(PC) Pittman v. Kamen

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: April 8, 2020
• Docket: 1:18-cv-01316
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

11 EDWARD SIMEON PITTMAN, 1:18-cv-01316-DAD-GSA-PC

12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, RECOMMENDING THAT THIS CASE 13 v. PROCEED WITH PLAINTIFF’S MEDICAL CLAIM AGAINST DEFENDANT KAMEN, 14 DR. KAMEN, et al., AND RETALIATION CLAIMS AGAINST DEFENDANTS KAMEN AND HICKMAN, 15 Defendants. THAT ALL OTHER CLAIMS AND DEFENDANTS BE DISMISSED BASED ON 16 PLAINTIFF’S FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM 17 OBJECTIONS, IF ANY, DUE WITHIN 18 FOURTEEN DAYS 19 I. BACKGROUND 20 Edward Simeon Pittman (“Plaintiff”) is a prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma 21 pauperis with this civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. On September 25, 2018, 22 Plaintiff filed the Complaint commencing this action. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. (ECF No. 1.) 23 On September 16, 2019, the court screened the Complaint and issued an order requiring 24 Plaintiff to either (1) File a First Amended Complaint, or (2) Notify the court that he does not 25 wish to file a First Amended Complaint and instead be willing to proceed only with the medical, 26 ADA, RA, and retaliation claims against defendant Dr. Kamen found cognizable by the court, 27 dismissing all other claims and defendants. On November 8, 2019, Plaintiff filed the First 28 Amended Complaint which is now before the court for screening. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A. 1 II. SCREENING REQUIREMENT 2 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a 3 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The 4 Court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims that are legally 5 “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or that seek 6 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1),(2). 7 “Notwithstanding any filing fee, or any portion thereof, that may have been paid, the court shall 8 dismiss the case at any time if the court determines that the action or appeal fails to state a claim 9 upon which relief may be granted.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii). 10 A complaint is required to contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that 11 the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not 12 required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 13 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell 14 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). While a plaintiff’s allegations are taken 15 as true, courts “are not required to indulge unwarranted inferences.” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, 16 Inc., 572 F.3d 677, 681 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). To state 17 a viable claim, Plaintiff must set forth “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim 18 to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79; Moss v. U.S. Secret Service, 19 572 F.3d 962, 969 (9th Cir. 2009). While factual allegations are accepted as true, legal 20 conclusions are not. Id. The mere possibility of misconduct falls short of meeting this 21 plausibility standard. Id. 22 III. SUMMARY OF COMPLAINT 23 Plaintiff is presently incarcerated at Avenal State Prison in Avenal, California, where the 24 events at issue in the Complaint allegedly occurred. Plaintiff names as defendants Dr. Geoffrey 25 Kamen, Stephen Hickman (Physician’s Assistant), S. Gates (Chief, Health Care Staff), and 26 Donald B. McElroy (CEO, Healthcare Services) (collectively, “Defendants”). 27 Plaintiff’s allegations follow: 28 On or about March 24, 2018, Dr. Kamen declared Plaintiff healed of his disability and 1 removed all approved medical restrictions, i.e., lower bunk, restrictions on lifting and walking 2 with use of a cane. When Plaintiff asked him why, Dr. Kamen attempted to intimidate him, 3 asking Plaintiff if he was scared he was going to get beat up. Dr. Kamen also took Plaintiff’s 4 “mobility impaired” vest. Amended Compl. at 3. At no point were any x-rays ordered that would 5 support Dr. Kamen’s claim that Plaintiff does not need a cane or treatment. Plaintiff contends 6 that simply talking to Plaintiff is not treatment unless Dr. Komen knows more than what the 7 actual x-rays show. Plaintiff told Dr. Kamen that he intended to appeal the issue and Kamen told 8 Plaintiff that he might lose his cane if he tried that. 9 On April 11, 2018, Plaintiff was called to Medical where defendant Hickman interviewed 10 Plaintiff