1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 WILLIAM STEPHENSON, No. 2:20-cv-02227 DB P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 COUNTY OF PLACER, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Plaintiff is a civil detainee, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, with a civil rights 18 complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. This action proceeds on plaintiff’s original complaint, as 19 screened by the court, filed November 6, 2020. (ECF No. 1.) Plaintiff claims his Fourteenth 20 Amendment due process rights were violated by defendant Placer County as a result of 21 defendant’s customs and policies related to his treatment while in the custody of the Placer 22 County Sheriff’s Department. 23 Before the court is defendant’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 13) and defendant’s motion to 24 strike plaintiff’s opposition to the motion to dismiss (ECF No. 15). For the foregoing reasons, the 25 court will recommend that both defendant’s motion to strike and motion to dismiss be denied. 26 //// 27 //// 28 //// 1 BACKGROUND 2 I. Procedural Background 3 Plaintiff is a civil detainee currently housed at Department of State Hospitals, Coalinga. 4 (ECF No. 1 at 2.) At all relevant times to the complaint, the plaintiff was housed at the Placer 5 County Jail during pre-trial proceedings. (Id. at 3.) Plaintiff filed this action pursuant to 42 6 U.S.C. § 1983 on November 6, 2020. (ECF No. 1.) The court screened the complaint and 7 determined it stated a cognizable claim against defendant Placer County and ordered service 8 appropriate on defendant. (ECF No. 8.) 9 On March 29, 2021, defendant filed the motion to dismiss presently before the court. 10 (ECF No. 13.) Plaintiff filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss on April 26, 2021. (ECF No. 11 14.) Defendant filed a motion to strike plaintiff’s opposition as untimely and a reply to plaintiff’s 12 opposition on April 30, 2021. (ECF No. 15.) On May 10, 2021, plaintiff filed a document 13 entitled “Plaintiff’s Reply to Defendant’s Reply to Opposition to Motion to Dismiss.” (ECF No. 14 16.) Given that this document appears to only address defendant’s motion to strike (see id.), this 15 will be construed as an opposition to defendant’s motion to strike. 16 II. Factual Allegations 17 In his complaint, plaintiff alleges the following: while awaiting a revocation hearing for 18 allegedly violating the terms of his release, plaintiff was civilly committed as a sexually violent 19 predator under California Welfare & Institutions Code § 6604. (ECF No. 1 at 4.) Between May 20 2017 and April 2018, while plaintiff was in the custody of Placer County Sheriff’s Department 21 (“PCSD”), plaintiff had continuous treatment under the Sexually Violent Predator Act (“SVPA”). 22 (Id. at 7.) Defendant violated plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment rights when plaintiff was: (1) 23 housed in administrative segregation for three weeks and deprived of privileges; (2) housed with 24 non-sex offender criminal detainees; and (3) removed from the secure housing of administrative 25 segregation without a court order that waived his secure housing placement. (See id. at 4-6, 9.) 26 Plaintiff’s housing conditions were more restrictive than those in the general prison population as 27 well as those in other protective custody units. (See id. at 4-5.) Plaintiff’s placement with 28 inmates who had been “committed under the criminal process” as well as with “non-sex 1 offenders” put his life “at risk of serious harm” and “violated the law” as the placement was done 2 for no legitimate, lawful purpose. (See generally id. at 5-6). Plaintiff claims that these actions 3 were the result of official policies, customs, and practices of defendant Placer County and that 4 they violated his Fourteenth Amendment rights. (Id. at 3.) 5 MOTION TO STRIKE 6 Defendant has requested that the court strike plaintiff’s opposition as untimely and treat it 7 “as a non-opposition.” (ECF No. 15 at 1-2.) Defendant argues that because the motion to dismiss 8 was served on March 29, 2021, plaintiff’s opposition was untimely as it was filed on filed April 9 26, 2021, beyond the twenty-one days permitted by Local Rule 230(l). (Id.) Plaintiff contends 10 that his opposition was timely as he did not receive the defendant’s motion until April 6, 2021, 11 and “placed his opposition in hospital staff’s hand—to be mailed but pursuant to the institutional 12 procedures—on April 22, 2021.” (ECF No. 16 at 2.) 13 Based on the March 29, 2021 date of service, plaintiff’s opposition would have been due 14 on April 19, 2021, pursuant to Local Rule 230(l). Based on this, it appears defendant’s request to 15 strike plaintiff’s opposition is based on a seven-day delay. Defendant has not alleged any 16 prejudice as a result of this delay. It is unclear why defendant believes the court should strike 17 plaintiff’s opposition because of a short delay that did not prejudice the defendant. Defendant 18 should be aware of plaintiff’s pro se status as well as the fact that plaintiff is presently in custody. 19 The Supreme Court has recognized that prisoners face unique mail-related challenges when 20 litigating while incarcerated. See Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 108 (1988). It does not seem 21 reasonable to strike plaintiff’s opposition and treat it as a non-opposition for what appears to have 22 been an inconsequential delay. 