COURT OF APPEALS EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS EL PASO, TEXAS
PEDRO YERBA, § No. 08-12-00201-CR Appellant, § Appeal from v. § 120th District Court THE STATE OF TEXAS, § of El Paso County, Texas Appellee. § (TC # 20100D00017) §
OPINION
Pedro Yebra appeals his conviction of aggravated assault of a family member (Count I),
enhanced by a prior felony conviction. Appellant was charged by indictment with three counts
of aggravated assault, but the State abandoned Counts II and III during trial. After finding
Appellant guilty of Count I and finding he used or exhibited a deadly weapon during the
commission of the offense, the jury found the enhancement paragraph true and assessed his
punishment at a fine of $10,000 and confinement in the Institutional Division of the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice for a period of fifty-six years. Based on the jury’s affirmative
finding, the trial court entered a deadly weapon finding in the judgment. We affirm.
FACTUAL SUMMARY
The trial below concerned three separate indictments alleging Appellant committed
multiple assaultive offenses against his former wife, Norma Yerba. First, Appellant was charged by indictment in cause number 20070D03113 with one count of assault causing family violence,
enhanced by a prior felony conviction, alleged to have occurred on November 14, 2006. Second,
in cause number 20070D05900, Appellant was charged in a multi-count indictment with
aggravated assault (Count I) and assault involving family violence, enhanced with a prior felony
conviction (Count II), alleged to have occurred on July 11, 2007. Third, Appellant was charged
by indictment with three counts of aggravated assault alleged to have occurred on September 20,
2008. The jury found him not guilty of the charges alleged in cause numbers 20070D03113 and
20070D05900. The State abandoned Counts II and III of the indictment in cause number
20100D00017, but the jury found him guilty of Count I and further found that he used or
exhibited a deadly weapon during the commission of the offense.
The evidence at trial showed that in 2008, Appellant lived with Norma Yebra and their
son, Israel, in Fabens, Texas. On the evening of September 19, 2008, Norma went out to dinner
in El Paso with her boyfriend, Victor, while Israel was out with his friends. Appellant was
drinking alone at home. Israel knew Appellant had assaulted Norma previously so he called to
warn her that Appellant had been drinking and told her not to come home because he did not
want “any problem to happen.” Norma returned home early the following morning, but
Appellant was not home because he spent the night at his mother’s house. Norma and Israel
spent the night at their house. After calling to ask if he could come over to get some clothes,
Appellant returned to his and Norma’s home in Fabens at about 8 a.m. on September 20. Norma
and Appellant started arguing almost immediately, as Appellant was demanding to know what
Norma had been doing the night before and who she had been with. The two were yelling at
each other in their bedroom, but Norma testified that she grew weary of arguing and proceeded
into their bathroom to start getting ready for the day. .
-2- Norma stood by the sink and Appellant followed her into the bathroom and sat down on
the edge of the bathtub. They continued to argue about where Norma had been the night before,
what time she got home, and other related issues when Norma felt what she thought were
punches to her back. When Norma turned around, she saw that Appellant had a knife in his hand
and he was actually stabbing her. Norma yelled at Appellant and the noise drew Israel to the
restroom, where he grabbed his father, walked him out of the house, and locked the door behind
him. Norma testified that when Israel came back into the bathroom, she told him that she could
not breathe and asked him to call 911 and put pressure on her back. Several deputy sheriffs were
dispatched to respond to the scene. Deputy Keith Taggart testified that information went out on
the sheriff’s radio that Appellant had fled the scene on a mountain bike, so he patrolled the area
to look for Appellant. Deputy Julio Gonzalez also responded to the call and was told by one of
the Yebras’ neighbors that they had seen Appellant out walking around by a landfill. Deputy
Gonzalez found Appellant at the landfill and arrested him. The evidence established that
Appellant had stabbed Norma eleven times in the face, chest, arm, and back. She was admitted
to a hospital and remained in the intensive care unit for two days. .
ADMISSIBILITY OF EVIDENCE
In his first issue, Appellant challenges the trial court’s exclusion of evidence proffered by
one of his examining psychiatrists, Dr. Cynthia Rivera. Specifically, Appellant argues that the
exclusion of Dr. Rivera’s testimony effectively prevented him from presenting a meaningful
defense--of insanity, in this case--to the assault charges brought against him.
Appellant suffered a head injury and subdural hematoma in 2006 which necessitated
surgery in early 2007 to relieve the pressure on his brain. Subsequent psychiatric evaluations
note that Appellant underwent some personality changes (depression, increased frustration) and
-3- memory issues (dementia) after the surgery as well as a decline in his level of intelligence, but
none of the evaluating psychiatrists suggested that he did not know the difference between right
and wrong. Appellant was initially judged to be incompetent to stand trial due to his inability to
understand the charges against him or the functions of a judge and jury. He was pronounced
competent after treatment at the North Texas State Hospital.
