OPINION OF THE COURT.
MANN, J.
1 At common law, no recovery could be had for damages against the railroad company for the killing or maiming of animals by its trains or engines, unless it appeared that the employes and servants of the company were negligent in the operation of such trains. It was the duty of the company and its agents to use reasonable care to avoid such injuries, but a showing of reasonable care upon the part of the railroad company was a sufficient defense to the action. Eams v. Salem, & Lowell Railroad, 98 Mass. 560; Brown v. Coffin, 108 Mass. 175.
This court has virtually applied the common law.rule in this Territory, prior to the enactment of any legislation on the subject, in A., T. & S. F. R. R. Co. v. Walton, 3 N. M. 530.
The strict common law doctrine as it prevailed in England, that every man is compelled to keep his stock within an enclosure or upon his own land, was never applicable to this Territory where by long established custom, animals have been permitted to range at will upon the unenclosed and unoccupied lands of others without liability for trespass.
The modified rule applicable here is well stated in the leading case of Kerwhacker v. The C. C. & C. Railroad Co., 3 Ohio St. 172, which is that most frequently given by the text writers, is as follows:
2 “Where there is no law requiring the owners of the animals to restrain their incursions upon'the unoccupied lands of others and no law requiring railroad companies to fence their tracks, the owners of animals suffering to run at large, take the risk of any accident and injuries which may happen to them while upon the railroad tracks, and the rights of the railroad company in respect to their incursions are not different from those of any other land owner. If the railroad company chooses to leave its track unfenced and animals stray upon it, it may drive them away without doing any unnecessary injury, but it cannot maintain an action for trespass against the owner of the animals. Tf while the animals are so-straying upon the track, it injured them, through a want of ordinary care- on the part of its servants, having due regard to the safety of the persons and property in their charge on the train, it must pay damages.”
This rule, however, has been modified by Sections 241 to 242 Compiled Laws of 1897, as amended by Chapter 86, Laws of 1901, and upon the construction to be given these sections, depends the only question in this ease. They read as Hollows:
3 “Section 241. Hereafter every railroad corporation whose lines of road, or any part thereof are open for use, shall, within six months after the passage of this act, and every railroad company, formed or to be formed, but whose lines, are not now open for use, shall, within six months after the lines of such railroad or any part thereof are open, erect and thereafter maintain fences on the sides of their said railroad, or the part thereof so open for use, suitable and amply sufficient to prevent cattle, horses, sheep, mules, burros and hogs from getting on the said railroad, except at the crossing of public roads and highways, and within the limits of towns, cities and villages, and shall also constnict where the same has not already been done, and hereafter maintain at all public road crossing, now existing or hereafter established, cattle guards suitable and sufficient to prevent cattle, horses, sheep, burros, mules and hogs, from getting into said railroad. If any railroad corporation shall fail to construct such fences and cattle guards as herein directed, each and every one of said railroad corporations so failing to comply with the directions of this act, shall be liable in damages in the manner and to the extent hereinafter limited and provided. Any railroad corporation which has so failed to fence its line, in addition to the penalties above described, shall be and hereby is required to post a notice in a conspicuous place upon its depot building, at the county seat of the county through which its line or lines may run over ninety (90) days, giving therein a full description of the brands and marks of every animal killed or damaged during the ninety days next preceding the posting of said notice.
“Sec. 242. Whenever an}r cattle, horses, sheep, mules, burros, or hogs shall be killed, injured or destroyed by any railroad company, operating a railroad in this Territory, or by its agents, trains, ears or locomotives, at any point on its lines of'road, where, bv law, such railroad is required to be fenced, and the owner of anv such animal, so killed, injured or destroyed, shall make affidavit of his ownership and of the injury or destruction of said property, and of the. value of the same or the amount of injury done thereto, and file the same with and give ninety days’ notice in writing to anv station agent, employed in the management of the business of such railroad company in the county where the killing, injury or destruction complained of shall have been committed, such killing, injury or destruction is hereby made prima facie evidence of the negligence on the part of such railroad company; and if such railroad company, at the expiration of said ninety days shall not have paid for the animal killed, the fair market value thereof, or if the- animal has not been killed the actual amount of damage ¿lone by reason of the injury inflicted by such railroad company, upon suit brought for the recovery of damages for such killing, injury or destruction, shall be rendered against said railroad company for the actual value of the animal or for the damage inflicted, if the animal has not been killed, unless said company shall be able to overcome the presumption of negligence based upon the fact of the lolling, injury or destruction was not the result of negligence on the part of the said railroad company, or its agents in the management of its trains, cars or locomotives.”
