1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ETUATE SEKONA, No. 2:16-CV-0517-JAM-DMC-P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 F. CUSTINO, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Plaintiff, a prisoner proceeding pro se, brings this civil rights action pursuant to 18 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Pending before the Court is defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings 19 (ECF No. 154). 20 / / / 21 / / / 22 / / / 23 / / / 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 This action proceeds on plaintiff’s first amended complaint. See ECF No. 55. 3 Following various dismissals, plaintiff’s sole surviving claim is an Eighth Amendment safety 4 claim against defendant Custino. Specifically, plaintiff alleges that on June 27, 2014, correctional 5 officer Custino ignored plaintiff’s safety concerns during a cell exchange. As a result, plaintiff 6 was moved to a cell with a fellow inmate which plaintiff claimed to be dangerous. After the 7 transfer, the fellow inmate allegedly attacked plaintiff while he was asleep. Plaintiff suffered lost 8 teeth and received brain damage. 9 On February 27, 2020, defendant submitted a motion for judgment on the 10 pleadings, arguing that plaintiff’s claims are barred by the doctrine of res judicata. See ECF No. 11 154. On March 23, 2020, plaintiff submitted an opposition to defendant’s motion. See ECF No. 12 158, 159. On March 25, 2020, defendant submitted a reply to plaintiff’s opposition. See ECF No. 13 160. On April 6, 2020, plaintiff submitted an unauthorized sur-reply to defendant’s reply. See 14 ECF No. 162. The Court now reviews defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. 15 16 II. STANDARD FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS 17 "After the pleadings are closed—but early enough not to delay trial—a party may 18 move for judgment on the pleadings." Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). "Judgment on the pleadings is 19 properly granted when, accepting all factual allegations in the complaint as true, there is no issue 20 of material fact in dispute, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of 21 law." Chavez v. United States, 683 F.3d 1102, 1108 (9th Cir. 2012) (brackets and internal 22 quotation marks omitted). Like a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a motion under Rule 23 12(c) challenges the legal sufficiency of the claims asserted in the complaint. See id. Indeed, 24 a Rule 12(c) motion is "functionally identical" to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, and courts apply the 25 "same standard." Dworkin v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 867 F.2d 1188, 1192 (9th Cir. 26 1989) (explaining that the "principal difference" between Rule 12(b)(6) and Rule 12(c) "is the 27 timing of filing"); see also U.S. ex rel. Cafasso v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., 637 F.3d 1047, 1054 28 n.4 (9th Cir. 2011). 1 Judgment on the pleadings should thus be entered when a complaint does not plead 2 "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 3 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual 4 content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 5 misconduct alleged." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). "The plausibility standard is 6 not akin to a probability requirement, but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant 7 has acted unlawfully." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). For purposes of ruling on a Rule 8 12(c) motion, the Court "accept[s] factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe[s] the 9 pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & 10 Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). 11 12 III. DISCUSSION 13 Defendant argues that plaintiff’s claims should be barred because plaintiff has 14 raised his 2014 claims of failure to protect against defendant Custino in a different lawsuit, and 15 the claims were screened out. The Court disagrees with defendant’s argument. 16 Two related doctrines of preclusion are grouped under the term “res judicata.” See 17 Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 128 S. Ct. 2161, 2171 (2008). One of these doctrines – claim 18 preclusion – forecloses “successive litigation of the very same claim, whether or not relitigation 19 of the claim raises the same issues as the earlier suit.” Id. Stated another way, “[c]laim 20 preclusion. . . bars any subsequent suit on claims that were raised or could have been raised in a 21 prior action.” Cell Therapeutics, Inc. v. Lash Group, Inc., 586 F.3d 1204, 1212 (9th Cir. 2009). 22 “Newly articulated claims based on the same nucleus of facts are also subject to a res judicata 23 finding if the claims could have been brought in the earlier action.” Stewart v. U.S. Bancorp, 297 24 F.3d 953, 956 (9th Cir. 2002). Thus, claim preclusion prevents a plaintiff from later presenting 25 any legal theories arising from the “same transactional nucleus of facts.” Hells Canyon 26 Preservation Council v. U.S. Forest Service, 403 F.3d 683, 686 n.2 (9th Cir. 2005). 