In a hearing outside of the jury’s presence, Dr. Rivera testified regarding her evaluation
of Appellant in connection with his insanity plea. She found no medical evidence to suggest that
he could not appreciate the difference between right and wrong. Dr. Rivera was aware Appellant
had suffered an injury to the left frontal parietal lobe of his brain in late 2006 and in early 2007
he had a craniotomy to relieve pressure on his brain. One of the functions of the frontal lobe of
the brain is executive functioning. Dr. Rivera explained that executive function is the ability of a
person to piece together step by step as to what a person does. As an example of executive
functioning, a person would pay a bill by writing a check, putting it in an envelope, putting an
address on the front, putting a stamp on it, and dropping it in the mailbox. When asked by
defense counsel whether executive functioning included recognizing actions as right or wrong,
she stated that morality is in other parts of the brain, but a person could recognize right or wrong
in the frontal part of the brain. In her opinion, it was unlikely that Appellant’s brain injury and
resulting personality changes caused him to be unable to tell right from wrong.
Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion.
Robbins v. State, 88 S.W.3d 256, 259-60 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002); Prystash v. State, 3 S.W.3d
522, 527 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999). As long as a trial court’s decision to admit evidence is within
the zone of reasonable disagreement, no abuse of discretion occurs. Weatherred v. State, 15
-4- S.W.3d 540, 542 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000); Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 391
(Tex.Crim.App. 1991). We must uphold the trial court’s decision “[i]f the ruling was correct on
any theory of law applicable to the case, in light of what was before the trial court at the time the
ruling was made.” Sauceda v. State, 129 S.W.3d 116, 120 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004).
Exclusion of Expert Testimony on Mental Illness
Texas does not recognize diminished capacity as an affirmative defense. Jackson v.
State, 160 S.W.3d 568, 573 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). There is a presumption that a criminal
defendant intends the natural consequences of his acts. Ruffin v. State, 270 S.W.3d 586, 591
(Tex.Crim.App. 2008). As with other elements of an offense, relevant evidence may be
presented which the jury may consider to negate the mens rea element. Jackson, 160 S.W.3d at
574. This may include evidence of a defendant’s history of mental illness, physical or mental
diseases, or defects. Jackson, 160 S.W.3d at 574; Ruffin, 270 S.W.3d, at 593. In addition to
being relevant, the evidence must also be admissible under other applicable standards, including
Rules 403 or 703-705 of the Texas Rules of Evidence. See Ruffin, 270 S.W.3d at 595-96;
Jackson, 160 S.W.3d at 574. Even if the evidence is admissible under these standards, it may
still be excluded if it does not truly negate the required mens rea. Ruffin, 270 S.W.3d at 596.
If an item of evidence has the ability to make the existence of a fact that is of
consequence to the outcome of the case appear more or less probable, it is deemed to be relevant.
TEX.R.EVID. 401. Irrelevant evidence is inadmissible, and all relevant evidence is admissible
unless otherwise provided. TEX.R.EVID. 402. Specifically, relevant evidence can be excluded if
its probative value is outweighed by a risk of creating prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading
the jury, or unnecessarily delaying the trial proceedings. TEX.R.EVID. 403. Relevant evidence
may also be excluded if it is nothing more than a cumulative summation of other evidence that
-5- has already been presented and admitted. Id. Furthermore, if scientific evidence will assist the
trier of fact in understanding the evidence or determining a fact in issue, an expert witness may
testify in reference to that fact or evidence. TEX.R.EVID. 702. The key word here is “may”--a
trial judge is not required to admit expert testimony regarding scientific evidence or any other
sort of specialized knowledge. Id.
There is a balancing test that must be conducted by the trial judge when determining
whether the probative value of the evidence in question outweighs the aforementioned risks and
issues. Gigliobianco v. State, 210 S.W.3d 637, 641-42 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006). When carrying
out the Rule 403 analysis, the trial court must balance:
(1) the inherent probative force of the proffered item of evidence along with (2) the proponent’s need for that evidence against (3) any tendency of the evidence to suggest decision on an improper basis, (4) any tendency of the evidence to confuse or distract the jury from the main issues, (5) any tendency of the evidence to be given undue weight by a jury that has not been equipped to evaluate the probative force of the evidence, and (6) the likelihood that presentation of the evidence will consume an inordinate amount of time or merely repeat evidence already admitted.
