1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ADAM RANDOLPH POWELL, No. 2:23-CV-0875-KJM-DMC-P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 MOIRARA, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, a prisoner proceeding pro se, brings this civil rights action pursuant to 18 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Pending before the Court is Defendants’ motion to dismiss. See ECF No. 21. 19 Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s allegations, even if taken as true, fail to state a claim under 20 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See id. Plaintiff has filed an opposition. See ECF No. 21 25. Defendants have filed a reply. See ECF No. 28. 22 In considering a motion to dismiss, the Court must accept all allegations of 23 material fact in the complaint as true. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93-94 (2007). The 24 Court must also construe the alleged facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Scheuer 25 v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974); see also Hosp. Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hosp. Trustees, 425 U.S. 26 738, 740 (1976); Barnett v. Centoni, 31 F.3d 813, 816 (9th Cir. 1994) (per curiam). All 27 ambiguities or doubts must also be resolved in the plaintiff's favor. See Jenkins v. McKeithen, 28 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969). However, legally conclusory statements, not supported by actual 1 factual allegations, need not be accepted. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949-50 (2009). 2 In addition, pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. 3 See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972). 4 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only “a short and plain statement 5 of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief” in order to “give the defendant fair 6 notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp v. Twombly, 7 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)). However, in order 8 to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must contain 9 more than “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain factual 10 allegations sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Id. at 555-56. The 11 complaint must contain “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 12 570. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the 13 court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” 14 Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949. “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but 15 it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (quoting 16 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “Where a complaint pleads facts that are ‘merely consistent with’ a 17 defendant’s liability, it ‘stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility for entitlement 18 to relief.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). 19 In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court generally may not consider materials 20 outside the complaint and pleadings. See Cooper v. Pickett, 137 F.3d 616, 622 (9th Cir. 1998); 21 Branch v. Tunnell, 14 F.3d 449, 453 (9th Cir. 1994). The Court may, however, consider: (1) 22 documents whose contents are alleged in or attached to the complaint and whose authenticity no 23 party questions, see Branch, 14 F.3d at 454; (2) documents whose authenticity is not in question, 24 and upon which the complaint necessarily relies, but which are not attached to the complaint, see 25 Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir. 2001); and (3) documents and materials 26 of which the court may take judicial notice, see Barron v. Reich, 13 F.3d 1370, 1377 (9th Cir. 27 1994). 28 / / / 1 Finally, leave to amend must be granted “[u]nless it is absolutely clear that no 2 amendment can cure the defects.” Lucas v. Dep’t of Corr., 66 F.3d 245, 248 (9th Cir. 1995) (per 3 curiam); see also Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). 4 5 I. BACKGROUND 6 A. Plaintiff’s Allegations 7 This action proceeds on Plaintiff's original complaint. Plaintiff names the 8 following as defendants: (1) Moirara, Correctional Officer; (2) Lively, Sergeant; (3) Jeff Lynch, 9 Warden; (4) John Doe #1, Correctional Officer; (5) John Doe #2, Correctional Officer; (6) John 10 Doe #3, Correctional Officer; (7) John Doe #4, Correctional Officer; (8) John Doe #5, Lieutenant. 11 See ECF No.1, pgs. 3-4. Plaintiff alleges Defendants violated his rights under the Eighth 12 Amendment. See id. at 6-10. 