23 In light of plaintiff’s prisoner and pro se status, the court’s duty to construe pro se filings 24 liberally, plaintiff’s contention that he did not receive the defendant’s motion until April 6, 2021, 25 and the fact that defendant has not alleged any prejudice, the undersigned will recommend denial 26 of defendant’s motion to strike and will consider below plaintiff’s opposition filed April 26, 2021. 27 //// 28 //// 1 Plaintiff is reminded that he does have an obligation to comply with the deadlines set out 2 in the Local Rules and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Should either party believe they are 3 unable to meet any deadlines, they are permitted to request an extension of time from the court. 4 MOTION TO DISMISS 5 Defendant moves to dismiss this action on the grounds that the complaint fails to state a 6 claim as “plaintiff did not and cannot allege more than a single incident of alleged 7 unconstitutional activity.” (ECF No. 13-1 at 1.) 8 Defendant asserts that the complaint cannot establish that the alleged unconstitutional 9 actions against the defendant were done pursuant to the defendant’s policy, practice, or custom as 10 plaintiff “does not allege similar incidents of unconstitutional activity.” (Id. at 4.) In his 11 opposition, plaintiff argues that he alleged in the complaint that his rights were violated in due to 12 defendant’s policy. (ECF No. 14 at 2.) Plaintiff also cites Whitaker v. Garcetti, 486 F.3d 572, 13 581 (9th Cir. 2007), to support the proposition that a “bare allegation that conduct complained of 14 conformed to an official policy” is sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 14 at 2.) 15 Defendant’s reply appears to only address what defendant believes is plaintiff’s misinterpretation 16 of City of Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S. 808, 816 (1985). (ECF No. 15 at 2.) 17 I. Standard for Motion to Dismiss 18 Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 WILLIAM STEPHENSON, No. 2:20-cv-02227 DB P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 COUNTY OF PLACER, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Plaintiff is a civil detainee, proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, with a civil rights 18 complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. This action proceeds on plaintiff’s original complaint, as 19 screened by the court, filed November 6, 2020. (ECF No. 1.) Plaintiff claims his Fourteenth 20 Amendment due process rights were violated by defendant Placer County as a result of 21 defendant’s customs and policies related to his treatment while in the custody of the Placer 22 County Sheriff’s Department. 23 Before the court is defendant’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 13) and defendant’s motion to 24 strike plaintiff’s opposition to the motion to dismiss (ECF No. 15). For the foregoing reasons, the 25 court will recommend that both defendant’s motion to strike and motion to dismiss be denied. 26 //// 27 //// 28 //// 1 BACKGROUND 2 I. Procedural Background 3 Plaintiff is a civil detainee currently housed at Department of State Hospitals, Coalinga. 4 (ECF No. 1 at 2.) At all relevant times to the complaint, the plaintiff was housed at the Placer 5 County Jail during pre-trial proceedings. (Id. at 3.) Plaintiff filed this action pursuant to 42 6 U.S.C. § 1983 on November 6, 2020. (ECF No. 1.) The court screened the complaint and 7 determined it stated a cognizable claim against defendant Placer County and ordered service 8 appropriate on defendant. (ECF No. 8.) 9 On March 29, 2021, defendant filed the motion to dismiss presently before the court. 10 (ECF No. 13.) Plaintiff filed an opposition to the motion to dismiss on April 26, 2021. (ECF No. 11 14.) Defendant filed a motion to strike plaintiff’s opposition as untimely and a reply to plaintiff’s 12 opposition on April 30, 2021. (ECF No. 15.) On May 10, 2021, plaintiff filed a document 13 entitled “Plaintiff’s Reply to Defendant’s Reply to Opposition to Motion to Dismiss.” (ECF No. 14 16.) Given that this document appears to only address defendant’s motion to strike (see id.), this 15 will be construed as an opposition to defendant’s motion to strike. 16 II. Factual Allegations 17 In his complaint, plaintiff alleges the following: while awaiting a revocation hearing for 18 allegedly violating the terms of his release, plaintiff was civilly committed as a sexually violent 19 predator under California Welfare & Institutions Code § 6604. (ECF No. 1 at 4.) Between May 20 2017 and April 2018, while plaintiff was in the custody of Placer County Sheriff’s Department 21 (“PCSD”), plaintiff had continuous treatment under the Sexually Violent Predator Act (“SVPA”). 22 (Id. at 7.) Defendant violated plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment rights when plaintiff was: (1) 23 housed in administrative segregation for three weeks and deprived of privileges; (2) housed with 24 non-sex offender criminal detainees; and (3) removed from the secure housing of administrative 25 segregation without a court order that waived his secure housing placement. (See id. at 4-6, 9.) 