The learned judge in his instruction to the jury gave the following:
“No. 7. If you believe from the evidence that the defendant at the time and place of the injury had on both sides of the railroad such a fence in existence as the law provides, the duty of the company ended with this compliance with the law, and it will in that event be your duty to find for the defendants. If on the other hand you find that at the time of this injury, and at the place mentioned in the testimony, the defendant did not have erected and in existence such a fence as I have mentioned, such omission is negligence as a matter of law, and if you so find, it will be your duty thereupon further to inquire whether such absence of a fence such as is required by law was the proximate and real cause of the killing of plaintiff’s horse. If 3rou find that this was the case, and further find that plaintiff of her agent did not by their negligence contribute to such killing, it is your duty to find for the plaintiff.”
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OPINION OF THE COURT.
MANN, J.
1 At common law, no recovery could be had for damages against the railroad company for the killing or maiming of animals by its trains or engines, unless it appeared that the employes and servants of the company were negligent in the operation of such trains. It was the duty of the company and its agents to use reasonable care to avoid such injuries, but a showing of reasonable care upon the part of the railroad company was a sufficient defense to the action. Eams v. Salem, & Lowell Railroad, 98 Mass. 560; Brown v. Coffin, 108 Mass. 175.
This court has virtually applied the common law.rule in this Territory, prior to the enactment of any legislation on the subject, in A., T. & S. F. R. R. Co. v. Walton, 3 N. M. 530.
The strict common law doctrine as it prevailed in England, that every man is compelled to keep his stock within an enclosure or upon his own land, was never applicable to this Territory where by long established custom, animals have been permitted to range at will upon the unenclosed and unoccupied lands of others without liability for trespass.
The modified rule applicable here is well stated in the leading case of Kerwhacker v. The C. C. & C. Railroad Co., 3 Ohio St. 172, which is that most frequently given by the text writers, is as follows:
2 “Where there is no law requiring the owners of the animals to restrain their incursions upon'the unoccupied lands of others and no law requiring railroad companies to fence their tracks, the owners of animals suffering to run at large, take the risk of any accident and injuries which may happen to them while upon the railroad tracks, and the rights of the railroad company in respect to their incursions are not different from those of any other land owner. If the railroad company chooses to leave its track unfenced and animals stray upon it, it may drive them away without doing any unnecessary injury, but it cannot maintain an action for trespass against the owner of the animals. Tf while the animals are so-straying upon the track, it injured them, through a want of ordinary care- on the part of its servants, having due regard to the safety of the persons and property in their charge on the train, it must pay damages.”
This rule, however, has been modified by Sections 241 to 242 Compiled Laws of 1897, as amended by Chapter 86, Laws of 1901, and upon the construction to be given these sections, depends the only question in this ease. They read as Hollows:
3 “Section 241. Hereafter every railroad corporation whose lines of road, or any part thereof are open for use, shall, within six months after the passage of this act, and every railroad company, formed or to be formed, but whose lines, are not now open for use, shall, within six months after the lines of such railroad or any part thereof are open, erect and thereafter maintain fences on the sides of their said railroad, or the part thereof so open for use, suitable and amply sufficient to prevent cattle, horses, sheep, mules, burros and hogs from getting on the said railroad, except at the crossing of public roads and highways, and within the limits of towns, cities and villages, and shall also constnict where the same has not already been done, and hereafter maintain at all public road crossing, now existing or hereafter established, cattle guards suitable and sufficient to prevent cattle, horses, sheep, burros, mules and hogs, from getting into said railroad. If any railroad corporation shall fail to construct such fences and cattle guards as herein directed, each and every one of said railroad corporations so failing to comply with the directions of this act, shall be liable in damages in the manner and to the extent hereinafter limited and provided. Any railroad corporation which has so failed to fence its line, in addition to the penalties above described, shall be and hereby is required to post a notice in a conspicuous place upon its depot building, at the county seat of the county through which its line or lines may run over ninety (90) days, giving therein a full description of the brands and marks of every animal killed or damaged during the ninety days next preceding the posting of said notice.