Id. Trial courts are responsible for balancing these factors when considering whether or not to
admit evidence, but there is a presumption that the judge conducted the test--if a record is silent
as to whether the test was conducted, an appellate court is not to assume that the record’s silence
implies that the judge did not conduct the test. Williams v. State, 958 S.W.2d 186, 195-96
(Tex.Crim.App. 1997). Although the voluminous reporter’s record detailing the proceedings at
the trial level does not directly reflect that trial judge conducted the balancing test, we will
assume that it was done. Trial judges are “gatekeepers” and have the responsibility to weed out
evidence they deem inadmissible, and the proponent of the evidence--in this case, Appellant--
bears the burden of proving to the trial court by clear and convincing evidence that the proffered
-6- evidence is sufficiently relevant to assist the jury. Layton v. State, 280 S.W.3d 235, 241
(Tex.Crim.App. 2009).
When making a decision on the admissibility of expert testimony regarding a defendant’s
mental illness, trial judges first determine whether or not the evidence rebuts the defendant’s
culpable mens rea. Mays v. State, 318 S.W.3d 368, 382 (Tex.Crim.App. 2010). If it does not,
the trial judge is not required to admit the testimony. Id. If evidence from psychiatrists or other
such expert witnesses does not rebut the presumption that a criminal defendant intended the
natural consequences of his actions, the trial court cannot be said to have erred in excluding such
evidence at the guilt-or-innocence phase of the trial. Thus, if Dr. Rivera’s testimony did not
rebut the presumption that Appellant intentionally caused bodily injury to Norma Yebra when he
stabbed her repeatedly on September 20, 2008, the trial court acted within his discretion in
excluding the testimony. Nothing in Dr. Rivera’s proffered testimony suggests that Appellant
did not intend to injure his wife, and thus the trial court did not abuse its discretion by excluding
the evidence.
Even if Dr. Rivera’s testimony had rebutted Appellant’s culpable mens rea, the trial court
could have concluded the proffered testimony is inadmissible under Rule 403. Dr. Rivera
confirmed that Appellant had suffered a head injury and a subsequent decrease in his ability to
tolerate frustration, but she noted that in general, other patients with the same injury do not lose
the ability to discern right from wrong, and she found no medical evidence to suggest that
Appellant could not make this distinction. Her testimony was evidence of nothing more than
Appellant’s mental weakness and emotional disturbance, and this sort of evidence is
inadmissible at the guilt-innocence phase of trial. See Cowles v. State, 510 S.W.2d 608, 610
(Tex.Crim.App. 1974). To be legally considered insane, a defendant must not have had the
-7- ability to know that his conduct was wrong at the time of the commission of the charged conduct.
TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 8.01(a)(West 2011). Dr. Rivera explicitly testified that Appellant had
no such inability; thus, her testimony lacks “probative force” with respect to Appellant’s ability
to raise an insanity defense. TEX.R.EVID. 401, 403. Even if we assume for the sake of argument
that Dr. Rivera’s testimony had furthered Appellant’s ability to raise an insanity defense, her
testimony was essentially a summation of Appellant’s medical records that were already
admitted into evidence and carried a significant risk of being given too much weight by the jury,
as it is reasonable to expect that lay people could confuse and merge the concepts of
legal insanity and mere mental illness or defect. TEX.R.EVID. 403; Gigliobianco, 210 S.W.3d at
641-42. There was a substantial risk that admitting Dr. Rivera’s testimony would confuse the
jury, who likely would have given it undue weight, and this risk outweighs any probative force
that her testimony could have had.
Finally, even if we were to go so far as to assume that Dr. Rivera’s testimony was indeed
wrongfully excluded, this fact is not sufficient to warrant reversal of Appellant’s conviction. See
Morales v. State, 32 S.W.3d 862, 867 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000), citing King v. State, 953 S.W.2d
266, 271 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). Unless exclusion of her testimony had a “substantial and
injurious effect or influence” on the jury as they made their determination regarding Appellant’s
guilt, the conviction should not be reversed. Id. As mentioned before, Dr. Rivera’s testimony
was essentially a summary of Appellant’s lengthy medical records and a slightly more
straightforward description of the effects that Appellant’s head injury and surgery had on his
mental state. Appellant’s medical records were admitted and were available to the jury when
they undertook to determine whether or not Appellant was guilty of aggravated assault. Thus, it
-8- stands to reason that exclusion of Dr. Rivera’s testimony did not have any substantial or injurious
effect on the jury’s decision. For these reasons, we overrule Issue One.
CHARGE ERROR
In Issue Two, Appellant contends that the trial court erred in not including an instruction
on the insanity defense in its charge to the jury at the guilt phase of the trial. Appellant maintains
that he properly raised the issue of insanity by competent evidence during the trial.
Appellate review of alleged jury charge error generally involves a two-step process.
Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex.Crim.App. 2012); Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726,
731 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex.Crim.App. 1984)(op.
on reh’g). First, we must determine whether error occurred. Wooten v. State, 400 S.W.3d 601,
606 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013); Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 732. When determining whether the charge
is erroneous, we consider it “as a whole instead of a series of isolated and unrelated statements.”
