(PC) Walker v. Beshara

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: May 27, 2021
• Docket: 1:20-cv-01050
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JEFFREY E. WALKER, Case No. 1:20-cv-01050-HBK (PC) 12 Plaintiff, Initial Screening Order directing plaintiff to file an amended complaint 13 v. (Doc. No. 1). 14 MINA BESHARA; FNU LUU; DAVID ROBLESS; AUDRA KING; JOSH THIRTY-DAY DEADLINE 15 BERGER; FNU STEVEN; REBECCA KORNBLUSH, Order denying as moot (1) plaintiff’s motion for 16 defendants to answer; and (2) motion to compel Defendants. 17 (Doc. Nos. 8, 10)

18 19 20 21 Plaintiff Jeffrey E. Walker initiated this action by filing a pro se 42 U.S.C. § 1983 22 complaint on July 30, 2020 while detained at the Coalinga State Hospital.1 (Doc. No. 1). The 23 then-assigned magistrate judge granted plaintiff’s motion for leave to proceed in forma pauperis 24 on August 3, 2020. (Doc. No. 4). Also reviewed in this order are plaintiff’s “motion for 25 defendants to answer” filed October 20, 2020, and motion to compel filed on December 9, 2020. 26 (Docs. Nos. 8, 10). 27

28 1 This matter was reassigned to the undersigned on November 17, 2020. (Doc. No. 9). 1 I. Screening Requirements and Standards of Review 2 Under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(b)(ii), “[n]otwithstanding any filing fee, or any portion 3 thereof that may have been paid, the court shall dismiss the case at any time if the court 4 determines that – the action or appeal . . . is frivolous or malicious. . .[or] fails to state a claim on 5 which relief may be granted; or seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from 6 such relief.” Id. A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in 7 fact. Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 8 (9th Cir. 1984). The court may dismiss a claim as frivolous where it is based on an indisputably 9 meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 10 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however in artfully pleaded, has an 11 arguable legal and factual basis. See Jackson v. Arizona, 885 F.2d 639, 640 (9th Cir. 1989); 12 Franklin, 745 F.2d at 1227. A claim fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted if it 13 appears that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of the claim that would entitle him to 14 relief. Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73 (1984); Palmer v. Roosevelt Lake Log 15 Owners Ass’n, Inc., 651 F.2d 1289, 1294 (9th Cir. 1981). 16 Section 1983 allows a private citizen to sue for the deprivation of a right secured by 17 federal law. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983; Manuel v. City of Joliet, Ill., 137 S. Ct. 911, 916 (2017). To 18 state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must show that a defendant acting under color of state law 19 caused an alleged deprivation of a right secured by federal law. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983; Soo Park 20 v. Thompson, 851 F.3d 910, 921 (9th Cir. 2017). The plaintiff can satisfy the causation 21 requirement by showing either: (1) the defendant’s “personal involvement” in the alleged 22 deprivation or (2) a “sufficient causal connection” between the defendant’s conduct as a 23 supervisor and the alleged deprivation. See King v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 885 F.3d 548, 559 (9th 24 Cir. 2018). 25 During screening, the court must accept the allegations of the complaint as true, Hosp. 26 Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hosp. Tr., 425 U.S. 738, 740 (1976), construe the pleading in the light 27 most favorable to the plaintiff and resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. Jenkins v. 28 McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969); Bernhardt v. L.A. County, 339 F.3d 920, 925 (9th Cir. 1 2003) (the court must construe pro se pleadings liberally and afford the pro se litigant the benefit 2 of any doubt). The court is not required to accept conclusory allegations as true, unreasonable 3 inferences, or unwarranted deductions of fact. Western Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 4 624 (9th Cir. 1981). 5 Plaintiff’s claims must be facially plausible to survive screening, which requires sufficient 6 factual detail to allow the court to reasonably infer that each named defendant is liable for the 7 misconduct alleged. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937 (2009) (quotation 8 marks omitted); Moss v. U.S. Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). The sheer 9 possibility that a defendant acted unlawfully is not sufficient, and mere consistency with liability 10 falls short of satisfying the plausibility standard. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quotation marks 11 omitted); Moss, 572 F.3d at 969. 12 A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing the pleader is 13 entitled to relief. . ..” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not required, but 14 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 15 statements, do not suffice,” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citations omitted), and courts “are not required 16 to indulge unwarranted inferences,” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 572 F.3d 677, 681 (9th Cir. 17 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). While factual allegations are accepted as 18 true, legal conclusions are not. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 19 If the court determines that a pleading could be cured by the allegation of other facts, a 20 pro se litigant is entitled to an opportunity to amend a complaint before dismissal of the action. 21 See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127-29 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc); Lucas v. Department of 22 Corr., 66 F.3d 245, 248 (9th Cir. 1995). A district court should not, however, advise the litigant 23 on how to cure the defects. Such advice “would undermine district judges’ role as impartial 24 decisionmakers.” Pliler v. Ford, 542 U.S. 225, 231 (2004); see also Lopez, 203 F.3d at 1131 25 n.13. 