about the institutional level of his appeal. Hickman’s supervisor is Dr. Kamen, so this 11 presents a conflict in the 602 process. Physician’s Assistant Hickman told Plaintiff to give up his 12 cane (which Plaintiff had purchased because he has a permanent disability), because Plaintiff 13 wanted to file a medical 602 prison appeal. Hickman was not trying to prevent significant illness 14 or disability, or alleviate severe pain. Plaintiff’s needs are supported by health care data Hickman 15 had access to (x-rays and medical history), which would support effective medical care. Hickman 16 could have remedied the situation by returning the mobility impaired vest and not taking 17 Plaintiff’s cane. Hickman’s involvement shows that Hickman had no concern for Plaintiff’s 18 medical rights. Plaintiff has requested a lie detector test to be administered to whoever, on April 19 12, 2018, whom claimed that Plaintiff was able to walk normally, had the ability to ambulate, 20 and his activities of daily living were not affected. Plaintiff had just fallen because his cane was 21 taken the day before. Plaintiff is not an invalid, but he cannot walk more than 100 yards without 22 assistance. On April 12, 2018, Plaintiff was threatened with disciplinary action if he fell again, 23 and told that medical staff would direct correctional officers not to respond. 24 Plaintiff submitted a medical appeal. Defendant McElroy stated that he reviewed records 25 and found that Plaintiff could walk fine and that his daily activities were not affected but never 26 did talk to or see Plaintiff. McElroy is not medically qualified to respond to medical appeals 27 because he does not have a medical background. The facts are that beginning on April 12, 2018, 28 Plaintiff had to hold on to another man’s arm in order to get to the chow hall and religious 1 services. Plaintiff’s friend, inmate Aaron Apodaco, found Plaintiff a cane when he moved to 2 another building. If not for that Plaintiff would miss a lot of meals and religious services. 3 McElroy’s opinion was biased and did not allow for due process. 4 Plaintiff claims that reprisals and deliberate indifference are the reasons Plaintiff is not 5 receiving care. Defendant Gates of CCHCS responded to Plaintiff’s appeal with a headquarters- 6 level response, which makes him a participant in the acts committed against Plaintiff. On August 7 9, 2018, Gates responded with verbiage almost identical to defendant McElroy’s. The response 8 states that grievants cannot dictate administrative actions to be taken in regard to the conduct of 9 the health care grievance review, or adverse action against staff. Plaintiff had asked for an 10 investigation into how the nearly one billion dollars CDCR receives for medical care was being 11 spent. 12 Defendant Gates claims that California Healthcare Services (a business) providers are 13 trained and capable of providing care for patients with pain. Defendant Gates denied Plaintiff 14 relief when all evidence was before him, placing him in an active role in disregarding an 15 excessive risk to inmate health or safety. The staff denies treatment and then claims that Plaintiff 16 is receiving treatment. 17 Plaintiff seeks declaratory relief, adequate medical care or transfer to a medical facility, 18 and $5,000.00 in punitive damages. 19 IV. PLAINTIFF’S CLAIMS

20 The Civil Rights Act under which this action was filed provides:

21 Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to 22 be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities 23 secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress . . . . 24

25 42 U.S.C. § 1983. 26 Section 1983 provides a cause of action for the violation of Plaintiff’s constitutional or 27 other federal rights by persons acting under color of state law. Nurre v. Whitehead, 580 F.3d 28 1087, 1092 (9th Cir 2009); Long v. County of Los Angeles, 442 F.3d 1178, 1185 (9th Cir. 2006); 1 Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). “Section 1983 is not itself a source of 2 substantive rights, but merely provides a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere 3 conferred.” Crowley v. Nevada ex rel. Nevada Sec’y of State, 678 F.3d 730, 734 (9th Cir. 2012) 4 (citing Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94, 109 S.Ct. 1865 (1989)) (internal quotation 5 marks omitted). To state a claim, Plaintiff must allege facts demonstrating the existence of a 6 link, or causal connection, between each defendant’s actions or omissions and a violation of his 7 federal rights. Lemire v. California Dep’t of Corr. and Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062, 1074-75 (9th Cir. 8 2013); Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1205-08 (9th Cir. 2011). 