13 Plaintiff is an inmate at the California Medical Facility. See id., pg. 1. On January 14 22, 2022, Plaintiff experienced suicidal ideations. See id. at 6. Plaintiff contends that he notified 15 an “IAC/MAC” representative, who then subsequently informed Defendant John Doe #1, the 16 tower correctional officer at the time, of Plaintiff’s condition. See id. Plaintiff then alleges that 17 Defendant John Doe #1 walked over and appeared to speak with the floor officers, Defendants 18 Moirara and John Doe #2, for one to two minutes. See id. Plaintiff asserts that he began to block 19 his window in an attempt to draw the officers’ attention but no one noticed. See id. Plaintiff 20 waited for approximately five to fifteen minutes, and then proceeded to swallow four bottles of 21 “over-the-counter” medication, including Naproxen, Aspirin, and Benadryl. See id. Plaintiff states 22 that he lost consciousness after fifteen minutes. See id. 23 Plaintiff contends that he woke up approximately one to two hours later. See id. at 24 7. Plaintiff then states that he saw Defendant John Doe #2 standing at his door and requested that 25 he take Plaintiff to receive medical treatment. See id. Plaintiff alleges that he blacked out and 26 vomited several times while walking to the medical facility. See id. 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Plaintiff argues that Defendant John Doe #1 was deliberately indifferent to his 2 serious medical needs when he made an intentional decision not to call an emergency code or 3 assign correctional officers to check on Plaintiff, despite knowing that Plaintiff was experiencing 4 suicidal ideations. See id. at 7. 5 Plaintiff also argues that Defendants Moirara and John Doe #2 were deliberately 6 indifferent to his serious medical needs when they made an intentional decision “…to break 7 protocol and deny [Plaintiff] mental health treatment by leaving [Plaintiff] in [his] cell to act on 8 the suicidal ideations….” See ECF No.1. at 8.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ADAM RANDOLPH POWELL, No. 2:23-CV-0875-KJM-DMC-P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 MOIRARA, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, a prisoner proceeding pro se, brings this civil rights action pursuant to 18 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Pending before the Court is Defendants’ motion to dismiss. See ECF No. 21. 19 Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s allegations, even if taken as true, fail to state a claim under 20 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See id. Plaintiff has filed an opposition. See ECF No. 21 25. Defendants have filed a reply. See ECF No. 28. 22 In considering a motion to dismiss, the Court must accept all allegations of 23 material fact in the complaint as true. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93-94 (2007). The 24 Court must also construe the alleged facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Scheuer 25 v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974); see also Hosp. Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hosp. Trustees, 425 U.S. 26 738, 740 (1976); Barnett v. Centoni, 31 F.3d 813, 816 (9th Cir. 1994) (per curiam). All 27 ambiguities or doubts must also be resolved in the plaintiff's favor. See Jenkins v. McKeithen, 28 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969). However, legally conclusory statements, not supported by actual 1 factual allegations, need not be accepted. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949-50 (2009). 2 In addition, pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. 3 See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972). 4 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only “a short and plain statement 5 of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief” in order to “give the defendant fair 6 notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp v. Twombly, 7 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)). However, in order 8 to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must contain 9 more than “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain factual 10 allegations sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Id. at 555-56. The 11 complaint must contain “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 12 570. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the 13 court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” 14 Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949. “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but 15 it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (quoting 16 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “Where a complaint pleads facts that are ‘merely consistent with’ a 17 defendant’s liability, it ‘stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility for entitlement 18 to relief.