26 Finally, examples of immunity from relief for consideration during screening, include, but 27 are not limited to, quasi-judicial immunity, sovereign immunity, or qualified immunity. 28 Additionally, a plaintiff may not recover monetary damages absent a showing of physical injury. 1 See 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e). In other words, to recover monetary damages, a plaintiff must allege 2 physical injury that need not be significant but must be more than de minimus, except when 3 involving First Amendment claims. Oliver v. Keller, 289 F.3d 623, 626-28 (9th Cir. 2002) 4 (surveying other circuit courts for the first time to address injury requirement for monetary 5 damages, and agreeing with the Second, Fifth, and Eleventh Circuits on Prison Litigation Reform 6 Act’s injury requirement). 7 II. Plaintiff’s Complaint 8 Plaintiff initiated this action as a civil detainee at Coalinga State Hospital, where he 9 appears to be receiving mental health treatment. (See generally Doc. No. 1). Plaintiff names the 10 following defendants: (1) Mina Beshara; (2) FNU Luu; (3) David Robless; (4) Audra King; (5) 11 Josh Berer; (6) FNU Steven; and (7) Rebecca Kornbluh; (8) Treatment Team John and Jane Does; 12 (9) Involuntary Medical Hearing John and Jane Does November- 2016; (10) Involuntarily 13 Medical Hearing John and Jane Does- December 2016; and (11) David Avilla. (Id. at 1-2). All 14 claims appear to stem from incidents plaintiff alleges occurred in 2016, approximately four years 15 prior to when plaintiff initiated this action. (See generally id.). The complaint is comprised of 34 16 pages and includes 103 separate number averments. The averments are disjointed, rambling and 17 confusing and appear in a diary-like fashion detailing various unrelated incidents plaintiff 18 experienced at different points in time with different staff, or other patients, at Coalinga State 19 Hospital. 20 To the extent discernable, it appears Plaintiff attempts to allege claims arising under the 21 Eighth and/or Fourteenth Amendments, considering it appears Plaintiff is civilly detained, not 22 criminally confined, follow his criminal detention at the CDCR. The incidents giving rise to the 23 cause of action appear to stem from Plaintiff being forcefully medicated when defendants instead 24 could have housed Plaintiff in a single cell or being placed in under 1:1 observation necessitating 25 male officials to directly observe him around-the-clock. (Id. at 5-7, 10, 17) (alleging Plaintiff 26 could not get any sleep with male staff observing him). Plaintiff repeatedly refers to “male staff 27 lil watching him in bed etc.” (Id. at 8). The “lil” to which Plaintiff refers is construed as 1:1 28 observation, which is a method of direct observation for mental health patients. Plaintiff states 1 defendants knew “plaintiff had a history of flash backs and reoccurring remembrance of past 2 sexual abuse if left in certain predicaments resulting in plaintiff being taken out to the hospitals 3 on numerous occasions for sexual exams.” (Id. at 6). 4 Plaintiff claims that he has suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder from a previous 5 sexual assault in prison which “triggers” him when he has male staff watching him, or when he 6 sees Hispanic residents or staff, or gay staff, and causes him to experience anxiety attacks, chest 7 pains, paranoia and results in him being administered psychotropic drugs against his will or taken 8 to outside hospitals for examinations. (Id. at 7, 15). Thus, it appears these situations are those 9 “certain predicaments” of which Plaintiff takes issue. Plaintiff includes details of his counseling 10 sessions or “panel” interviews and admits that a state court order required that he be involuntarily 11 medicated, and has a diagnosis of paranoia, bi-polar disorder and other mental health issues. (Id. 12 at 23-25). Plaintiff acknowledges that during a three-year time span when he was housed in a 13 single cell, he was not triggered and did not require forced medication, or to be transported for 14 rape examinations. (Id. at 20). As relief, Plaintiff seeks monetary damages and any other relief 15 the Court deems appropriate. (Id. at 31). 16 III. Discussion 17 A. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8 18 The Complaint is difficult to decipher and confusing. It is devoid of sufficient factual 19 support showing a causal connection between each of the named defendants and any alleged 20 constitutional deprivations. The complaint names more than a dozen defendants, but lacks 21 enough facts describing the who, what, where, when, and why of plaintiff’s claims. The 22 complaint includes unrelated incidents against numerous unrelated defendants, based on separate 23 factual scenarios that occurred at different times. Peppered throughout the complaint are 24 conclusory claims that various named defendants failed to protect plaintiff but fails to state from 25 who or what plaintiff needed protected. While it may be possible that plaintiff has a claim 26 sounding in medical deliberate indifference, or a cruel and unusual conditions of confinement 27 claim, relating to the forceful application of psychotropic medication to him against his will when 28 a simple solution appears to be a single cell, or direct observation by female staff only, the current 1 complaint as written currently fails to state a claim because it appears various treating mental 2 health professionals had a difference of opinion in how best to treat Plaintiff. 