9 A. Eighth Amendment Medical Claim 10 “[T]o maintain an Eighth Amendment claim based on prison medical treatment, an inmate 11 must show ‘deliberate indifference to serious medical needs.’” Jett v. Penner, 439 F.3d 1091, 12 1096 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104 (1976)). The two-part test for 13 deliberate indifference requires the plaintiff to show (1) “‘a serious medical need’ by 14 demonstrating that ‘failure to treat a prisoner’s condition could result in further significant injury 15 or the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain,’” and (2) “the defendant’s response to the need 16 was deliberately indifferent.” Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096 (quoting McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 17 1059 (9th Cir. 1992), overruled on other grounds by WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133, 18 1136 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc) (internal quotations omitted)). Deliberate indifference is shown 19 by “a purposeful act or failure to respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible medical need, and harm 20 caused by the indifference.” Id. (citing McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1060). Deliberate indifference 21 may be manifested “when prison officials deny, delay or intentionally interfere with medical 22 treatment, or it may be shown by the way in which prison physicians provide medical care.” Id. 23 Where a prisoner is alleging a delay in receiving medical treatment, the delay must have led to 24 further harm in order for the prisoner to make a claim of deliberate indifference to serious medical 25 needs. McGuckin at 1060 (citing Shapely v. Nevada Bd. of State Prison Comm’rs, 766 F.2d 404, 26 407 (9th Cir. 1985)). 27 “Deliberate indifference is a high legal standard.” Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 28 1060 (9th Cir. 2004). “Under this standard, the prison official must not only ‘be aware of the 1 facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists,’ but 2 that person ‘must also draw the inference.’” Id. at 1057 (quoting Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 3 825, 837 (1994)). “‘If a prison official should have been aware of the risk, but was not, then the 4 official has not violated the Eighth Amendment, no matter how severe the risk.’” Id. (quoting 5 Gibson v. County of Washoe, Nevada, 290 F.3d 1175, 1188 (9th Cir. 2002)). “A showing of 6 medical malpractice or negligence is insufficient to establish a constitutional deprivation under 7 the Eighth Amendment.” Id. at 1060. “[E]ven gross negligence is insufficient to establish a 8 constitutional violation.” Id. (citing Wood v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1334 (9th Cir. 1990)). 9 “A difference of opinion between a prisoner-patient and prison medical authorities regarding 10 treatment does not give rise to a § 1983 claim.” Franklin v. Oregon, 662 F.2d 1337, 1344 (9th 11 Cir. 1981) (internal citation omitted). 12 “A ‘serious’ medical need exists if the failure to treat a prisoner’s condition could result 13 in further significant injury or the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.” Benge v. Ryan, 14 154 F. Supp. 3d 857, 865 (D. Ariz. 2016) (quoting McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1059, overruled on 15 other grounds, WMX Techs., Inc., 104 F.3d at 1136). Examples of indications that a prisoner 16 has a serious medical need include “[t]he existence of an injury that a reasonable doctor or patient 17 would find important and worthy of comment or treatment; the presence of a medical condition 18 that significantly affects an individual’s daily activities; or the existence of chronic and 19 substantial pain.” Id. (quoting McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1059–60). 20 Here, Plaintiff alleges that he has a permanent disability, cannot walk more than 100 yards 21 without the assistance of a cane or help from another person, and is subject to falling down when 22 walking without assistance. These allegations are sufficient for the court to find that Plaintiff has 23 a serious medical need. 24 Plaintiff has also shown that defendant Dr. Kamen treated him with deliberate 25 indifference. Plaintiff makes allegations from which to infer that Dr. Kamen knew that Plaintiff 26 had a permanent disability and was at substantial risk of serious injury or other serious damage 27 to his health without medical accommodations, yet cancelled all of the accommodations without 28 explaining to Plaintiff why they were being cancelled. These allegations are sufficient to state a 1 medical claim against Dr. Kamen. 