“Sec. 242. Whenever an}r cattle, horses, sheep, mules, burros, or hogs shall be killed, injured or destroyed by any railroad company, operating a railroad in this Territory, or by its agents, trains, ears or locomotives, at any point on its lines of'road, where, bv law, such railroad is required to be fenced, and the owner of anv such animal, so killed, injured or destroyed, shall make affidavit of his ownership and of the injury or destruction of said property, and of the. value of the same or the amount of injury done thereto, and file the same with and give ninety days’ notice in writing to anv station agent, employed in the management of the business of such railroad company in the county where the killing, injury or destruction complained of shall have been committed, such killing, injury or destruction is hereby made prima facie evidence of the negligence on the part of such railroad company; and if such railroad company, at the expiration of said ninety days shall not have paid for the animal killed, the fair market value thereof, or if the- animal has not been killed the actual amount of damage ¿lone by reason of the injury inflicted by such railroad company, upon suit brought for the recovery of damages for such killing, injury or destruction, shall be rendered against said railroad company for the actual value of the animal or for the damage inflicted, if the animal has not been killed, unless said company shall be able to overcome the presumption of negligence based upon the fact of the lolling, injury or destruction was not the result of negligence on the part of the said railroad company, or its agents in the management of its trains, cars or locomotives.”
The learned judge in his instruction to the jury gave the following:
“No. 7. If you believe from the evidence that the defendant at the time and place of the injury had on both sides of the railroad such a fence in existence as the law provides, the duty of the company ended with this compliance with the law, and it will in that event be your duty to find for the defendants. If on the other hand you find that at the time of this injury, and at the place mentioned in the testimony, the defendant did not have erected and in existence such a fence as I have mentioned, such omission is negligence as a matter of law, and if you so find, it will be your duty thereupon further to inquire whether such absence of a fence such as is required by law was the proximate and real cause of the killing of plaintiff’s horse. If 3rou find that this was the case, and further find that plaintiff of her agent did not by their negligence contribute to such killing, it is your duty to find for the plaintiff.”
If it was the intention' of the Legislature in enacting the above sections to'make the neglect of the railroad companies in failing to construct and maintain fences, as therein provided, in itself sufficient negligence to enable one whose stock is injured to recover damages regardless of the careful operation and management of trains by the employes of such companies, then the instruction given by the learned judge was correct, otherwise there was reversible error.
Numerous cases can be found that hold to the doctrine announced, but a careful examination of all the cases we have examined, depend upon the statutes requiring the railroads to build and maintain fences along their lines. It is well settled that states may, in the exercise of the police power, enact and enforce laws compelling railroads to construct and maintain such fences, and making such roads as neglect to comply with the statutory provisions responsible for all damages to 'stock by reason of non-compliance. Such statutes may be found in Missouri (See. 52, Eevised Statutes) Illinois, (Chapter 114, Paragraph 68) Wisconsin, Kansas, Nebraska and many other states and in this jurisdiction the courts hold that proof of the ownership of the animal, its value, the fact that it was killed or injured by the railroad company’s train, at a point where the statute required the railroad to be fenced, and the non-existence of such fence is sufficient to justify a recovery. But in California it was held.under a statute somewhat similar to ours that a neglect to fence was merely prima facie evidence of negligence. McCoy v. C. P. R. R. Co., 40 Cal. 532.
A careful reading of- our statute does not disclose an intention on the part of the Legislature to do more than to change a rule of evidence. Before the enactment of Sections 241-242, the burden of proof as to the negligence and careless operation of trains, cars and locomotives of the defendant company, rested upon the plaintiff. A., T. S. F. Ry. Co. v. Walton, supra.
The plain provisions of the statutes, cited merely shift the burden to the defendant company, in cases where the company fails to build and maintain the fences required by the statute. Section 241 makes it the duty of every company to construct and maintain such fences, and if that section stood alone it might be construed to mean that neglect to comply with its provisions would be such negligence as would be sufficient to maintain a recovery, although the rule is laid down by many authorities that the violation of the statute or ordinance is merely a circumstance to be considered by the jury on the question of negligence. 21 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law (2nd Ed.) 481; Hayes v. Mich. Cent. Ry. Co, 111 U S 128; Grand Trunk Ry. Co. v. Ives, 144 U. S. 408
But Section 242, clearly points out that the effect of the violation of the preceding section is to shift the burden of proof to the defendant company, and the language used in the last clause of said section seems to conclusively establish that proof showing that the engines, cars and locomotives of the defendant railroad company were properly and prudently managed with due care and precaution, and with a reasonable effort to avert the injury, will be a complete defense to an action like the one at bar.
Eor the reasons given the cause is reversed and remanded, and it is so ordered.
William J. Mills, C. J., John R. McFie, A. J, Frank W. Parker, A. J., concur. Pope, A. J., having heard the cause below did not participate -in this decision, nor did Abbott, A. J., who did not hear the argument.