1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10
11 ISRAEL RAMIREZ, ) Case No. 1:22-cv-00564-SAB (PC) ) 12 Plaintiff, ) ) ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE WHY ACTION 13 v. ) SHOULD NOT BE DISMISSED, WITHOUT PREJUDICE, FOR FAILURE TO EXHAUST THE ) 14 PEREZ, et al., ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES ) 15 Defendants. ) (ECF No. 1) ) 16 )
17 Plaintiff Israel Ramirez is appearing pro se and in forma pauperis in this civil rights action 18 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1983. 19 Currently before the Court is Plaintiff’s complaint, filed May 11, 2022. 20 I. 21 SCREENING REQUIREMENT 22 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 23 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The Court 24 must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims that are legally “frivolous 25 or malicious,” that “fail[] to state a claim on which relief may be granted,” or that “seek[] monetary 26 relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); see also 28 27 U.S.C. § 1915A(b). 28 1 A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 2 entitled to relief. . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not required, but 3 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do 4 not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 5 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). Moreover, Plaintiff must demonstrate that each defendant personally participated 6 in the deprivation of Plaintiff’s rights. Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). 7 Prisoners proceeding pro se in civil rights actions are entitled to have their pleadings liberally 8 construed and to have any doubt resolved in their favor. Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th 9 Cir. 2012) (citations omitted). To survive screening, Plaintiff’s claims must be facially plausible, which 10 requires sufficient factual detail to allow the Court to reasonably infer that each named defendant is 11 liable for the misconduct alleged. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79; Moss v. U.S. Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 12 969 (9th Cir. 2009). The “sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully” is not sufficient, and 13 “facts that are ‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability” falls short of satisfying the plausibility 14 standard. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; Moss, 572 F.3d at 969. 15 II. 16 SUMMARY OF ALLEGATIONS 17 The Court accepts Plaintiff’s allegations in his complaint as true only for the purpose of the 18 screening requirement under 28 U.S.C. § 1915. 19 It is well established that a complaint must offer a set of facts that put a defendant(s) on notice 20 of a legal wrong the plaintiff alleges plausibly that the defendant(s) committed. Bell Atl. Corp. v. 21 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556–57 (2007). After reviewing the instant complaint, the court is convinced 22 that a defendant could not reasonably be expected to ascertain the nature of plaintiff's claims. 23 Plaintiff’s hand-written complaint is difficult to read. Plaintiff has largely failed to break up 24 the allegations into paragraphs or discrete sentences. Thus, the complaint is difficult and at times 25 impossible to read because of Plaintiff's cramped handwriting. Plaintiff’s failure to leave spaces 26 between his words and to double-space his sentences renders his second amended complaint virtually 27 illegible. Plaintiff is required to submit filings which are “clearly legible.” Local Rule 130(b). From 28 1 the allegations that the Court can decipher, it appears that Plaintiff is complaining of the medical 2 treatment at the Madera County Jail. 3 III. 4 EXHAUSTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES 5 Pursuant to the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995, “[n]o action shall be brought with respect 6 to prison conditions under [42 U.S.C. § 1983], or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any 7 jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are 8 exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). Prisoners are required to exhaust the available administrative 9 remedies prior to filing suit. Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 211 (2007); McKinney v. Carey, 311 F.3d 10 1198, 1199-1201 (9th Cir. 2002). Exhaustion is required regardless of the relief sought by the prisoner 11 and regardless of the relief offered by the process, Booth v. Churner, 532 U.S. 731, 741 (2001), and the 12 exhaustion requirement applies to all suits relating to prison life, Porter v. Nussle, 435 U.S. 516, 532 13 (2002). 14 Prisoners are required to exhaust before bringing suit. Booth, 532 U.S. at 741. From the face of 15 Plaintiff’s Complaint, it is clear that Plaintiff filed suit prematurely and in such instances, the case may 16 be dismissed. Albino v. Baca, 747 F.3d 1162, 1169 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc) (where failure to exhaust 17 is clear from face of complaint, case is subject to dismissal for failure to state a claim under Rule 18 12(b)(6)); Wyatt v. Terhune, 315 F.3d 1108, 1120 (9th Cir. 2003) (“A prisoner’s concession to 19 nonexhaustion is a valid ground for dismissal....”) (overruled on other grounds by Albino, 747 F.3d at 20 1168-69); see also Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2014) (“Dismissal for failure to state 21 a claim under § 1915A ‘incorporates the familiar standard applied in the context of failure to state a 22 claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).’ ”) (quoting Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 23 1121 (9th Cir. 2012)). 24 The Supreme Court has held that there are no “special circumstances” exceptions to the 25 exhaustion requirement. Ross v. Blake, 578 U.S. 632, 641 (2016). However, the one significant qualifier 26 27 is that “the remedies must indeed be ‘available’ to the prisoner.” Id. As described by the Ross Court:
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10
11 ISRAEL RAMIREZ, ) Case No. 1:22-cv-00564-SAB (PC) ) 12 Plaintiff, ) ) ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE WHY ACTION 13 v. ) SHOULD NOT BE DISMISSED, WITHOUT PREJUDICE, FOR FAILURE TO EXHAUST THE ) 14 PEREZ, et al., ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES ) 15 Defendants. ) (ECF No. 1) ) 16 )
17 Plaintiff Israel Ramirez is appearing pro se and in forma pauperis in this civil rights action 18 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1983. 19 Currently before the Court is Plaintiff’s complaint, filed May 11, 2022. 20 I. 21 SCREENING REQUIREMENT 22 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 23 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The Court 24 must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims that are legally “frivolous 25 or malicious,” that “fail[] to state a claim on which relief may be granted,” or that “seek[] monetary 26 relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); see also 28 27 U.S.C. § 1915A(b). 28 1 A complaint must contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is 2 entitled to relief. . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not required, but 3 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do 4 not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 5 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). Moreover, Plaintiff must demonstrate that each defendant personally participated 6 in the deprivation of Plaintiff’s rights. Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). 7 Prisoners proceeding pro se in civil rights actions are entitled to have their pleadings liberally 8 construed and to have any doubt resolved in their favor. Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th 9 Cir. 2012) (citations omitted). To survive screening, Plaintiff’s claims must be facially plausible, which 10 requires sufficient factual detail to allow the Court to reasonably infer that each named defendant is 11 liable for the misconduct alleged. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79; Moss v. U.S. Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 12 969 (9th Cir. 2009). The “sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully” is not sufficient, and 13 “facts that are ‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability” falls short of satisfying the plausibility 14 standard. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678; Moss, 572 F.3d at 969. 15 II. 16 SUMMARY OF ALLEGATIONS 17 The Court accepts Plaintiff’s allegations in his complaint as true only for the purpose of the 18 screening requirement under 28 U.S.C. § 1915. 19 It is well established that a complaint must offer a set of facts that put a defendant(s) on notice 20 of a legal wrong the plaintiff alleges plausibly that the defendant(s) committed. Bell Atl. Corp. v. 21 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 556–57 (2007). After reviewing the instant complaint, the court is convinced 22 that a defendant could not reasonably be expected to ascertain the nature of plaintiff's claims. 23 Plaintiff’s hand-written complaint is difficult to read. Plaintiff has largely failed to break up 24 the allegations into paragraphs or discrete sentences. Thus, the complaint is difficult and at times 25 impossible to read because of Plaintiff's cramped handwriting. Plaintiff’s failure to leave spaces 26 between his words and to double-space his sentences renders his second amended complaint virtually 27 illegible. Plaintiff is required to submit filings which are “clearly legible.” Local Rule 130(b). From 28 1 the allegations that the Court can decipher, it appears that Plaintiff is complaining of the medical 2 treatment at the Madera County Jail. 3 III. 4 EXHAUSTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES 5 Pursuant to the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995, “[n]o action shall be brought with respect 6 to prison conditions under [42 U.S.C. § 1983], or any other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any 7 jail, prison, or other correctional facility until such administrative remedies as are available are 8 exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a). Prisoners are required to exhaust the available administrative 9 remedies prior to filing suit. Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 211 (2007); McKinney v. Carey, 311 F.3d 10 1198, 1199-1201 (9th Cir. 2002). Exhaustion is required regardless of the relief sought by the prisoner 11 and regardless of the relief offered by the process, Booth v. Churner, 532 U.S. 731, 741 (2001), and the 12 exhaustion requirement applies to all suits relating to prison life, Porter v. Nussle, 435 U.S. 516, 532 13 (2002). 14 Prisoners are required to exhaust before bringing suit. Booth, 532 U.S. at 741. From the face of 15 Plaintiff’s Complaint, it is clear that Plaintiff filed suit prematurely and in such instances, the case may 16 be dismissed. Albino v. Baca, 747 F.3d 1162, 1169 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc) (where failure to exhaust 17 is clear from face of complaint, case is subject to dismissal for failure to state a claim under Rule 18 12(b)(6)); Wyatt v. Terhune, 315 F.3d 1108, 1120 (9th Cir. 2003) (“A prisoner’s concession to 19 nonexhaustion is a valid ground for dismissal....”) (overruled on other grounds by Albino, 747 F.3d at 20 1168-69); see also Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2014) (“Dismissal for failure to state 21 a claim under § 1915A ‘incorporates the familiar standard applied in the context of failure to state a 22 claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).’ ”) (quoting Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 23 1121 (9th Cir. 2012)). 24 The Supreme Court has held that there are no “special circumstances” exceptions to the 25 exhaustion requirement. Ross v. Blake, 578 U.S. 632, 641 (2016). However, the one significant qualifier 26 27 is that “the remedies must indeed be ‘available’ to the prisoner.” Id. As described by the Ross Court:
28 1 [A]n administrative procedure is unavailable when (despite what regulations or guidance materials may promise) it operates as a simple dead end—with officers unable or consistently 2 unwilling to provide any relief to aggrieved inmates. See 532 U.S. at 736, 738, 121 S.Ct. 1819 .... Next, an administrative scheme might be so opaque that it becomes, practically 3 speaking, incapable of use.... And finally, the same is true when prison administrators thwart 4 inmates from taking advantage of a grievance process through machination, misrepresentation, or intimidation.... As all those courts have recognized, such interference with an inmate's 5 pursuit of relief renders the administrative process unavailable. And then, once again, § 1997e(a) poses no bar. 6
7 Id. at 643-44. 8 It is clear from the face of Plaintiff’s complaint that he has not exhausted administrative remedies 9 pursuant to the Prison Litigation Reform Act, 41 U.S.C. § 1997 (e)(a), before filing this lawsuit. Plaintiff 10 states that there is an administrative grievance procedure at the Madera County Jail. However, he 11 submits that he did not submit an request for administrative review stating, “it’s a[n] emergency tort 12 they don’t do nothing for me.” (Compl. at 5.)1 There is no exception to excuse exhaustion based on 13 Plaintiff’s claim it is an emergency. See, e.g., Hoffman v. Palagummi, No. 2:16-cv-3030 TLN EFB P, 14 2019 WL 582353, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 13, 2019) (“[T]he PLRA makes no provision for an ‘imminent 15 danger’ or other emergency exception to its exhaustion requirements.” (citing Booth, 532 U.S. at 741 16 n.6; and Porter, 534 U.S. at 532)), report and recommendation adopted by, 2019 WL 2464599 (E.D. 17 Cal. June 13, 2019). Thus, it appears on the face of the complaint that Plaintiff failed to exhaust his 18 administrative remedies before filing suit. Accordingly, Plaintiff shall be required to show cause why 19 this case should not be dismissed, without prejudice, for failure to exhaust remedies prior to filing suit. 20 In addition, even if Plaintiff exhausted the administrative remedies, the Court cannot find that he states 21 a cognizable claim for relief and will provide him with the applicable standard. 22 /// 23 /// 24 /// 25 /// 26
27 1 All references to pagination of specific documents pertain to those as indicated on the upper right corners via the CM/ECF electronic court docketing system. 28 1 IV. 2 MEDICAL TREATMENT 3 A pretrial detainee's rights arise under the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause 4 whereas a convicted prisoner's rights arise under the Eighth Amendment's Cruel and Unusual 5 Punishments Clause. See Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535 (1979). A deliberate indifference test 6 applies to both a pretrial detainee's claim and a prisoner's claim, but for a pretrial detainee it is an 7 objective test, rather than the subjective test which applies to a prisoner's claim. See Gordon v. County 8 of Orange, 888 F.3d 1118, 1122 & n.4 (9th Cir. 2018). Because Plaintiff claims involves the 9 conditions at the Madera County Jail, the Court applies the more stringent objective deliberate 10 indifference standard. Under this standard, a pretrial detainee must allege: 11 (i)the defendant made an intentional decision with respect to the conditions under which the plaintiff was confined; (ii) those conditions put the plaintiff at substantial risk of suffering 12 serious harm; (iii) the defendant did not take reasonable available measures to abate that risk, even though a reasonable official in the circumstances would have appreciated the high degree 13 of risk involved—making the consequences of the defendant's conduct obvious; and (iv) by not 14 taking such measures, the defendant caused the plaintiff's injuries.
15 Gordon v. County of Orange, 888 F.3d 1118, 1125 (9th Cir. 2018). With regard to the third element, 16 the defendant's conduct must be objectively unreasonable —“a test that will necessarily turn[ ] on the 17 facts and circumstances of each particular case.” Id. (internal citations and internal quotation marks 18 omitted). Thus, the plaintiff must “prove more than negligence but less than subjective intent— 19 something akin to reckless disregard.” Id. 20 Because of the illegible nature of Plaintiff’s complaint and the fact that it appears from the face 21 of the complaint that Plaintiff did not exhaust the administrative remedies, the Court cannot determine 22 that Plaintiff states a cognizable claim for relief. 23 /// 24 /// 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 28 V. 1 ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE 2 In light of the foregoing analysis, Plaintiff is HEREBY ORDERED to respond in writing to 3 || this order, within thirty (30) days of the date of service of this order, showing cause why this case 4 || should not be dismissed for Plaintiffs failure to exhaust administrative remedies before filing 5 suit. Failure to respond to this order may result in a recommendation to dismiss the case. 6 7 IT IS SO ORDERED. A (Fe 8 || Dated: _May 19, 2022 OF 9 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28