2 B. Due Process Claim -- Appeals Process 3 The Due Process Clause protects prisoners from being deprived of liberty without due 4 process of law. Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556 (1974). In order to state a cause of 5 action for deprivation of due process, a plaintiff must first establish the existence of a liberty 6 interest for which the protection is sought. “States may under certain circumstances create liberty 7 interests which are protected by the Due Process Clause.” Sandin v. Conner, 515 U.S. 472, 483- 8 84 (1995). Liberty interests created by state law are generally limited to freedom from restraint 9 which “imposes atypical and significant hardship on the inmate in relation to the ordinary 10 incidents of prison life.” Id. 11 “[I]nmates lack a separate constitutional entitlement to a specific prison grievance 12 procedure.” Ramirez v. Galaza, 334 F.3d 850, 860 (9th Cir. 2003) (no liberty interest in 13 processing of appeals because no entitlement to a specific grievance procedure), citing Mann v. 14 Adams, 855 F.2d 639, 640 (9th Cir. 1988). “[A prison] grievance procedure is a procedural right 15 only, it does not confer any substantive right upon the inmates.” Azeez v. DeRobertis, 568 F. 16 Supp. 8, 10 (N.D. Ill. 1982) accord Buckley v. Barlow, 997 F.2d 494, 495 (8th Cir. 1993); see 17 also Massey v. Helman, 259 F.3d 641, 647 (7th Cir. 2001) (existence of grievance procedure 18 confers no liberty interest on prisoner). “Hence, it does not give rise to a protected liberty interest 19 requiring the procedural protections envisioned by the Fourteenth Amendment.” Azeez, 568 F. 20 Supp. at 10; Spencer v. Moore, 638 F. Supp. 315, 316 (E.D. Mo. 1986). 21 Actions in reviewing a prisoner’s administrative appeal generally cannot serve as the 22 basis for liability in a section 1983 action. Buckley, 997 F.2d at 495. The argument that anyone 23 who knows about a violation of the Constitution, and fails to cure it, has violated the Constitution 24 himself is not correct. “Only persons who cause or participate in the violations are responsible. 25 Ruling against a prisoner on an administrative complaint does not cause or contribute to the 26 violation.” Greeno v. Daley, 414 F.3d 645, 656-57 (7th Cir. 2005) accord George v. Smith, 507 27 F.3d 605, 609-10 (7th Cir. 2007); Reed v. McBride, 178 F.3d 849, 851-52 (7th Cir. 1999); Vance 28 1 v. Peters, 97 F.3d 987, 992-93 (7th Cir. 1996).; Haney v. Htay, No. 1:16-CV-00310-AWI-SKO- 2 PC, 2017 WL 698318, at *4–5 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 21, 2017). 3 The majority of Plaintiff’s allegations against defendants Hickman, Gates, and McElroy 4 pertain to their review and handling of Plaintiff’s inmate appeals. Plaintiff contends that their 5 participation in responding to Plaintiff’s appeals causes them to be liable for acting with 6 deliberate indifference to Plaintiff’s serious medical needs. However, as discussed here, their 7 participation in review and handling of inmate appeals does not serve as a basis for liability in 8 this § 1983 action. 9 Thus, Plaintiff's allegations that defendants Hickman, Gates, and McElroy did not 10 properly process his appeals fail to state a claim. 11 C. ADA and RA Claims 12 Title II of the ADA, 42 U.S.C. § 12131 et seq., and § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, as 13 amended and codified in 29 U.S.C. § 701 et seq. (“RA”), prohibit discrimination on the basis of 14 a disability in the programs, services or activities of a public entity. Federal regulations require a 15 public entity to “make reasonable modifications in policies, practices, or procedures when the 16 modifications are necessary to avoid discrimination on the basis of disability, unless the public 17 entity can demonstrate that making the modifications would fundamentally alter the nature of the 18 service, program, or activity.” 28 C.F.R. § 35.130(b)(7). 19 The elements of a cause of action under Title II of the ADA are: (1) the plaintiff is an 20 individual with a disability; (2) the plaintiff is otherwise qualified to participate in or receive the 21 benefit of some public entity’s services, programs, or activities; (3) the plaintiff was either 22 excluded from participation in or denied the benefits of the public entity’s services, programs or 23 activities, or was otherwise discriminated against by the public entity; and (4) such exclusion, 24 denial of benefits, or discrimination was by reason of the plaintiff’s disability. Thompson v. 25 Davis, 295 F.3d 890, 895 (9th Cir. 2002). A cause of action under § 504 of the RA essentially 26 parallels an ADA cause of action. See Olmstead v. Zimring, 527 U.S. 581, 590 (1999); Duvall v. 27 County of Kitsap, 260 F.3d 1124, 1135 (9th Cir. 2001). 