted a proceeding by attachment against the defendant for the same debt, and the receivers having, by force of the statute of 16th February, 1829, Harr. Comp. 218, Sec. 17, entire control over that suit, and a right to substitute themselves as plaintiffs on the record, or to continue the same in the name of the bank, they could not, while that suit was pending, arrest him on a capias for the same cause of action. To this it was answered, first. That the attachment and subsequent suit by capias, for the same debt, being in another court, we could not adjudicate upon the regularity of those proceedings. But the answer is not satisfactory. It is true we can make no order, touching those suits, that will, in any way, conclude, or affect, them. But if we see that the process of other courts has been improperly used, for the purpose of giving effect to our own, we can so declare, and set aside what has been done on our own writ, leaving the plaintiffs to stand, or fall, according to their rights, in such other court. It is, however, answered again, secondly, That an attachment is [398]*398no bar to a suit by capias, by the same plaintiff fov the same debt. If by this is intended that both suits may be commenced at the same time, or both be pending and proceeded in at onee, I very much doubt it. The case of Wood v. Thompson,. 5 Taunt. 851, and 1 Eng. C. L. R. 286, and Bromley v. Peck, in a note to that ease, cited by the plaintiffs’ counsel, do not support the position. In those cases it was indeed held that the plaintiff in attachment might abandon that proceeding, and then arrest the defendant; and in both instances the plaintiffs had done so. In Bromley v. Peck, it is expressly stated, that the plaintiff had withdrawn the attachment and paid the costs, under an order of the court. But in the case now before us, both the attachment and the suit by capias, for the same debt, were pending in the same court, at the same time. The cases just cited were proceedings, according to the custom of London, in a court of' inferior jurisdiction ; but suits by attachment, under our statutes, are of a different and much more important character. The writ once executed, fastens, like an incubus, upon all a man’s property, rights and credits, and cannot be shaken off by any thing the defendant can do, short of paying the demand. If he puts in bail to the suit, his whole property remains in the custody of the law, and he cannot even get into possession of it without giving bond, with security, for its forthcoming. All the cases show that the real question is, whether the proceedings are vexatious and oppressive. But it is difficult to conceive of any thing more so, than by one writ to seize upon, and impound, all a man’s estate, and then the moment he comes within our jurisdiction, (perhaps for the very purpose of contesting the claim) by another writ, and that too out of the same court, by the same plaintiff, and for the same debt, arrest his person, and confine him to prison for the want of bail; of the means of procuring which he has already been deprived; or if he has still the means of getting bail, compel him to put in bail to two suits, by the same plaintiff, for the same debt; for, should he even give bail, or lie in jail upon the capias, he must yet putin bail to the attachment, or be condemned in that suit unheard. In Barnes assig. v. Moton, cited in Kinnear v. Tarrant, 15 East. 631, Lord Mansfield said the true inquiry was, “ whether the assignee could not proceed in the action which had been brought by the [399]*399bankrupt; if he could, then the second action would be vexatious.” In the case before us, the suit by attachment, commenced by the bank, was, by force of the statute, as completely the suit of the receivers as if they had been, by name, the plaintiffs on the record ; another suit, then, by them, for the same debt, both requiring bail, has, to say the least of it, to my mind, very much tire appearance of oppression under color of legal process.
But whether the suit in the Common Pleas by capias, was lawful or not, it was insisted.
3d, That the first arrest of the defendant being unlawful, he could not be served with other bailable process, at the suit of the same plaintiffs, while in custody, upon that illegal arrest.
