Scott, J.:
In the years 1897 to 1900, inclusive, the defendant was engaged in business, in the city of New York, in the furnishing and erection of structural and ornamental steel and iron work for buildings under the name or style of “ J. B. & J. M. Cornell.” During the same period, and for many years prior thereto, the plaintiff was in business as a contractor for the erection of buildings in the city of New York and elsewhere.
On December 17, 1897, the plaintiff executed, a contract with the city of New York for the erection of a large public building in that city to he known as the Hall of Records, and for the erection of which a donsiderable quantity of structural steel and iron would be required. The architect employed by the city prepared plans and specifications showing, among other things, the amount, kind and dimensions of the structural steel and iron work which would be required to construct the building> according to the plans therefor. The plaintiff thereupon invited proposals for the steel and iron work from a number of concerns engaged in the business, and among others addressed such an invitation to defendant. A representative of defendant examined the plans and specifications in the office of the architect, and obtained a copy thereof, which was delivered to defendant. After some negotiations letters were exchanged, which form the basis of this controversy, and which read as follows
[68]*68New Yorky February 18, 1898.
“Mr. John Peirce,. - ■. ’
• “Temple Court Building,
“New York City:,
“ Dear Sir.— We will furnish and-erect the iron and steel work, etc., for the new Hall of Records, as called for by the plans and specifications of Mr. J. R. Thomas, architect, for the slim of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($250,000).
“We will purchase our steel structural work from parties to.be named by you. .
“ It is understood that we are to furnish a bond from the United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company for twenty-five (25$) per cent of the amount of the contract.
“ We understand this to be in accordance with our interview with you of yesterday. •
“ YourS1 very truly, ■ ■ i
J. B. & J. M. CORNELL.”
“•New York,~FeVy 23, 1898.
“ Messrs. J. B. & J. M. Cornell,
. “ 26th Street and 11th Avenue,
.“ New York City:
“ Gentlemen.— Acknowledging yours of the 18th instant, I have to say that I accept the offer contained therein, to erect the iron and steel work, etc., required under my contract for the new Hall of Records building, and J will submit a contract for you to sign in due season.
“ Yours truly,
“JOHN PEIRCE.” •
It appears that just prior to the exchange of these letters plaintiff had stated that if he made a contract with defendant he should desire that the defendant" would purchase the structural steel wor^c from the Pencoyd Steel Works represented by Messrs. A. & P. Roberts, which explains the statement in defendants letter' that lie would purchase the structural steel from parties to be named, by plaintiff. Accordingly, before writing the above letter of February eighteenth, defendant had obtained a price for the structural steel from the Pencoyd Works, which he had accepted, upon' receiving the above-quoted letter .from plaintiff. It does not appear, that [69]*69these letters, or the substance thereof, were communicated to plaintiff. Plaintiff proceeded with his contract with the city, and nothing was done as to putting the agreement between "plaintiff and defendant into more formal shape until March 14, 1899, when defendant wrote to plaintiff. that the Pencoyd Works had stated that owing to the long period that had elapsed, and the rise in the cost of raw material, they could not furnish the structural steel except at an advance of $21,500, and the defendant stated that, for similar reasons, the price, of the balance of the work, not to be furnished by the Pencoyd Works, should be advanced $16,500, making a total increase of price for the work to be done by defendant for plaintiff of $38,000. The plaintiff refused to accede to the proposed increase of price and insisted that under the letters exchanged in February, 1898,-the defendant was bound to furnish and set up the steel and iron work at the price-then agreed upon. Defendant refused to be bound by the agreement made in February, 1898, but offered to reopen negotiations upon the basis of an increased price. Still insisting.upon his right to hold defendant to his agreement of February, 1898, plaintiff on March 27, 1899, offered to consider a new proposal, on the understanding, however, that the negotiations for a new agreement, should in no way affect any claim for damages which he might have against defendant by the reason of the refusal of the latter to abide by his proposal of February 18, 1898. The defendant’s only reply was to submit a new proposal at $288,000, unaccompanied by any agreement that the acceptance of the proposal should not affect plaintiff’s claim for damages if he had any. Plaintiff thereupon proceeded to open negotiations with other persons, and finally made a contract with another firm to do the work which defendant had proposed to do, but at a price in excess of defendant’s original price by $103,788.65, for which sum plaintiff has recovered .'judgment for damages.
The principal question involved in this appeal .is whether or not the letters exchanged between plaintiff and defendant in February, 1898, constituted, a valid enforcible contract. It is well settled that parties may by the interchange of letters and telegrams make a valid contract, which is enforcible by either, and that its validity is not necessarily affected because of a stipulation to reduce the contract to a more formal agreement. (Sanders v. Pottlitzer Bros. Fruit [70]*70Co., 144 N. Y. 209 ; Pratt v. Hudson River R. R Co., 21 id. 305.)