Dinkins v. State, 894 S.W.2d 330, 339 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995).
If there is error in the charge, we must then analyze whether sufficient harm resulted from
the error to require reversal. Wooten, 400 S.W.3d at 606. Under this second step, the degree of
harm necessary for reversal usually depends on whether the appellant properly preserved the
error by objection. Middleton v. State, 125 S.W.3d 450, 453 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003). If the
appellant objected to the charge, as in this case, we determine whether there is “some harm.”
Sakil v. State, 287 S.W.3d 23, 25-26 (Tex.Crim.App. 2009).
Denial of an Instruction on the Insanity Defense
It is an affirmative defense to a charged crime that, at the time the alleged conduct was
committed, the actor did not know that his conduct was wrong as a result of some mental illness
-9- or defect. TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 8.01(a). An inability to distinguish right from wrong
constitutes legal insanity, the standard that must be proven to uphold an insanity defense. Love
v. State, 909 S.W.2d 930, 943 (Tex.App.--El Paso 1995, pet. ref’d), citing Graham v. State, 566
S.W.2d 941, 948 (Tex.Crim.App. 1978). Criminal defendants are constitutionally required to
have the opportunity to present a meaningful defense, but the defense must only be submitted to
the jury if it is supported by relevant evidence during the trial. Miller v. State, 36 S.W.3d 503,
506-07 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001). An instruction on an affirmative defense will not be submitted to
the jury unless there is evidence admitted supporting the defense. TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. §
2.04(c).
The issue at the heart of this point of error is whether Appellant sufficiently raised the
issue of his insanity and, thus, was entitled to a jury instruction. In order to raise an affirmative
defense, the burden of proof is very low--any evidence that is brought before the trial court
and admitted that raises “a defensive theory to the charged offense” requires a jury charge on
said theory. Brown v. State, 955 S.W.2d 276, 279 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). The defendant is
entitled to an instruction on the defense raised by the evidence “whether that evidence is weak or
strong . . . and regardless of what the trial court may or may not think about the credibility of the
defense.” Hamel v. State, 916 S.W.2d 491, 493 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996). Though a wide range of
admissible evidence will satisfy the defendant’s burden of proof in this case, the evidence must
support the defensive theory that the defendant wishes to advance. In order for a defendant to
sufficiently raise the issue of his insanity at trial, he must demonstrate via some admitted
evidence that he could not discern right from wrong at the time of the alleged offense. Love, 909
S.W.2d at 943; Brown, 955 S.W.2d at 279.
-10- Nothing in the record reflects that Appellant did not know right from wrong when he
stabbed his wife in September of 2008. Mere evidence of mental illness or emotional problems
is not sufficient to raise a defensive theory of insanity. Compare Reyna v. State, 116 S.W.3d
362, 367-68 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2003, no pet.) with Coble v. State, 871 S.W.2d 192, 202
(Tex.Crim.App. 1993), Cato v. State, 534 S.W.2d 135, 138 (Tex.Crim.App. 1976), Cowles v.
State, 510 S.W.2d 608, 609 (Tex.Crim.App. 1974), and Garcia v. State, 429 S.W.2d 468, 471
(Tex.Crim.App. 1968)(demonstrating when evidence is sufficient to demonstrate legal insanity
and when it is not). Furthermore, even if a certain mental deficiency is medically recognized as
a form of insanity and a defendant demonstrates via competent evidence that he possessed such a
deficiency at the time of the alleged criminal conduct, that evidence is not sufficient to entitle the
defendant to an insanity instruction. Fuller v. State, 423 S.W.2d 924, 925 (Tex.Crim.App.
1968). Appellant’s medical records demonstrate that he developed emotional problems after his
head injury and surgery and also reflect that Appellant’s examining psychiatrists diagnosed him
with depression. The medical records do not, however, prove--or even suggest--that Appellant
was not able to distinguish right from wrong at the time of the assault. In fact, Deputy Taggart’s
testimony noting that Appellant fled the scene of the assault and Deputy Gonzalez’ testimony
noting that Appellant initially tried to run when cornered by law enforcement serve as firm
evidence of Appellant’s having the ability to tell right from wrong at the time of the assault--if he
did not know stabbing his wife was wrong, he would not have fled the scene and tried to run
from law enforcement. Because none of the admitted evidence supports a theory that Appellant
was legally insane when he attacked his wife, he was not entitled to a jury instruction on the
affirmative defense of insanity. The trial court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury on
-11- insanity as Appellant requested. Issue Two is overruled. Having overruled both issues presented
on appeal, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
September 30, 2014 ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice
Before McClure, C.J., Rivera, and Rodriguez, JJ. (Rivera, J., not participating)
(Do Not Publish)
-12-