28 1 Monetary damages are not available under Title II of the ADA absent a showing of 2 discriminatory intent. See Ferguson v. City of Phoenix, 157 F.3d 668, 674 (9th Cir. 1998). To 3 show discriminatory intent, a plaintiff must establish deliberate indifference by the public entity. 4 Duvall, 260 F.3d at 1138. Deliberate indifference requires: (1) knowledge that a harm to a 5 federally protected right is substantially likely, and (2) a failure to act upon that likelihood. Id. 6 at 1139. The first prong is satisfied when the plaintiff identifies a specific, reasonable and 7 necessary accommodation that the entity has failed to provide, and the plaintiff notifies the public 8 entity of the need for accommodation or the need is obvious or required by statute or regulation. 9 Id. The second prong is satisfied by showing that the entity deliberately failed to fulfill its duty 10 to act in response to a request for accommodation. Id. at 1139-40. Punitive damages may not be 11 awarded in suits brought under Title II of the ADA. Barnes v. Gorman, 536 U.S.181, 189 (2002). 12 Discussion 13 The ADA defines a disability, with respect to an individual as “a physical or mental 14 impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities of such an individual.” 42 15 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(A). The court finds that Plaintiff has adequately alleged that he is disabled 16 under the ADA. 17 However, Plaintiff’s ADA claim is defective. Although “[t]he ADA prohibits 18 discrimination because of disability,” it does not provide a remedy for “inadequate treatment for 19 disability.” Simmons v. Navajo County, Ariz, 609 F.3d 1011, 1022 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Bryant 20 v. Madigan, 84 F.3d 246, 249 (7th Cir.1996) (“[T]he Act would not be violated by a prison’s 21 simply failing to attend to the medical needs of its disabled prisoners . . . . The ADA does not 22 create a remedy for medical malpractice.”)). Here, the First Amended Complaint alleges no more 23 than a failure to attend to Plaintiff’s medical needs. Defendants’ acts in revoking Plaintiff’s 24 medical accommodations involve their response to Plaintiff’s medical needs. There are no 25 allegations that Plaintiff was excluded from any program or service, or that the institution had a 26 policy to deny accommodation or otherwise discriminate against disabled prisoners. 27 The court’s previous screening order found that Plaintiff stated ADA and RA claims 28 against defendant Dr. Kamen. However, the court now finds that Plaintiff’s claim is insufficient 1 to entitle him to relief under the ADA or RA, because inadequate medical treatment for a 2 disability is insufficient to sustain a claim under the RA or Title II of the ADA. 3 /// 4 Although leave to amend should be liberally granted, Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 5 497 (9th Cir.1995), this rule applies only where a complaint can possibly be saved. Lopez v. 6 Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1129 (9th Cir.2000). Plaintiff’s ADA claim against Defendants in their 7 individual capacity is foreclosed as a matter of law. Thomas v. Nakatani, 128 F.Supp.2d 984, 8 691–93 (D. Hawai’i 2000). Even if Plaintiff could add facts by amendment that would support 9 the element of intentional discrimination, such amendment would be futile because Defendants 10 still could not be individually liable under the ADA, and amendment to clarify that suit is brought 11 against Defendants only in their official capacity would also be futile. Because leave to amend 12 need not be granted where the futility of amendment is apparent, it will not be recommended 13 here. 14 The court finds that Plaintiff fails to state a cognizable claim under the ADA or RA 15 against any of the named Defendants. 16 D. Retaliation 17 Allegations of retaliation against a prisoner’s First Amendment rights to speech or to 18 petition the government may support a 1983 claim. Rizzo v. Dawson, 778 F.2d 5527, 532 (9th 19 Cir. 1985); see also Valandingham v. Bojorquez, 866 F.2d 1135 (9th Cir. 1989); Pratt v. 20 Rowland, 65 F.3d 802, 807 (9th Cir. 1995). “Within the prison context, a viable claim of First 21 Amendment retaliation entails five basic elements: (1) An assertion that a state actor took some 22 adverse action against an inmate (2) because of (3) that prisoner’s protected conduct, and that 23 such action (4) chilled the inmate’s exercise of his First Amendment rights, and (5) the action 24 did not reasonably advance a legitimate correctional goal.” Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 25 567-68 (9th Cir. 2005); accord Watison v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1114-15 (9th Cir. 2012); 26 Brodheim v. Cry, 584 F.3d 1262, 1269 (9th Cir. 2009). 27 An allegation of retaliation against a prisoner’s First Amendment right to file a prison 28 grievance is sufficient to support a claim under section 1983. Bruce v. Ylst, 351 F.3d 1283, 1288 1 (9th Cir. 2003). The court must “‘afford appropriate deference and flexibility’ to prison officials 2 in the evaluation of proffered legitimate penological reasons for conduct alleged to be 3 retaliatory.” Pratt, 65 F.3d at 807 (9th Cir. 1995) (quoting Sandin, 515 U.S. at 482). The burden 4 is on Plaintiff to demonstrate “that there were no legitimate correctional purposes motivating the 5 actions he complains of.” Pratt, 65 F.3d at 808. 6 Here, Plaintiff alleges that when he told Dr. Kamen he intended to file a medical appeal 7 because Dr. Kamen had declared Plaintiff healed of his disability and removed all of his medical 8 accommodations, Dr. Kamen told Plaintiff that he might lose his cane if he tried that. Liberally 9 construed, these allegations are sufficient to state a claim for retaliation against Dr. Kamen. 10 Plaintiff also alleges that defendant Physician’s Assistant Hickman, whose supervisor 11 was Dr. Kamen, forced Plaintiff to give up his cane, which Plaintiff had purchased himself, when 12 Hickman was interviewing Plaintiff for his 602 medical appeal. These allegations are sufficient 13 to state a claim for retaliation against defendant Hickman. 14 V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15 For the reasons set forth above, the court finds that Plaintiff states cognizable claims in 16 the First Amended Complaint against defendant Dr. Kamen for failure to provide adequate 17 medical care under the Eighth Amendment, and retaliation under the First Amendment; and 18 against defendant Hickman for retaliation under the First Amendment. However, Plaintiff fails 19 to state any other cognizable § 1983 claims against any of the named Defendants. 20 Under Rule 15(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “[t]he court should freely give 21 leave to amend when justice so requires.” Here, the court previously granted Plaintiff leave to 22 amend the complaint, with ample guidance by the court. The court is persuaded that Plaintiff is 23 unable to allege any facts, based upon the circumstances he challenges, that would state 24 additional cognizable claims. “A district court may deny leave to amend when amendment would 25 be futile.” Hartmann v. CDCR, 707 F.3d 1114, 1130 (9th Cir. 2013). The court finds that the 26 deficiencies outlined above are not capable of being cured by amendment, and therefore further 27 leave to amend should not be granted. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii); Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 28 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000). 1 /// 2 /// 3 /// 4 Based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 5 1. This case proceed only with Plaintiff’s medical claim against defendant Kamen 6 and retaliation claims against defendants Kamen and Hickman; but no other 7 claims; 8 2. All remaining claims and defendants be DISMISSED, with prejudice, for 9 Plaintiff’s failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted; and 10 3. This case be referred back to the Magistrate Judge for further proceedings, 11 including service of process. 12 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 13 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen 14 (14) days after the date of service of these findings and recommendations, Plaintiff may file 15 written objections with the court. Such a document should be captioned “Objections to 16 Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file 17 objections within the specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. 18 Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 19 (9th Cir. 1991)). 20 IT IS SO ORDERED. 21

22 Dated: April 8, 2020 /s/ Gary S. Austin UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 23

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