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 The party seeking to apply claim preclusion bears the burden of establishing the 2 following: (1) an identity of claims; (2) the existence of a final judgment on the merits; and (3) 3 identity or privity of the parties. See Cell Therapeutics, 586 F.3d at 1212; see also Headwaters, 4 Inc. v. U.S. Forest Service, 399 F.3d 1047, 1052 (9th Cir. 2005). Determining whether there is an 5 identity of claims involves consideration of four factors: (1) whether the two suits arise out of the 6 same transactional nucleus of facts; (2) whether rights or interests established in the prior 7 judgment would be destroyed or impaired by prosecution of the second action; (3) whether the 8 two suits involve infringement of the same right; and (4) whether substantially the same evidence 9 is presented in the two actions. See ProShipLine, Inc. v. Aspen Infrastructure Ltd., 609 F.3d 960, 10 968 (9th Cir. 2010). Reliance on the first factor is especially appropriate because the factor is 11 “outcome determinative.” Id. (quoting Mpoyo v. Litton Electro-Optical Sys., 430 F.3d 985, 987 12 (9th Cir. 2005)). As to privity of the parties, “privity . . . [arises] from a limited number of legal 13 relationships in which two parties have identical or transferred rights with respect to a particular 14 legal interest.” Headwaters, Inc. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 399 F.3d 1047, 1053 (9th Cir. 2005). 15 Here, defendant argues that plaintiff has previously raised his 2014 claims of 16 failure to protect against defendant Custino in different lawsuits. Specially, defendant states:
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ETUATE SEKONA, No. 2:16-CV-0517-JAM-DMC-P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 F. CUSTINO, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Plaintiff, a prisoner proceeding pro se, brings this civil rights action pursuant to 18 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Pending before the Court is defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings 19 (ECF No. 154). 20 / / / 21 / / / 22 / / / 23 / / / 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 This action proceeds on plaintiff’s first amended complaint. See ECF No. 55. 3 Following various dismissals, plaintiff’s sole surviving claim is an Eighth Amendment safety 4 claim against defendant Custino. Specifically, plaintiff alleges that on June 27, 2014, correctional 5 officer Custino ignored plaintiff’s safety concerns during a cell exchange. As a result, plaintiff 6 was moved to a cell with a fellow inmate which plaintiff claimed to be dangerous. After the 7 transfer, the fellow inmate allegedly attacked plaintiff while he was asleep. Plaintiff suffered lost 8 teeth and received brain damage. 9 On February 27, 2020, defendant submitted a motion for judgment on the 10 pleadings, arguing that plaintiff’s claims are barred by the doctrine of res judicata. See ECF No. 11 154. On March 23, 2020, plaintiff submitted an opposition to defendant’s motion. See ECF No. 12 158, 159. On March 25, 2020, defendant submitted a reply to plaintiff’s opposition. See ECF No. 13 160. On April 6, 2020, plaintiff submitted an unauthorized sur-reply to defendant’s reply. See 14 ECF No. 162. The Court now reviews defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. 15 16 II. STANDARD FOR JUDGMENT ON THE PLEADINGS 17 "After the pleadings are closed—but early enough not to delay trial—a party may 18 move for judgment on the pleadings." Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c). "Judgment on the pleadings is 19 properly granted when, accepting all factual allegations in the complaint as true, there is no issue 20 of material fact in dispute, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of 21 law." Chavez v. United States, 683 F.3d 1102, 1108 (9th Cir. 2012) (brackets and internal 22 quotation marks omitted). Like a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a motion under Rule 23 12(c) challenges the legal sufficiency of the claims asserted in the complaint. See id. Indeed, 24 a Rule 12(c) motion is "functionally identical" to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, and courts apply the 25 "same standard." Dworkin v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 867 F.2d 1188, 1192 (9th Cir. 26 1989) (explaining that the "principal difference" between Rule 12(b)(6) and Rule 12(c) "is the 27 timing of filing"); see also U.S. ex rel. Cafasso v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., 637 F.3d 1047, 1054 28 n.4 (9th Cir. 2011). 1 Judgment on the pleadings should thus be entered when a complaint does not plead 2 "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 3 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). "A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual 4 content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 5 misconduct alleged." Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). "The plausibility standard is 6 not akin to a probability requirement, but it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant 7 has acted unlawfully." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). For purposes of ruling on a Rule 8 12(c) motion, the Court "accept[s] factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe[s] the 9 pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & 10 Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). 