Of the correctness of that position, there can be no doubt; the cases are all to that effect. Barlow v. Hall, 2 Anstr. 461; Loveridge v. Plaistow, 2 H. Bl. R. 29 ; Faber v. Walker, 1 Chitt. R. 579, and 18 Eng. C. L. R. 169, and in note, Wilkinson v. Jacques, 3 T. R. 392; Howson v. Walker, 2 Bl. R. 823; Davies v. Chippendale, 2 Bos. and Pul. 282. Hence it was argued, that even if the writ, for twelve thousand dollars, was itself a regular and lawful writ, the service of it on the defendant, on the 5th of March, while he was wrongfully imprisoned on the first writ, out of this court, was unlawful and void; and that consequently, the service on the defendant, of the second writ out of this court, on the 8th of March, while he was wrongfully imprisoned on the twelve thousand dollar writ, was equally unlawful and void. This argument would be conclusive, if, on the 5th of March, when the twelve thousand dollar writ was served, the defendant had been in custody on no other process than the first writ out of this court. But the defendant was then a lawful prisoner at the suit of the state; it was therefore competent for the plaintiffs to lodge a valid writ against him then, however unlawful their first writ might have been. But if the twelve thousand dollar writ was ifself unlawful, on the ground of the existing suit by attachment, then the defendant ought to be discharged ; because when the second writ out of this court was served on the defendant, viz. on the 8th of March, he was, and had been, from the night of the 5th of March, detained in custody on the twelve thousand dollar writ only. On this point, however, I give no opinion; but the
[400]*4004th, And last objection to the arrest, is insuperable, viz. that the plaintiffs were premature in issuing the second capias out of this court; that the first suit was not then, and has not yet been, discontinued according to law.
It is clear that the plaintiffs did not comply with the terms of the rule, granted by this court, in February term last. It was for leave to discontinue, at any time, within twenty' days, on payment of costs. The rule ought to have been so entered, and the costs taxed and paid, or, at least, tendered to the defendant or his attorney, before the second writ was issued; because, until that was done, the suit was still pending. The books of practice, and the authorities are clear, unequivocal,- and uniform, on this subject. 1 Tidd, Pr. 629 ; 1 Archb. Pr. 46; Belfonte v. Levy, 2 Str. 1209; Moiling v. Buckholtz, 3 Maul. & Selw. 153; Brandt v. Peacock, 3 Dowl. & Ryl. 2, & 16 Eng. C. L. R. 127; Whitmore v. Williams, 6 T. R. 765; Bristow v. Maywood, 4 Camp. N. P. 213 ; White v. Gromperty, 5 Barn. & Alder. 905, & 7 Eng. C. L. R. 297; Stokes v. Woodeson, 7 T. R. 6; Imlay v. Ellefsen, 3 East. 309.
Instead, however, of entering the rule in the conditional, which is the usual and proper form,- the plaintiff entered an absolute discontinuance, and without any notice to the defendant, or his attorney, left the costs, upon an ex parte taxation, with a person not authorized to receive it, at a place, more than sixty miles distant from the defendant, or his attorney. But it is said this is a strict and technical objection ; that if the rule for a discontinuance had not been entered, or had been misentered, the court would on motion, in due season, permit it to be entered, or the entry to be corrected; that payment of costs to the clerk was a substantial compliance with the condition requiring costs to be paid; that if they had given notice of the discontinuance, and paid the costs to the defendant’s attorney, it would have operated as a notice to the defendant of their intention to sue out another writ.
It is true the objection is, in one sense, a technical one ; but we have no right to overrule it on that account. Plaintiffs are nonsuited, judgments are given, causes are put off, and many other things done in the progress of suits, deeply affecting, and often concluding, the rights of parties, upon grounds equally technical. •
[401]*401But here the liberty of a citizen is involved, and if, in any case, a party has a right to insist upon a strict compliance with the rule of law and practice of the court, he has such right in this case. Suppose an affidavit had been made, but not actually filed, before the arrest; or that the clerk had neglected to seal the writ; an objection, on either of these grounds, would be as technical in the same sense as the one under consideration. It would be matter of form that might be supplied. But could we overrule it on that ground? I apprehend not. By so doing we should prostrate all rule, and'not-know where to stop. There are, it is true, many nice and purely technical objections, to which the court will lend an unwilling ear—such as do not at all affect the rights, or change the condition, of parties. This is a different case. It lies at the foundation of the plaintiff’s proceedings ; upon certain conditions, they had a right to arrest the defendant, but they imprison him first, and then offer to comply with the conditions. This will not do.
The arrest must be set aside, and the bail bond, (if one was given) be delivered up to be cancelled, on the defendant’s filing common bail; and the costs-of this application must be paid by the plaintiffs.
Cited in Sloan v. Somers, 3 Harr. 48.