Of course, when this rule is invoked care must be taken not to misconstrue as a completed agreement letters which were intended merely as a part of the- preliminary negotiation for a contract. (Brown v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 44 N. Y. 79.) The test is whether or not the proposition by one party and its acceptance by the other shows that the minds of the parties met as to the terms of the contract, leaving no essential term to future agreement. As was said in Pratt v. Hudson River R. R. Co. (supra), quoted with approval in Sanders v. Pottlitzer Bros. Fruit Co. (supra) : “ A contract to make and execute a certain written agreement, the terms of which are specific and mutually understood, is in-all respects as valid and obligatory, where no statutory objection interposes, as the written contract itself would be if executed. If, therefore, it should appear from the evidence that the minds of the parties had met; that a proposition for a contract liad been made by one party and accepted by the other; that the terms of this contract were in alb respects, definitely understood and agreed 'upon, and that a part of the., mutual understanding was that a.
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Scott, J.:
In the years 1897 to 1900, inclusive, the defendant was engaged in business, in the city of New York, in the furnishing and erection of structural and ornamental steel and iron work for buildings under the name or style of “ J. B. & J. M. Cornell.” During the same period, and for many years prior thereto, the plaintiff was in business as a contractor for the erection of buildings in the city of New York and elsewhere.
On December 17, 1897, the plaintiff executed, a contract with the city of New York for the erection of a large public building in that city to he known as the Hall of Records, and for the erection of which a donsiderable quantity of structural steel and iron would be required. The architect employed by the city prepared plans and specifications showing, among other things, the amount, kind and dimensions of the structural steel and iron work which would be required to construct the building> according to the plans therefor. The plaintiff thereupon invited proposals for the steel and iron work from a number of concerns engaged in the business, and among others addressed such an invitation to defendant. A representative of defendant examined the plans and specifications in the office of the architect, and obtained a copy thereof, which was delivered to defendant. After some negotiations letters were exchanged, which form the basis of this controversy, and which read as follows
[68]*68New Yorky February 18, 1898.
“Mr. John Peirce,. - ■. ’
• “Temple Court Building,
“New York City:,
“ Dear Sir.— We will furnish and-erect the iron and steel work, etc., for the new Hall of Records, as called for by the plans and specifications of Mr. J. R. Thomas, architect, for the slim of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($250,000).
“We will purchase our steel structural work from parties to.be named by you. .
“ It is understood that we are to furnish a bond from the United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company for twenty-five (25$) per cent of the amount of the contract.
“ We understand this to be in accordance with our interview with you of yesterday. •
“ YourS1 very truly, ■ ■ i
J. B. & J. M. CORNELL.”
“•New York,~FeVy 23, 1898.
“ Messrs. J. B. & J. M. Cornell,
. “ 26th Street and 11th Avenue,
.“ New York City:
“ Gentlemen.— Acknowledging yours of the 18th instant, I have to say that I accept the offer contained therein, to erect the iron and steel work, etc., required under my contract for the new Hall of Records building, and J will submit a contract for you to sign in due season.
“ Yours truly,
“JOHN PEIRCE.” •
It appears that just prior to the exchange of these letters plaintiff had stated that if he made a contract with defendant he should desire that the defendant" would purchase the structural steel wor^c from the Pencoyd Steel Works represented by Messrs. A. & P. Roberts, which explains the statement in defendants letter' that lie would purchase the structural steel from parties to be named, by plaintiff. Accordingly, before writing the above letter of February eighteenth, defendant had obtained a price for the structural steel from the Pencoyd Works, which he had accepted, upon' receiving the above-quoted letter .from plaintiff. It does not appear, that [69]*69these letters, or the substance thereof, were communicated to plaintiff. Plaintiff proceeded with his contract with the city, and nothing was done as to putting the agreement between "plaintiff and defendant into more formal shape until March 14, 1899, when defendant wrote to plaintiff. that the Pencoyd Works had stated that owing to the long period that had elapsed, and the rise in the cost of raw material, they could not furnish the structural steel except at an advance of $21,500, and the defendant stated that, for similar reasons, the price, of the balance of the work, not to be furnished by the Pencoyd Works, should be advanced $16,500, making a total increase of price for the work to be done by defendant for plaintiff of $38,000. The plaintiff refused to accede to the proposed increase of price and insisted that under the letters exchanged in February, 1898,-the defendant was bound to furnish and set up the steel and iron work at the price-then agreed upon. Defendant refused to be bound by the agreement made in February, 1898, but offered to reopen negotiations upon the basis of an increased price. Still insisting.upon his right to hold defendant to his agreement of February, 1898, plaintiff on March 27, 1899, offered to consider a new proposal, on the understanding, however, that the negotiations for a new agreement, should in no way affect any claim for damages which he might have against defendant by the reason of the refusal of the latter to abide by his proposal of February 18, 1898. The defendant’s only reply was to submit a new proposal at $288,000, unaccompanied by any agreement that the acceptance of the proposal should not affect plaintiff’s claim for damages if he had any. Plaintiff thereupon proceeded to open negotiations with other persons, and finally made a contract with another firm to do the work which defendant had proposed to do, but at a price in excess of defendant’s original price by $103,788.65, for which sum plaintiff has recovered .'judgment for damages.