11 12 III. DISCUSSION 13 Defendant argues that plaintiff’s claims should be barred because plaintiff has 14 raised his 2014 claims of failure to protect against defendant Custino in a different lawsuit, and 15 the claims were screened out. The Court disagrees with defendant’s argument. 16 Two related doctrines of preclusion are grouped under the term “res judicata.” See 17 Taylor v. Sturgell, 553 U.S. 880, 128 S. Ct. 2161, 2171 (2008). One of these doctrines – claim 18 preclusion – forecloses “successive litigation of the very same claim, whether or not relitigation 19 of the claim raises the same issues as the earlier suit.” Id. Stated another way, “[c]laim 20 preclusion. . . bars any subsequent suit on claims that were raised or could have been raised in a 21 prior action.” Cell Therapeutics, Inc. v. Lash Group, Inc., 586 F.3d 1204, 1212 (9th Cir. 2009). 22 “Newly articulated claims based on the same nucleus of facts are also subject to a res judicata 23 finding if the claims could have been brought in the earlier action.” Stewart v. U.S. Bancorp, 297 24 F.3d 953, 956 (9th Cir. 2002). Thus, claim preclusion prevents a plaintiff from later presenting 25 any legal theories arising from the “same transactional nucleus of facts.” Hells Canyon 26 Preservation Council v. U.S. Forest Service, 403 F.3d 683, 686 n.2 (9th Cir. 2005). 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 The party seeking to apply claim preclusion bears the burden of establishing the 2 following: (1) an identity of claims; (2) the existence of a final judgment on the merits; and (3) 3 identity or privity of the parties. See Cell Therapeutics, 586 F.3d at 1212; see also Headwaters, 4 Inc. v. U.S. Forest Service, 399 F.3d 1047, 1052 (9th Cir. 2005). Determining whether there is an 5 identity of claims involves consideration of four factors: (1) whether the two suits arise out of the 6 same transactional nucleus of facts; (2) whether rights or interests established in the prior 7 judgment would be destroyed or impaired by prosecution of the second action; (3) whether the 8 two suits involve infringement of the same right; and (4) whether substantially the same evidence 9 is presented in the two actions. See ProShipLine, Inc. v. Aspen Infrastructure Ltd., 609 F.3d 960, 10 968 (9th Cir. 2010). Reliance on the first factor is especially appropriate because the factor is 11 “outcome determinative.” Id. (quoting Mpoyo v. Litton Electro-Optical Sys., 430 F.3d 985, 987 12 (9th Cir. 2005)). As to privity of the parties, “privity . . . [arises] from a limited number of legal 13 relationships in which two parties have identical or transferred rights with respect to a particular 14 legal interest.” Headwaters, Inc. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 399 F.3d 1047, 1053 (9th Cir. 2005). 15 Here, defendant argues that plaintiff has previously raised his 2014 claims of 16 failure to protect against defendant Custino in different lawsuits. Specially, defendant states:
17 Inmate-Plaintiff Etuate Sekona has sued Officer Custino in two prior lawsuits for allegations stemming from a June 27, 2014 altercation 18 involving another inmate. Indeed, in Sekona v. Holowitz (Holowitz), No. 2:16-CV-00608-CKD, Plaintiff sued Defendant Custino regarding a June 19 2014 fight with Plaintiff’s cellmate at Mule Creek State Prison.1 (Defs.’ Request for Judicial Notice (RJN), Ex. A at 1.) There, the court screened 20 Plaintiff’s allegations against Defendant Custino (among others), and noted that while these allegations failed to state a claim, Plaintiff had 21 already sued these Defendants for a June 2014 incident in the instant case. (Defs.’ RJN, Ex. B at 3, 6.) Plaintiff was permitted leave to amend, but 22 failed to cure the deficiencies in an amended complaint. Undeterred, Plaintiff filed suit again regarding the June 2014 incident, in Sekona v. 23 Horowitz (Horowitz), No. 2:17-CV-02479-JAM-DMC, where he identifies the same June 27, 2014 fight that he claims resulted in CTE, 24 headaches, and dizziness—and a resulting lack of medical care. 2 (Defs.’ RJN, Ex. C at 7.) Despite being barred by res judicata, these 25 claims should have been brought in one lawsuit, as they repeatedly implicate the same parties from the same incident. 26 * * * 27
28 / / / 1 In both Holowitz and Horowitz, Plaintiff sued CDCR officials based on a June 27, 2014 incident that resulted in head trauma and 2 deficient medical care. (Defs.’ RJN Exs. A, C.) In Holowitz, Plaintiff identified Defendant Custino in relation to the June 2014 incident, but the 3 allegations against Custino were not specified and therefore the Magistrate Judge screened them at the pleadings stage. (Defs.’ RJN Ex. B at 3.) And, 4 a dismissal at screening for failure to state a claim suffices as a judgment on the merits. Stewart v. U.S. Bancorp, 297 F.3d 953, 957 (9th Cir. 2002) 5 (“Supreme Court precedent confirms that a dismissal for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) is a judgment on the merits to which res 6 judicata applies.”) (quoting Federated Dept. Stores Inc. v. Moitie, 452 U.S. 394, 399 n. 3 (1991)). To proceed in a lawsuit against Defendant 7 Custino for the June 2014 allegations, Plaintiff’s course was to properly amend the pleadings in Holowitz rather than file an additional lawsuit 8 against Custino for the same alleged misconduct. Instead, Plaintiff abandoned these claims and tried to initiate another lawsuit. This suit is 9 barred by res judicata.