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). 19 In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court generally may not consider materials 20 outside the complaint and pleadings. See Cooper v. Pickett, 137 F.3d 616, 622 (9th Cir. 1998); 21 Branch v. Tunnell, 14 F.3d 449, 453 (9th Cir. 1994). The Court may, however, consider: (1) 22 documents whose contents are alleged in or attached to the complaint and whose authenticity no 23 party questions, see Branch, 14 F.3d at 454; (2) documents whose authenticity is not in question, 24 and upon which the complaint necessarily relies, but which are not attached to the complaint, see 25 Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir. 2001); and (3) documents and materials 26 of which the court may take judicial notice, see Barron v. Reich, 13 F.3d 1370, 1377 (9th Cir. 27 1994). 28 / / / 1 Finally, leave to amend must be granted “[u]nless it is absolutely clear that no 2 amendment can cure the defects.” Lucas v. Dep’t of Corr., 66 F.3d 245, 248 (9th Cir. 1995) (per 3 curiam); see also Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). 4 5 I. BACKGROUND 6 A. Plaintiff’s Allegations 7 This action proceeds on Plaintiff's original complaint. Plaintiff names the 8 following as defendants: (1) Moirara, Correctional Officer; (2) Lively, Sergeant; (3) Jeff Lynch, 9 Warden; (4) John Doe #1, Correctional Officer; (5) John Doe #2, Correctional Officer; (6) John 10 Doe #3, Correctional Officer; (7) John Doe #4, Correctional Officer; (8) John Doe #5, Lieutenant. 11 See ECF No.1, pgs. 3-4. Plaintiff alleges Defendants violated his rights under the Eighth 12 Amendment. See id. at 6-10. 13 Plaintiff is an inmate at the California Medical Facility. See id., pg. 1. On January 14 22, 2022, Plaintiff experienced suicidal ideations. See id. at 6. Plaintiff contends that he notified 15 an “IAC/MAC” representative, who then subsequently informed Defendant John Doe #1, the 16 tower correctional officer at the time, of Plaintiff’s condition. See id. Plaintiff then alleges that 17 Defendant John Doe #1 walked over and appeared to speak with the floor officers, Defendants 18 Moirara and John Doe #2, for one to two minutes. See id. Plaintiff asserts that he began to block 19 his window in an attempt to draw the officers’ attention but no one noticed. See id. Plaintiff 20 waited for approximately five to fifteen minutes, and then proceeded to swallow four bottles of 21 “over-the-counter” medication, including Naproxen, Aspirin, and Benadryl. See id. Plaintiff states 22 that he lost consciousness after fifteen minutes. See id. 23 Plaintiff contends that he woke up approximately one to two hours later. See id. at 24 7. Plaintiff then states that he saw Defendant John Doe #2 standing at his door and requested that 25 he take Plaintiff to receive medical treatment. See id. Plaintiff alleges that he blacked out and 26 vomited several times while walking to the medical facility. See id. 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Plaintiff argues that Defendant John Doe #1 was deliberately indifferent to his 2 serious medical needs when he made an intentional decision not to call an emergency code or 3 assign correctional officers to check on Plaintiff, despite knowing that Plaintiff was experiencing 4 suicidal ideations. See id. at 7. 5 Plaintiff also argues that Defendants Moirara and John Doe #2 were deliberately 6 indifferent to his serious medical needs when they made an intentional decision “…to break 7 protocol and deny [Plaintiff] mental health treatment by leaving [Plaintiff] in [his] cell to act on 8 the suicidal ideations….” See ECF No.1. at 8. 9 Plaintiff contends that he was told later that several officers, including Defendants 10 Lively, Moirara, John Doe #2, John Doe #3, and John Doe #4, opened Plaintiff’s cell door and 11 left him unresponsive on his bed for an unknown amount of time. See id. Plaintiff argues that the 12 above-mentioned Defendants should have called for an emergency extraction once they found 13 Plaintiff unresponsive in his cell. See id. Plaintiff specifically argues that Defendant Lively made 14 a deliberate decision to ignore Plaintiff’s condition and denied Plaintiff medical treatment or 15 assessment. See id. 16 Next, Plaintiff argues that Defendant John Doe #5 was deliberately indifferent to 17 Plaintiff’s serious medical needs when he or she failed to call for medical treatment after being 18 informed of Plaintiff’s condition by Defendant Lively. See id. at 9. 19 Last, Plaintiff argues that Defendant Warden Lynch knowingly placed 20 irresponsible officers in positions of authority. See id. at 9-10. Specifically, Plaintiff argues that 21 Defendant Lynch “…placed irresponsible, negligent CO’s on the yard and in supervisory roles, 22 which ultimately led to [Plaintiff’s] harm and almost loss of life.” Id. at 10. 