The principal question involved in this appeal .is whether or not the letters exchanged between plaintiff and defendant in February, 1898, constituted, a valid enforcible contract. It is well settled that parties may by the interchange of letters and telegrams make a valid contract, which is enforcible by either, and that its validity is not necessarily affected because of a stipulation to reduce the contract to a more formal agreement. (Sanders v. Pottlitzer Bros. Fruit [70]*70Co., 144 N. Y. 209 ; Pratt v. Hudson River R. R Co., 21 id. 305.)
Of course, when this rule is invoked care must be taken not to misconstrue as a completed agreement letters which were intended merely as a part of the- preliminary negotiation for a contract. (Brown v. N. Y. C. R. R. Co., 44 N. Y. 79.) The test is whether or not the proposition by one party and its acceptance by the other shows that the minds of the parties met as to the terms of the contract, leaving no essential term to future agreement. As was said in Pratt v. Hudson River R. R. Co. (supra), quoted with approval in Sanders v. Pottlitzer Bros. Fruit Co. (supra) : “ A contract to make and execute a certain written agreement, the terms of which are specific and mutually understood, is in-all respects as valid and obligatory, where no statutory objection interposes, as the written contract itself would be if executed. If, therefore, it should appear from the evidence that the minds of the parties had met; that a proposition for a contract liad been made by one party and accepted by the other; that the terms of this contract were in alb respects, definitely understood and agreed 'upon, and that a part of the., mutual understanding was that a. Written contract embodying those terms should be drawn and executed by the respective parties, this is an obligatory contract which neither party is at liberty to refuse to perform.” In the present case there is no element essential to a complete contract which is not to be found in -the letters which passed between the parties.’ - The work to be done and the materials to be furnished were identified by reference to the architects’ plans'- and specifications, and it is not contended that there was any doubt or ambiguity on this- score. Thé price- to be 'paid by plaintiff was fixed. The stipulation as to the source from which defendant Was to obtain a certain part of the material was included in the proposal, as was also.a precise stipulation as to the security which the defendant was to give foy the performance -of the agreement- There was no element lacking in anywise essential to a complete contract, and there is nothing to be found in either letter suggesting that any , contract stipulation remained to be agreed upon in the future.
That a formal contract was not tendered by plaintiff is quite finim- - portant, and seems to have been so considered by both of the par • ties. , It is true that one of defendant’s agents testifies that he, on [71]*71several occasions) asked plaintiff when the formal contract would be ready, but there is nothing in the case to show that the defendant ever demanded or insisted upon the formulation of such a contract, and it is very significant that when defendant determined to withdraw from his agreement, he did not base his 'refusal to perform upon plaintiff’s neglect to tender a formal contract for execution, but placed it solely and exclusively upon the ground that the price of steel and iron.liad advanced so that it would be unprofitable to do the work at the price proposed.
It is true that reference is made by the defendant to the length of time which had elapsed since the exchange of letters, ,but the defendant does not base his refusal to perform the work on the ground of delay, but solely upon the advance in price. As to the delay in ordering deliveries it does not appear that it was unreasonable, and we do not understand the defendant as seriously claiming that it was.
The defendant knew when he made the proposal what the general character and size of the building was to be, and doubtless realized that the demand-for steel would depend upon the preliminary or preparatory work which plaintiff as general contractor for.the building might be required to do, before he could begin to use steel- Or iron on the structure.
From the letters themselves, the circumstances under which they were exchanged, and the subsequent acts of the parties we think that the jury were quite justified in finding that the parties intended to make, and understood that they were making, a valid binding contract by the letters which they exchanged in February, 1898, and that defendant’s present contention that the agreement was merely tentative and not intended to become effective until a .more formal contract had been entered into, is a mere afterthought put forth as an excuse for receding from an. agreement which it had become unprofitable to fulfill. We are of the opinion that the court committed no error in permitting plaintiff to prove what it actually cost him to do the work for which defendant had contracted. (Mayor, etc., of N. Y. v. Second Avenue R. R. Co., 102 N. Y. 572.) When defendant had refused to proceed with the work it became .plaintiff’s duty to proceed with reasonable and usual diligence to procure the work to" be done as cheaply as possible, so as [72]*72to limit the claim for damages- Whether or not he did so proceed was a question for the jury. It was fairly submitted to them and. we find nó reason in' the evidence to question the justness of their conclusion. ;
The plaintiff was under no obligation, as we' Consider, to accept defendant’s offer to do the work at an advance of $38,000. When that offer was made plaintiff w'ás in the position of claiming, and with reason, that defendant was bound to' do tlie work under his former proposal. At the very least that was then a debatable claim not without a plausible basis.
Plaintiff expressed his complete willingness to .accept a new proposal from defendant at a higher figure, conditioned, only upon the mutual understanding'that such acceptance should not be construed as a waiver of any right which he might then have under the earlier proposal and acceptance. This was a reasonable condition, and one %hich it was unreasonable for defendant to refuse, and his submission of a new proposal without reference to the proposed conditions ■ must be deemed a refusal to accede to it. lío other question presented by the appeal seems to call for extended discussion. ' -
.Tlie judgment and order should be affirmed, with costs.
Patterson, -P. J., Ingraham, Laüghlin and Clarke, JJ., concurred. - ",
Judgment and order affirmed, with costs. Order filed.