10 ECF No. 154-1, pgs. 1-2, 3-4. 11 i. Identity of Claims 12 There is clearly an identity of claims between the current action and plaintiff’s 13 attempt to pursue a failure to protect claim against Custino in Holowitz. Both events arise out of 14 the same transactional nucleus of facts, namely the events relating to the June 2014 incident. As 15 in the present case, in Holowitz plaintiff sued Custino, along with three other defendants, in 16 relation to the June 2014 incident that resulted in head trauma and deficient medical care. The 17 Court in Holowitz found that plaintiff did not make specific allegations against any of these 18 defendants and dismissed the complaint with leave to amend. 19 ii. Final Judgment on the Merits 20 The Court finds that plaintiff’s claims against defendant Custino have not reached 21 a final judgement on the merits. Defendant contends that plaintiff should have amended his 22 complaint in Holowitz to proceed on his current claims against Custino. However, this argument 23 fails to acknowledge that Holowitz is not a successive or subsequent suit which precludes the 24 current claims. As the Court in Holowitz noted when screening plaintiff’s complaint, records 25 indicated that plaintiff sued Custino in an earlier-filed action, Sekona v. Custino, et al., No. 2:16- 26 cv-517 CMK, that concerned the alleged June 2014 assault. See Sekona v. Holowitz, No. 2:16- 27 CV-00608-CKD, ECF No. 7, pg. 3. “Plaintiff may not bring duplicative suits against the same 28 defendants on the same claims.” Id. 1 In rejecting plaintiff’s claims against Custino, the Court in Holowitz expressly 2 noted that plaintiff was already litigating these claims in a previously filed action, this present 3 one. As such, the claim in Holowitz was identified as duplicative and, if it had been allowed to 4 survive screening, the claim would have been subject to claim preclusion because it was raised, or 5 could have been raised, in a prior action. In Horowitz, the Court did find that the screening 6 dismissal in Holowitz constituted a final judgment on the merits. However, the claim at issue in 7 Horowitz was a medical indifference claim against defendant Dr. E. Horowitz, one not raised in 8 the present case1. The Court there made no determination as to any other claim against any other 9 defendant. Therefore, neither Holowitz nor Horowitz constitute prior suits which establish a final 10 judgment on the merits of plaintiff’s claims against Custino. 11 iii. Privity of the Parties 12 As discussed above, the Court finds that plaintiff’s current claims against 13 defendant Custino have not previously reached a final judgment on the merits and are thus not 14 barred by the doctrine of res judicata. In any event, the Court notes that there is a sufficient 15 privity relationship to satisfy the requirements for claim preclusion. The defendants in this action 16 and those in both Holowitz and Horowitz were all employees at Mule Creek State Prison at the 17 time of the alleged incident on June 27, 2014. 18 / / / 19 / / / 20 / / / 21 / / / 22 / / / 23 / / / 24 / / / 25 / / /
27 1 Whether the medical indifference claim against E. Horowitz should have been raised in a prior suit is not an issue before the Court and the Court makes no determination on the 28 matter. MwA 2 AVE EOIN IVINS VUE OPI eee Yt
1 IV. CONCLUSION 2 Based on the foregoing, the undersigned recommends that defendant’s motion for 3 | judgment on the pleadings (ECF No. 154) be denied. 4 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District 5 | Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within 14 days 6 | after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 7 | objections with the court. Responses to objections shall be filed within 14 days after service of 8 | objections. Failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal. See 9 | Martinez v. YIst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991), 10 11 12 | Dated: September 10, 2020 Ssvcqo_ 13 DENNIS M. COTA 14 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28