23 In his claim for relief, Plaintiff seeks an immediate transfer to a level three prison, 24 as well as a declaration and apology from Defendants. See id. at 13. Plaintiff also seeks monetary 25 and punitive damages from each Defendant. See id. 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 B. Procedural History 2 Plaintiff initiated this action with a pro se complaint in the United States District 3 Court for the Eastern District of California on May 10, 2023. See ECF No. 1. On August 8, 2023, 4 the Court screened the complaint and determined that Plaintiff states a cognizable Eighth 5 Amendment safety claim against Defendants Moirara and Lively. See ECF No. 11. The Court 6 determined that Plaintiff fails to state a claim against Defendant Lynch. See id. Plaintiff was 7 provided leave to amend. See id. After Plaintiff did not file an amended complaint within the 8 time permitted therefor, the Court issued an order directing service as to Defendants Moirara and 9 Lively, see ECF No. 12, and findings and recommendations for dismissal of Defendant Lynch, 10 see ECF No. 17. Defendant Lynch was dismissed by the District Judge on April 3, 2024. See 11 ECF No. 23. Defendants Moirara and Lively filed the pending motion to dismiss on March 8, 12 2024. See ECF No. 21. 13 14 II. DISCUSSION 15 In their motion to dismiss, Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s complaint fails to state 16 a claim against either Defendant Moreira1 or Lively. See ECF 21 at 6. Specifically, Defendants 17 argue the complaint fails to allege sufficient facts that would demonstrate that either defendant 18 was aware of a substantial risk of serious harm to Plaintiff. See id. For the reasons discussed 19 below, the Court agrees with Defendants that, as currently pleaded, the complaint is deficient. 20 The Court will, however, recommend that Plaintiff be granted leave to amend to include the 21 additional facts asserted for the first time in his opposition brief. 22 The treatment a prisoner receives in prison and the conditions under which the 23 prisoner is confined are subject to scrutiny under the Eighth Amendment, which prohibits cruel 24 and unusual punishment. See Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31 (1993); Farmer v. Brennan, 25 511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994). The Eighth Amendment “. . . embodies broad and idealistic concepts 26 of dignity, civilized standards, humanity, and decency.” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 102 27
28 1 Defendant Moreira is erroneously named in the complaint as “Moirara.” 1 (1976). Conditions of confinement may, however, be harsh and restrictive. See Rhodes v. 2 Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347 (1981). Nonetheless, prison officials must provide prisoners with 3 “food, clothing, shelter, sanitation, medical care, and personal safety.” Toussaint v. McCarthy, 4 801 F.2d 1080, 1107 (9th Cir. 1986). A prison official violates the Eighth Amendment only when 5 two requirements are met: (1) objectively, the official’s act or omission must be so serious such 6 that it results in the denial of the minimal civilized measure of life’s necessities; and (2) 7 subjectively, the prison official must have acted unnecessarily and wantonly for the purpose of 8 inflicting harm. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. Thus, to violate the Eighth Amendment, a prison 9 official must have a “sufficiently culpable mind.” See id. 10 Under these principles, prison officials have a duty to take reasonable steps to 11 protect inmates from physical abuse. See Hoptowit v. Ray, 682 F.2d 1237, 1250-51 (9th Cir. 12 1982); Farmer, 511 U.S. at 833. Liability exists only when two requirements are met: (1) 13 objectively, the prisoner was incarcerated under conditions presenting a substantial risk of serious 14 harm; and (2) subjectively, prison officials knew of and disregarded the risk. See Farmer, 511 15 U.S. at 837. The very obviousness of the risk may suffice to establish the knowledge element. 16 See Wallis v. Baldwin, 70 F.3d 1074, 1077 (9th Cir. 1995). Prison officials are not liable, 17 however, if evidence is presented that they lacked knowledge of a safety risk. See Farmer, 511 18 U.S. at 844. The knowledge element does not require that the plaintiff prove that prison officials 19 know for a certainty that the inmate’s safety is in danger, but it requires proof of more than a 20 mere suspicion of danger. See Berg v. Kincheloe, 794 F.2d 457, 459 (9th Cir. 1986). Finally, the 21 plaintiff must show that prison officials disregarded a risk. Thus, where prison officials actually 22 knew of a substantial risk, they are not liable if they took reasonable steps to respond to the risk, 23 even if harm ultimately was not averted. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 844. 24 Defendants argue “Plaintiff does not allege that Officer John Doe #1 spoke with 25 Defendant Moreira in particular or what Officer John Doe #1 told Defendant Moreira. Thus, 26 Plaintiff fails to allege that Defendant Moreira was aware of Plaintiff’s suicide risk before 27 Plaintiff swallowed pills.” See ECF No. 21 at 9. That is, Defendants argue Plaintiff’s allegations 28 only speculate that Defendant Moreira was aware of Plaintiff’s suicide risk. Further, Defendants 1 argue “Plaintiff fails to allege that either Defendant was subjectively aware that Plaintiff had 2 overdosed or otherwise was distressed as Plaintiff laid on his bed.” See id. at 11. That is, 3 Defendants argue Plaintiff’s allegations do not plausibly assert Defendant Lively was aware of 4 Plaintiff’s suicide attempt as Plaintiff only saw Defendant Lively in passing after the event. See 5 id. at 10. Nor does Plaintiff’s assertion that Defendants were part of a group of officers that 6 ignored Plaintiff after his overdose, demonstrate Defendants’ individual awareness of Plaintiff’s 7 condition. See id. Thus, Defendants argue “Plaintiff cannot establish either Defendant’s deliberate 8 indifference based on their failure to respond to Plaintiff’s overdose.” See id. at 11. 9 Plaintiff concedes that he can only speculate that Defendant Moreira was aware of 10 Plaintiff’s suicide risk based on his observation of John Doe #1’s actions. See ECF No. 25 at 4. 11 Plaintiff, however, alleges new facts in his opposition including that several inmates told 12 Defendant Moreira that Plaintiff was suicidal (see id. at 4-5); Plaintiff was on “Close Custody,” 13 therefore requiring Defendant Moreira to account for Plaintiff’s presence verbally (see id.); 14 Defendant Moreira told Defendant Lively that Plaintiff was suicidal (see id. at 5); several pill 15 bottles were in open view (see id.); Defendant Lively ordered John Doe #2 to stand watch at 16 Plaintiff’s door (see id.); and Defendants were aware that Plaintiff was upset about not being able 17 to see his son (see id. at 5-6). Plaintiff argues that these new facts show Defendants were aware of 18 Plaintiff’s suicide risk and consciously decided to leave Plaintiff in harm's way. See id. at 8. 19 Defendants’ argument is persuasive. Considering the facts as plead, Plaintiff fails 20 to allege sufficient facts that would establish a reasonable inference that Defendants subjectively 21 knew of the risk. See Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949. Further, Plaintiff seems to admit as much in 22 noting that, given his position in his cell and his latter unconscious state, Plaintiff was not privy to 23 Defendants’ communications or subjective awareness of Plaintiff’s suicide risk. See ECF No. 25 24 at 4. Because Plaintiff merely speculates as to Defendants subjective awareness of that risk, 25 Plaintiff failed allege sufficient facts to state a claim that Defendants disregarded his suicide 26 attempt. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555-556. Moreover, even if Defendants were subjectively 27 aware of Plaintiff’s suicide ideation, as currently pled, Plaintiff fails to allege sufficient facts to 28 show Defendants disregarded this risk. That is, as currently pled, pleaded, officials took 1 || reasonable steps to respond to the risk by removing Plaintiff's window coverings and standing 2 || watch outside Plaintiff's door. See ECF No. 1 at 7; Farmer, 511 U.S. at 844. Accordingly, the 3 || undersigned recommends granting Defendant’s motion to dismiss. However, given the 4 || possibility that Plaintiffs claims can be bolstered by alleging the new facts asserted in his 5 || opposition, Plaintiff should be provided an opportunity to amend. 6 7 Il. CONCLUSION 8 Based on the foregoing, the undersigned recommends that Defendants’ motion to 9 | dismiss, ECF No. 21, be GRANTED and Plaintiff's complaint be DISMISSED with leave to 10 | amend. 11 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District 12 || Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within 14 days 13 || after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 14 || objections with the court. Responses to objections shall be filed within 14 days after service of 15 || objections. Failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal. See 16 || Martinez v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 17 18 | Dated: September 20, 2024 Co 19 DENNIS M. COTA 20 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28