3 While the Eighth Amendment entitles plaintiff to medical care, the Eighth Amendment is 4 violated only when a prison official acts with deliberate indifference to an inmate’s serious 5 medical needs. Snow v. McDaniel, 681 F.3d 978, 985 (9th Cir. 2012), overruled in part on other 6 grounds, Peralta v. Dillard, 744 F.3d 1076, 1082-83 (9th Cir. 2014); Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 7 F.3d 1113, 1122 (9th Cir. 2012). To state a claim for medical deliberate indifference, plaintiff 8 must allege that the medical need was “serious” by demonstrating that a failure to treat “could 9 result in further significant injury or the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.” Jett v. 10 Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). 11 And plaintiff must show that defendants’ response was deliberately indifferent by alleging that 12 “the course of treatment the [medical officials] chose was medically unacceptable under the 13 circumstances and that the defendants chose this course in conscious disregard of an excessive 14 risk to the plaintiff's health.” Hamby v. Hammond, 821 F.3d 1085, 1092 (9th Cir. 2016). 15 Deliberate indifference is a higher standard than medical negligence or malpractice, and a 16 difference of opinion between medical professionals—or between a physician and the prisoner— 17 generally does not amount to deliberate indifference. See generally Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 18 1051 (9th Cir. 2004). Misdiagnosis alone is not a basis for a claim, see Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 19 F.3d 1113, 1123 (9th Cir. 2012), and a “mere delay” in treatment, “without more, is insufficient 20 to state a claim of deliberate medical indifference,” Shapley v. Nevada Bd. of State Prison 21 Comm’rs, 766 F.2d 404, 407 (9th Cir. 1985). Plaintiff must show that a delay “would cause 22 significant harm and that Defendants should have known this to be the case.” Hallett v. Morgan, 23 296 F.3d 732, 746 (9th Cir. 2002). A decision to avoid more effective medical treatment without 24 a basis of professional judgment and instead based solely on cost may amount to deliberate 25 indifference. Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104; see also Johnson v. Doughty, 433 F.3d 1001, 1019 (7th 26 Cir. 2006) (discussing that cost-based decisions may amount to deliberate indifference in prisoner 27 medical cases). 28 1 In addition to the law set forth above, if plaintiff chooses to file an amended complaint, he 2 must be mindful of some general pleading requirements in filing an amended complaint. The 3 amended complaint must be a complete document and must not refer to the initial complaint. See 4 Local Rule 220 (E.D. Cal. 2019). The requirement exists because an amended complaint 5 supersedes the original complaint and becomes the only operative complaint. 6 Plaintiff should name only those defendants he believes participated in the alleged 7 wrongdoing at issue. Here, plaintiff names many defendants, including the unidentified teams of 8 individuals who decided to involuntarily medicate him. If he chooses to amend, plaintiff must 9 name only those defendants who are alleged to have participated in the alleged wrongdoing to 10 him and allege facts showing a causal link between the named defendant and the alleged 11 constitutional violation. As set forth above, vague and conclusory allegations are not enough. To 12 the extent Plaintiff believes he sets forth a failure to protect claim, the Complaint is entirely 13 unclear who failed to protect him and what defendant(s) did not protect him from. It’s clear the 14 sexual assault Plaintiff speaks of occurred years before while he was confined at a CDCR facility. 15 Finally, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure permit a complaint to include all related 16 claims against a party and permit joinder of all defendants alleged to be liable for the “same 17 transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrence” where “any question of law or 18 fact common to all defendants will arise in the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 18(a) and 20(a)(2). But 19 the Rules do not permit conglomeration of unrelated claims against unrelated defendants in a 20 single lawsuit. Unrelated claims must be filed in separate lawsuits. 21 B. Other motions 22 Plaintiff filed a motion for defendants to “answer the complaint and to select a judge,” and 23 a motion to compel seeking an order directing the U.S. Marshal to serve his complaint. (See Doc. 24 Nos. 8, 10). The basis for plaintiff’s motions are understandable considering the instant case was 25 filed in July 2020. However, plaintiff should note that the Eastern District of California, 26 including the undersigned, has an extremely heavy docket caseload, as further evidenced by the 27 Standing Order in Light of Ongoing Judicial Emergency issued in this district. Nevertheless, 28 defendants are not required to respond to a complaint until the court screens the complaint and 1 | until the court directs plaintiff to complete service of process forms and/or directs service of 2 | process. As described herein, plaintiff is permitted to file an amended complaint so he may 3 | attempt to sure his pleading deficiencies. Thus, plaintiff's motions are denied as moot at this time 4 | based on the instant order. 5 Accordingly, it is ORDERED: 6 1. Within thirty (30) days from the date on this order, plaintiff shall file an amended 7 | complaint on the attached civil rights complaint form. 8 2. Plaintiff's motion for defendants to answer the complaint and to select a judge, and 9 | motion to compel seeking an order directing the U.S. Marshal to serve his complaint (Doc. Nos. 10 | 8, 10) are denied as moot. 11 3. The Clerk of Court shall provide plaintiff a complaint form marked “Amended 12 | Complaint” bearing the instant case number for plaintiffs use to file an amended complaint. 13 4. Plaintiff's failure to timely comply with this order will result the recommendation that 14 | this case be dismissed, without prejudice, for failure to comply with the court’s order. 15 16 IT IS SO ORDERED. Dated: May 27, 2021 Mila Wh fareh Base 18 HELENA M. BARCH-KUCHTA 19 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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