26 Plaintiff’s housing conditions were more restrictive than those in the general prison population as 27 well as those in other protective custody units. (See id. at 4-5.) Plaintiff’s placement with 28 inmates who had been “committed under the criminal process” as well as with “non-sex 1 offenders” put his life “at risk of serious harm” and “violated the law” as the placement was done 2 for no legitimate, lawful purpose. (See generally id. at 5-6). Plaintiff claims that these actions 3 were the result of official policies, customs, and practices of defendant Placer County and that 4 they violated his Fourteenth Amendment rights. (Id. at 3.) 5 MOTION TO STRIKE 6 Defendant has requested that the court strike plaintiff’s opposition as untimely and treat it 7 “as a non-opposition.” (ECF No. 15 at 1-2.) Defendant argues that because the motion to dismiss 8 was served on March 29, 2021, plaintiff’s opposition was untimely as it was filed on filed April 9 26, 2021, beyond the twenty-one days permitted by Local Rule 230(l). (Id.) Plaintiff contends 10 that his opposition was timely as he did not receive the defendant’s motion until April 6, 2021, 11 and “placed his opposition in hospital staff’s hand—to be mailed but pursuant to the institutional 12 procedures—on April 22, 2021.” (ECF No. 16 at 2.) 13 Based on the March 29, 2021 date of service, plaintiff’s opposition would have been due 14 on April 19, 2021, pursuant to Local Rule 230(l). Based on this, it appears defendant’s request to 15 strike plaintiff’s opposition is based on a seven-day delay. Defendant has not alleged any 16 prejudice as a result of this delay. It is unclear why defendant believes the court should strike 17 plaintiff’s opposition because of a short delay that did not prejudice the defendant. Defendant 18 should be aware of plaintiff’s pro se status as well as the fact that plaintiff is presently in custody. 19 The Supreme Court has recognized that prisoners face unique mail-related challenges when 20 litigating while incarcerated. See Houston v. Lack, 487 U.S. 266, 108 (1988). It does not seem 21 reasonable to strike plaintiff’s opposition and treat it as a non-opposition for what appears to have 22 been an inconsequential delay. 23 In light of plaintiff’s prisoner and pro se status, the court’s duty to construe pro se filings 24 liberally, plaintiff’s contention that he did not receive the defendant’s motion until April 6, 2021, 25 and the fact that defendant has not alleged any prejudice, the undersigned will recommend denial 26 of defendant’s motion to strike and will consider below plaintiff’s opposition filed April 26, 2021. 27 //// 28 //// 1 Plaintiff is reminded that he does have an obligation to comply with the deadlines set out 2 in the Local Rules and the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Should either party believe they are 3 unable to meet any deadlines, they are permitted to request an extension of time from the court. 4 MOTION TO DISMISS 5 Defendant moves to dismiss this action on the grounds that the complaint fails to state a 6 claim as “plaintiff did not and cannot allege more than a single incident of alleged 7 unconstitutional activity.” (ECF No. 13-1 at 1.) 8 Defendant asserts that the complaint cannot establish that the alleged unconstitutional 9 actions against the defendant were done pursuant to the defendant’s policy, practice, or custom as 10 plaintiff “does not allege similar incidents of unconstitutional activity.” (Id. at 4.) In his 11 opposition, plaintiff argues that he alleged in the complaint that his rights were violated in due to 12 defendant’s policy. (ECF No. 14 at 2.) Plaintiff also cites Whitaker v. Garcetti, 486 F.3d 572, 13 581 (9th Cir. 2007), to support the proposition that a “bare allegation that conduct complained of 14 conformed to an official policy” is sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 14 at 2.) 15 Defendant’s reply appears to only address what defendant believes is plaintiff’s misinterpretation 16 of City of Oklahoma City v. Tuttle, 471 U.S. 808, 816 (1985). (ECF No. 15 at 2.) 17 I. Standard for Motion to Dismiss 18 Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides for motions to dismiss for 19 “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” “To survive a motion to dismiss, a 20 complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is 21 plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. 22 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads 23 factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable 24 for the misconduct alleged.” Id. The court must accept as true the allegations of the complaint, 25 Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hospital Trustees, 425 U.S. 738, 740 (1976), and construe the pleading 26 in the light most favorable to plaintiff, Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969). A pro se 27 complaint must contain more than “naked assertion[s],” “labels and conclusions,” or “a formulaic 28 //// 1 recitation of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements.” Iqbal, 2 556 U.S. at 678. 3 A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim should not be granted unless it appears 4 beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claims which would 5 entitle him to relief. Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73 (1984) (citing Conley v. 6 Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46 (1957)). Pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than 7 those drafted by lawyers. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972) (per curium). The court 8 must give a pro se litigant leave to amend his complaint “unless it determines that the pleading 9 could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 10 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995)). However, 11 the court’s liberal interpretation of a pro se complaint may not supply essential elements of the 12 claim that were not pled. Ivey v. Bd. Of Regents of Univ. of Alaska, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 13 1982). In ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the court “may ‘generally 14 consider only allegations contained in the pleadings, exhibits attached to the complaint, and 15 matters properly subject to judicial notice.’” Outdoor Media Grp., Inc. v. City of Beaumont, 506 16 F.3d 895, 899 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Swartz v. KPMG LLP, 476 F.3d 756, 763 (9th Cir. 2007)). 17 II. Discussion 18 In the motion to dismiss, much of defendant’s argument rests on the assertion that “proof 19 of a single incident of unconstitutional activity is generally not sufficient to impose liability under 20 Monnell.” (Id.) (Citations Omitted). In support of this proposition, defendant cites the Ninth 21 Circuit’s decision in Meehan v. County of Los Angeles, 856 F.2d 102 (1988) as well as two 22 district court cases from the Northern District of California: Sangraal v. City and County of San 23 Francisco, 2013 WL 3187384 (N.D. Cal. 2013) and Mikich v. County of San Francisco, 2013 WL 24 897207 (N.D. Cal. 2013). Defendant is correct that these cases indicate that a single incident is 25 generally insufficient for this purpose. See Meehan, 856 F.2d at 107; Sangraal, 2013 WL 26 3187384, at *15; Mikich, 2013 WL 897207, *17. However, the two orders from the Northern 27 District were made at summary judgment and the Ninth Circuit’s ruling was made on appeal 28 //// 1 from a directed verdict from the lower court. See Meehan, 856 F.2d at 103; Sangraal, 2013 WL 2 3187384, at *1, Mikich, 2013 WL 897207, at *1. 3 The standard on motion for summary judgment or directed verdict is significantly 4 different from the standard applied on motion to dismiss. On a motion to dismiss, the court must 5 determine if the complaint contains “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to 6 relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. In ruling on a motion to dismiss, the 7 court must accept as true the allegations of the complaint and construe the pleading in the light 8 most favorable to plaintiff. Hospital Bldg. Co., 425 U.S. at 740, Jenkins, 395 U.S. at 421. Even 9 more importantly, the Ninth Circuit has clearly stated that “[i]n this circuit, a claim of municipal 10 liability under [§] 1983 is sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss even if the claim is based on 11 nothing more than a bare allegation that the individual officers' conduct conformed to official 12 policy, custom, or practice.” Whitaker, 486 F.3d at 581 (citations omitted) (quoting Galbraith v. 13 County of Santa Clara, 307 F.3d 1119, 1127 (9th Cir. 2002)). 14 In the complaint, plaintiff states, in part, “the [defendant] by way of the Sheriff’s 15 Department is the primary causation of the harm to plaintiff as its official policies, customs, 16 practices, training, and/or the lack thereof are the cause of the harms state herein.” (ECF No. 1 at 17 6.) The complaint also contains multiple allegations that PCSD policy was responsible for the 18 housing that allegedly violated plaintiff’s rights. (Id. at 6.) On screening, the court previously 19 found these allegations sufficient to state a claim against defendant for violation of plaintiff’s due 20 process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment. (ECF No. 8 at 4.) Taking plaintiff’s allegations 21 as true, they still appear at least minimally sufficient to state a claim and to withstand a motion to 22 dismiss. Whitaker, 486 F.3d at 581. 23 Accordingly, it will be recommended that defendant’s motion to dismiss be denied. 24 //// 25 //// 26 //// 27 //// 28 //// 1 CONCLUSION 2 For the above stated reason, the Clerk of the Court is ORDERED to randomly assign a 3 district judge to this action. 4 Further, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 5 1. Defendant’s motion to strike plaintiff’s opposition to defendant’s motion to dismiss 6 (ECF No. 15) be denied; 7 2. Defendant’s motion to dismiss (ECF No. 13) be denied; and 8 3. Defendant be ordered to file a responsive pleading within forty-five days of these 9 findings and recommendations being adopted. 10 These findings and recommendations will be submitted to the United States District Judge 11 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within twenty days 12 after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 13 objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. The document should be captioned 14 “Objections to Magistrate Judge's Findings and Recommendations.” Any response to the 15 objections shall be filed and served within seven days after service of the objections. The parties 16 are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may result in waiver of the 17 right to appeal the district court’s order. Martinez v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 18 DATED: December 3, 2021 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 DB:14 26 DB/DB Prisoner Inbox/Civil Rights/R/step2227.mtd 27 28